DAY 1: DILEMMAS

-are experiences where an agent is confused

RULES- specific sets of norms of behavior and a about the right decision to make because there are
prescribed guide for conduct or action useful in guiding several competing values that are seemingly equally
and monitoring the interactions of humans in a society. important and urgent.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCRATES SYSTEMIC LEVEL

-was concerned with the question of ethics
(moral behavior)
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
I. THEORETICAL PHILOSPHY
 METAPHYSICS
- Deals with the intrinsic
principles and those subjects
beyond the scope of Physics.
 COSMOLOGY
- Philosophical study of the
beginning of the world
 EPISTEMOLOGY
- It is also called Philosophy of
Knowledge
II. PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
 ETHICS
- Study of moral conduct and
moral judgment
 LOGIC
-study of correct thinking,
formation of arguments and
identification of fallacies
MORAL AND NON-MORAL STANDARDS
MORAL STANDARDS
-refers to norms we have about the types of
actions which we believe to be morally acceptable or
morally unacceptable
-ethics are defined and influenced by the wider
operating environment in which the individual exist
where factors such as political pressures, economic
conditions, societal altitudes,
commercial/educational/cultural regulations can
influence the individual’s value system.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
-the ethical standards are embedded in the
policies and procedures of the organization and these
policies are derived from the influences felt at the
systemic level and therefore help the individual to
respond to the pressures.
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
-his/her ethical standards are based on his/her
personal interests which are results of what is trending
in the global, national and regional level. The individual
is a victim of what is in vogue in the world of commerce.
DAY 3. MORAL AGENT
MORAL VALUES AND EMOTIONS
MORAL PERCEPTION
-moral evaluation of action alternatives; choice
of action alternative (free-will, rational choice, self-
control, deterrence)
MORAL JUDGEMENT
-agency engagement (intention)

