CHAPTER 1

WIND ENERGY SCENARIO

1.1 Introduction

Power extracted from wind power contributes a significant proportion of

consumer’s electrical power demands. The wind is the safest and most abundant
renewable source of energy in nature. Now the wind energy is converted into
electrical energy using several techniques. The conventional sources like thermal
power plants are facing acute shortage of fuel whereas the nuclear power stations are
threatened by natural hazards globally. The international agency identifies renewable
resources like wind energy. The key element for reducing fossils fuels dependency
and helpful tool for combat global warming Sing Madhu and Singh Payal (2014).
Under these circumstances, the WECS can be the main source of power not only to a
country like India but also worldwide.

1.2 Wind Energy Scenario in Global

The average increase of installed capacity is almost 30 percentages in the year

2016.Worldwide investment for a new installation is more than $67 billion in 2009.

Total electricity generation from wind power is projected to reach 4.5% across
worldwide in the year 2030. Electrical power from wind energy is projected soon to
become important source after hydro and biomass. Globally measured data of wind
power can be able to supply to the whole world to met electrical demand. Table 1.1
shows the total global installed capacity. In India during 1983-84 by the end of the 6th
five-yearly plans, the wind energy program was started, and the requirement has
increased considerably in the last few years. The main purpose of the program was
making a profit of wind energy production, support research activities and
development to provide assistance for wind projects to make people realizing its
importance.

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 Table 1.1 Total Global Installed Capacity

S.No Country Installed capacity (MW)

1. China 145104
2. USA 74471
3. Germany 44947
4. Spain 23025
5. India 26777
6. UK 13603
7. Italy 8958
8. France 10358
9. Canada 11200
10. Australia 4187
11. Japan 3038
12. Denmark 5063
13. Portugal 5079
14. Sweden 6025
15. Brazil 8715
Rest of the World 43558
Total 434108

In this program, Ministry of Non-Renewable Energy (MNRE) has done various

modification regarding incentives, schemes, and policies for wind energy. India is
relatively new to the wind energy sector as compared to Denmark or USA. However,
Indian policy support for wind energy has led India, and it ranked fifth with largest
installed wind power capacity on June 30, 2013, total installed power capacity was 19,
565 MW and now in India, we were just behind USA, China, Spain, and Germany.

Global installed wind power capacity shows India’s better performance on wind
energy sector as given in Table 1.1. The top five countries generating wind power are

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China, USA, Germany, Spain, and India, and they altogether represent a total share of
73 percent of the global wind capacity.

1.3 Wind Energy Scenario in India

At present, India has given much priority to renewable energy sources for
generation of electrical power. Renewable energy by India’s would make sure in
sustainable development, and the energy security has begun in early 70’s of the last
century. Therefore, utilization of energy and various renewable energy resources are
two drive areas of the sustainable development.

Wind energy is one of the most environment-friendly, secure, and clean

resources. The ten machines near Okha in the state of Gujarat is one among the first
wind turbines installed in India. Across the world, India ranks fifth largest wind power
installed capacity of 3642.53 MW. In India, the estimated potential of wind energy is
about 26777.45 MW.

The rated power of modern utility- scale wind turbines uses airflows to run wind
turbines range from 600 kW to 5 MW. The most commercial turbine has a rated output
of 1.5 to 3 MW; the available wind power is a cubic function of the wind speed, as
wind speed volume increases, power output increases up to the peak output for the
selected turbine. Sites, such as offshore and high altitude are preferred where winds are
stronger and more constant. In favorable sites, the capacity factor is 20% to 40 % with
values at the upper end of the range.

Worldwide, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is assumed to be

five times total current global energy production, or 40 times present electricity
demand, believing all practical barriers needed were overcome. The wind turbines to
be installed over large areas, mainly in the areas of higher wind resources, such as
offshore. As offshore wind speeds, average ~90% is greater than the land so that
offshore resources contribute substantially more energy than land stationed turbines.
Table 1.2 shows the installed capacity of all the states in India.

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 Table 1.2 Installed Capacity per state (MW)

March March March March March March

State
2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Tamil Nadu 7613.86 7456.98 7275.68 7,162.18 6,987.60 5904.4
Karnataka 2869.15 2639.45 2323.85 2,135.15 1,933.50 1730
Maharashtra 4653.83 4437.9 4064.95 3,021.85 2,733.30 2310.8
Rajasthan 3993.95 3308.15 2783.45 2,684.65 2,070.70 1524.8
Andhra
1431.45 1038.15 783.35 447.65 245.5 200.2
Pradesh
Madhya
2141.1 876.7 423.4 386 376.4 275.5
Pradesh
Kerala 43.5 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.1 32.8
Gujarat 3948.61 3642.53 3447.28 3,174.58 2,966.30 2175.5
Telangana 77.7 - - - - -
Others 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.2 0
Total 26777.45 23439.26 21141.4 19,051.46 17365 14158

1.3.1 Wind and Solar Power Smoothing

Smoothing the output from variable wind and solar plants energy storage
approach is obtained. Stabilization and buffering capacity diminishing the variation of
renewable generation and the operational challenges ma y cause. Some studies have
reported about the evaluating the integration levels of the wind and solar power is
more than the excess of 30% annual energy penetration. These studies have fulfilled
that the problems connected with the variability and uncertainty of wind energy are
tackled through conventional approaches and that energy storage is not essential to
achieve high levels of the wind and solar power penetration. In general, large
interconnected systems are planned to handle load variability and can handle the
additional variability (usually measured in seconds) commenced by the levels of the
wind and solar power are expected to be brought online in the United States under
existing Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) scenarios.

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 The rise in electric energy costs is connected with fossil and nuclear fuels, and
to improve public awareness of potential environmental effects of conventional
energy systems has developed an increased interest in the development and
consumption of alternate sources. The consumption of the wind and solar energy
sources are progressively promoted by governmental policies to provide financial
support in different ways, and exhibiting fine for emitting greenhouse gasses from
conventional energy source generation. It is significant to assess the actual settlement
of utilizing Photovoltaic (PV), and wind power is the key variables affects the
economics. A realistic costing of the monetary settlement connected with these
energy sources also requires an evaluation of the level of system reliabilitythat can
be obtained when using PV and wind power sources. It is relatively obvious that
limitations in the energy obtainable from renewable energy sources and their
irregular behavior corrupt the system reliability. Cost analysis connected of the of PV
and wind power is incomplete without a corresponding reliability assessment.
The reliability feature of utilizing renewable energy sources have ignored
largely in the past years due to the comparatively insignificant contribution of these
sources in major power systems, and consequently due to the lack of proper methods.
A relatively elevated penetration of these energy sources in Small Isolated Power
Systems (SIPS) can create considerable effects on cost and reliability. Recently, the
change of the distributed energy sources like wind power, fuel cell, and PV’s into the
valuable energy such as AC or DC power supply increasing day by day to meet out
the global energy requirement Rajes.K, and Roy.B, (2001).
In a power system having high renewable power access, uncertain and irregular
type of renewable energy resources makes major concerns of system planning and
operation. In such a contro l system, common thermal or hydro units have to be
dispatched, shut down or started up more often to incorporate load, renewable
resource variation and system failures. Slow rise or fall of common units may cause
energy shortage (or surplus) in power systems having high wind power penetration or
remote microgrids having partial dispatch capacity. Calculate operational reliability
and energy utilization efficiency of power systems having high wind power

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penetration Peng wang (2012). The effect of slow rise or fall of wind speed on system
reliability is measured by the expected energy which cannot supply. The new index
selected as the predictable energy not used as proposed and formulated to address
energy access due to fastraise of wind speed and slow fall of conventional units. These
techniques are used to evaluate the reliability of operation and efficiency of energy
utilization of power systems with high wind power penetration. The Expected Energy
Not Supplied (EENS) address the system reliability. The Expected Energy Not
Utilized (EENU) is used to represent system energy surplus and utilization efficiency.
The EENS and EENU having ramp rates of the collective generations under different
resources, load conditions and contingencies are formulated. The factors which affect
EENS and EENU are explored using the proposed technique Miteshkumar.P (2012).
Offshore wind farms with cascaded PWM Current Source Converters (CSCs)
at both and grid-side can eliminate the need for bulky central offshore converter
proposed, which is usually used in a Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) based
counterpart. This new system structure can make simpler the system pattern and
operation. However, the wind speed variation at each turbine causes different DC-link
current requirements for each CSC causes a considerable challenge for a system in
which each CSC shares equal DC link current. To defeat the problem, a coordinated
control scheme for the DC link regulation, which reflects on wind speed variations of
each turbine, is proposed. This control scheme enables the system to operate at
minimum DC link current, contributing to minimum operation losses. Also, the
independent controlling capability of each generator is guaranteed Roberto Cárdenas
(2013).
Vienna rectifier as a generator-side converter of WECS using A PMSG has
several rewards compared to conventional back-to-back inverter improves total
harmonic distortion and efficiency. Also, hand, Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the
generator in WECS is of interest, particularly for low-power applications due to
numerous advantages, including the fast torque response, insensitivity to PMSG
model and connected parameters, removal of rotor position sensor, and reduced
computations.

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Voltage vectors of Vienna rectifiers on instantaneous PMSG torque and stator flux are
derived to obtain effects and proposed DTC based PMSG using Vienna rectifier,
considering the constraints imposed by the Vienna rectifier. Amirhossein Rajaei
(2013).
Wind energy is becoming more significant sustainable resource due to exhaust
of carbon dioxide emission. For the above reasons, many countries have set goals to
include a significant share of the wind and solar power into their energy scenario.
However, wind power is not stable because of its irregular and fluctuating
characteristics Hagkwen Kim, (2013). So a detailed analysis of reliability and
estimation of wind power impact in the system is critical for increasing penetration of
such resources. Because of energy conservation principle, energy from the wind speed
entering a turbine is higher than that leaving it, since turbines generate electricity from
the entering wind. Henry Louie, (2012).
A dynamic modeling and operation strategy of a wind/solar hybrid power
system with a DC-DC converter in which changes in wind energy, AC wind
generator, and a difference dispatch power to the distribution grid and the local AC
load power are considered. Direct-driven PMSG has drawn attention for the
residential-scale power level due to PMSG gearless system. In addition to the wind
energy variations, and rapid changing of solar irradiance happen during the day and
influences generated power from PV modules in the power system proposed.
Moreover, proposed microgrid does not entail any fuel for the local sources because it
is equipped with inherently self -sustainable energy sources. The local energy storage
does not rely on lifelines roads or pipes for fuel or natural gas for operation, which
makes it a truly self- sustainable power system perfect to provide power not only in
regular conditions but also during extreme occurrence when lifeline operation is poor
or unexpected. Furthermore, the proposed power system not only produce electricity
from the renewable energy sources but also introduce surplus power to the utility grid
in normal operation Sungwoo.B, (2012).

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 The alternative to spilling the wind to supply frequency response capability:
using wind farm level energy storage. The vanadium redox flow battery is able for
providing this and other benefits to the wind farm. The work further reveals that flow
batteries could often be included with reactive power compensation devices of wind
farm level IGBT SVC.
The Vanadium redox flow battery to improve power and energy applications is
discovered by considering coupled control of wind farm to energy time shift and
provides frequency response. A new controller is introduced, which handles the state
of charge of the flow battery in provides some output smoothing to the wind farm and
a change in the level of reserve for the power system. The simulations of this
controller also describe the energy store to time-shift of selected wind farm's energy to
times of higher prices Banham-Hall.D.D (2012).

For average and low-power wind power sites a parametric optimization of a

flux-switching electrical machine modified for an application with a typical operating
range of wind turbine. Statistics of wind resources obtained for consideration of
machine design for the definition of the turbine power envelope. Both copper and iron
losses for three various machine designs are examined.

The main consideration obtained in this design is the removal of gearbox

requirements for coupling to the turbine. Though the developed approach makes the
machine somewhat voluminous, the overall performance is extremely improved
because a direct-drive flux-switching electrical generator becomes very competitive
for small-scale wind turbines Javier.O, (2012).

Today the world depends on fossil fuels to meet energy demands. However,
much expectation of the technical community, the world’s fossil fuel stock is almost
getting depleted due to over usage Singh.B and Kasal.G.K, (2008). Moreover, the
fossil fuels also direct the environmental degradation leading to climate changes and
thus affecting ecological balance. The nuclear disasters in Japan and oil spill in the
Gulf of Mexico have made the world look for alternate sources of energy especially
the wind power, on the other hand, is an abundant source of energy which is available
free and environmentally friendly.
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 Table 1.3 India's largest wind power production facilities

Total
Power Plant Producer Location State Capacity
(MW)
Acciona Tuppadahalli Energy Chitradurga
Karnataka 56.1
Tuppadahalli India Private Limited District
Aban Loyd Chiles
Cape Comorin Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33
Offshore Ltd.
Mohan Breweries &
Chennai Mohan Chennai Tamil Nadu 15
Distilleries Ltd.
Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Jaisalmer Rajasthan 54
Gudimangalam Wind
Gudimangalam Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Farm
Andhra Pradesh State
Hyderabad Andhra
Road Transport Hyderabad 10
APSRTC Pradesh
Corporation.
Madhya
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas 14
Pradesh
Chitradurga
Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Karnataka 14
District
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Kethanur Wind
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Farm
Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamba Gujarat 15
Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22
Newam Power
Perungudi Newam Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12
Company Ltd.
Poolavadi Chettinad Cement Corp.
Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10
Chettinad Ltd.
Andhra
Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur 20
Pradesh
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15
Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8
Shalivahana Green
Shalivahana Wind Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4
Energy. Ltd.
Vankusawade
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara District. Maharashtra 259
Wind Park

Once the wind turbine generator is installed, the running cost comes down and
hence it has drawn more attention worldwide. Table 1.3 shows that India's largest
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wind power production facilities, in which Vankusawade Wind Park gives maximum
power production from Maharashtra state.

1.4 Problem Description

1. Improper control techniques of thyristors cause voltage fluctuation and

frequency mismatch on the load side, Selection of appropriate thyristor for
inverter operation.
2. Charging and discharging current through DC link cause variation of current
flow to the inverter. The absence of filter causes ripple content which produces
harmonic in the inverter output.
3. The operation of rectifier provides impedance matching, due to the source
impedance, the average output voltage may decrease, the Improper firing of
devices results increase in ripple content.

1.5 Motivation

Matrix Converter (MC) are used in many forms of power systems such as Wind
generators, flywheel energy storage, micro turbines, Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) and static compensators because of its high efficiency and
constant output power. The USMC is designed to make compact power circuit with
variable amplitude and frequency control, operating at unity power factor to achieve
bidirectional power flow.

1.6 Methodology

The wind turbines with PMSG along with rectifier deals with the reduction of
harmonics on the source side and reduce switching losses. In the thesis, the closed
loop PWM technique along with SPWM and SVPWM is used, and hence the DC
output voltage of rectifier and AC output voltage of the inverter stabilizes faster.
When the number of pulses is more, the harmonics present in the input and the total
harmonic distortion are reduced.

The wind turbine output varies of according to the wind, but while connecting
to the load, we have to maintain constant voltage so to step up and step down the

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voltages in rectifier section a three switch rectifier and inverter section a nine switch
USMC is implemented. The wind turbine converts the kinetic energy present in the
wind into mechanical energy. The wind turbine out put is connected to PMSG. The
PMSG converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The output of the PMSG is connected to rectifier; it converts the unstable AC

voltage into stable DC voltage. The rectifier is used to make power factor correction
and only three IGBT switches are used so switching loss is reduced. The rectifier
output is given to USMC converts the DC voltage into AC voltage, and it minimizes
the circulating current and finally the output of the USMC is given to the load Sheela
Arokia Mary.J and Sivasakthi.S (2013).

1.7 Organization of the Thesis

This thesis is organized into six chapters which covered by the introduction to
WECS, literature survey, modulation techniques, USMC for WECS, conclusion and
results.

Chapter 1: describes the presentation to wind energy to determine about

wind power scenario of both global and India, then utilization of solar and power
smoothing is given, and control technique DC link variation and impedance
matching are considered in the problem description. The compactness of USMC is
motivated us to implement in WECS. PMSG based USMC is implemented using
SPWM and SVPWM have been considered in the methodology.

Chapter 2: is discussed the literature survey of the research work which

described in three different sections by WECS, Matrix Converter, and USMC.

Chapter 3: is illustrated by various MC and modulation techniques like

PWM, SVPWM and SVM techniques.

Chapter 4 is described the introduction of IMC, then simulation study of

USMC using SVPWM and SPWM technique for both open loops and closed loop
configuration. The results are compared to both open and closed loop configuration.

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 Chapter 5 discussed the prototype hardware model for WECS, which
includes driver board, PIC controller, diode and gate driver circuit.

Chapter 6 is described significant conclusion and the future work of the

USMC based WECS.

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