NON-MORAL STANDARDS MORAL HABITS

-refers to norms that are unrelated to moral or
ethical considerations such as etiquettes, fashion
standards, rules in the game, house rules and legal
statues and these rules are not necessarily linked to
morality though they can be ethically relevant
depending on circumstances.
DAY 2. MORAL EXPERIENCE AND DILEMMAS
MORAL DILEMMA
-a conflict between what is the right or wrong
decision to be made in particular situations or whether
an action will have good or bad consequences.
-automatic choice of action alternative
MORAL CHOICE
MORAL ACTION
RATIONALITY: MAN’S NATURAL FUNCTION
-Aristotle (384-322 BCE) underscored the
necessity of trying to achieve virtue of excellence, not
just in some particular field of endeavor but also as
human beings. He thought that things have functions.
-we have an idea or what it is for a person to be
an excellent athlete.
RESPONSIBILTY
-an obligation to do something or control over
or care for someone- it is the opportunity or ability to
act independently and take decisions without
authorization.
FREEDOM
-the ability to act or change without constraint.
DAY 4: CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
-each culture defines its norms and has a right
regardless of culture
-value priorities and moral judgments in fact
differ across cultures e.g. gift-giving and bribery,
employing family members
UNIVERSALITY
-exact same universal standard applies strictly
for everyone regardless of culture.
MORAL RELATIVISM
-the above difference is fundamentally morally
justified. The practices should be different, ought to be
different. Moral reasoning is itself a cultural invention
or artifact.
MORAL ABSOLUTISM
-cultural relativism is indeed an accurate
description but ultimately the same “absolute” ethical
principles do apply to all societies.
-Cannibalism is absolutely morally wrong but if
a society does practice it, it has not yet developed a
high enough moral consciousness.
CULTURE AND ITS ROLE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR
CULTURE
-is an individualistic, man-made concept of
collective identity that is open to complete subjectivity.
TENET OF MORALITY, “Do good and avoid evil.”
THE UBIQUITY OF RELIGIOUS MORALS
-many people regard morality as evidence for
supernatural intervention in human development. In
every religion, a divine influence is proposed as
inspiration for texts that dictate our moral principles.
RELIGIOUS MORALITY IMPROVES SOCIAL COHESION
-the more a group shares and follows a
common moral code, the more they will cooperate with
each other.
RELIGIOUS MORALITY GRANTS US DOMINION OVER
LIFE
-Morality is seen as a gift from the gods; a piece
of their ultimate perfection that can be assimilated. In
doing so, we become more like a god, and less like the
animals beneath us.
RELIGIOUS MORALITY INCREASES PRESTIGE
-to be thought of as a good person is to have an
advantage in matters of trade of friendship. Belonging
to a religion establishes that one follows the associated
moral code, leading to increased respect and prestige.
RELIGION MORALITY GENERATES POWER
-thousands of years ago, an individual
demonstrating knowledge of divine rules and
punishments would have been recognized as a wise
prophet deserving of attention and respect.
-the respect that comes from being
knowledgeable in these matters has brought wealh and
power to the clergy primarily because their blessing is
sought by monarchs.
RELIGION MORALITY ESTABLISHES CONTROL
-belief in a supernatural being that passes
judgment and wrath upon immoral humans will prompt
individuals to unservedly comply with the moral code
endorsed by that being.
CONFUCIANISM
-the hallmark in Confucian ethics is human-
heartedness. Confucius stresses that man should
harmonize himself with nature and this harmony should
be expressed actively through translating the innate
laws of nature into action.
THE 5 PILLARS OF CONFUCIANSIM
1. REN. It is understood as benevolence, love or
charity, in a social perspective. It is rooted in
the golden rule, “Don’t do unto others what you
don’t want to do unto you.”
2. YI. This means righteousness, the rightness of
the action at a given situation. It is doing what is
“ought to be done” and requires no
compensation.
3. ZHONG. This means conscientiousness.
 4. LI. This refers to propriety, or the rule of
conduct that reflects a person’s goodwill by
doing things the right way. It is not just doing
the thing, but doing it the right away.
5. XIAO. This refers to filial piety, or showing
respect, reverence, and honor to one’s parents,
blood relatives, or the family members as a
whole.
DAY 5: TAOISM AND BUDDHISM
TAOISM
-aka Daoism, is an indigenous Chinese religion
often asstd with the Daode jing (Tao Te Ching), a
philosophical and political text purportedly written by
Laozi (Lao Tzu) sometime in the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE.
TAO/DAO- a Chinese word signifying way, path, route,
road or sometimes more loosely dotrine, principle or
holistic beliefs. A natural order of the universe whose
character one’s human intuition must discern in order
to realize the potential for individual wisdom.
THE YIN AND THE YANG
-two halves that together complete wholeness.
Both halves are chasing after each other as they seek a
new balance with each other.
YIN signifies softness, darkness, passivity, femininity,
etc.
YANG signifies hardness, brightness, activity,
masculinity, etc.
BUDDHISM
-based on the teachings of a Nepali prince
named Siddharta Gautama who lived around 500 BCE.
-the sheltered young prince was shocked by the
suffering he saw outside his palace walls, so he left his
life of luxury to seek answers.
-eventually he succeeded, becoming the
Buddha- The Enlightened One.
-he spent the remaining 45 years of his life
teaching the Dharma (The Path to Liberation from
Suffering) and establishing Sangha (a community of
monks)
EIGHTFOLD PATH
-composed of eight primary teachings that
Buddhists follow and use in their everyday lives:
RIGHT VIEW/UNDERSTANDING. Insight into the true
nature of reality.
RIGHT INTENTION. The unselfish desire to realize
enlightment.
RIGHT SPEECH. Using speech compassionately.
RIGHT ACTION. Using ethical conduct to manifest
compassion.
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD. Making a living through ethical and
nonharmful means.
RIGHT EFFORT. Cultivating wholesome qualities and
releasing unwholesome qualities.
RIGHT MINDFULNESS. Whole body and mind
awareness.
RIGHT CONCENTRATION. Meditation or some other
dedicated, concentrated practice.
Samyanc (Sanskrit) or Samma (Pali) which means wise,
wholesome, skillful and ideal.
DAY 6: MORALITY OF HINDUISM AND ISLAM
HINDUISM
-moral injunction of Hinduism lies right in the
heart of the teachings in the Upanishads.
-as a whole, Upanishads teach that the
individual soul (Atman) on earth is in the state of
suffering because of its attachment to the senses or to
the pleasure of the flesh.
SAMSARA (Reincarnation)
-hindus believe in this for purification.
Brahman (Universal essence)
Upanishad
- “sitting down near” or “sitting close to”
-implies listening closely to the mystic doctrines
of a guru or a spiritual leader.
DAY 7: FILIPINO CULTURES AND VALUES DAY 9: ACTION AND MORAL CHARACTER

MANO PO. a way of giving respect to the elders and COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTER AND DEVELOPMENT
also a way of receiving blessing to the elders.
Mano means “hand” CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
-performance character
HOSPITALITY. Filipinos are the most hospitable people -moral character

CLOSE FAMILY TIES PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

-unique and outstanding cultural values of -self awareness
Filipinos. Having fondness for family reunions durig -self management
secular and religious holidays.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
BAYANIHAN -social awareness
-the spirit of communal unity or effort to -interpersonal skill
achieve a particular objective.
MORAL CHARACTER AS A DISPOSITION
SERENADE
-one of the most popular forms of courtship. SELF-CORRECTION
-the process of correcting itself when things
SUPERSTITION begin to go wrong, without outside help.
-superstitious beliefs have grown throughout
history SELF-REFLECTION
-allows you to understand and see things from a
ELEMENTS STRENGTHENING THE FILIPINO CHARACTER different point of view.
o JOY AND HUMOR- Filipinos have a cheerful and
fun-loving approach to life and its ups and FAMILY UPBRINGING
downs. -the formation of children’s morals no outside
o FLEXIBILITY, ADAPTABILITY AND CREATIVITY greater than that of the family.
o HARDWORK AND INDUSTRY-Filipinos have the
capacity for hard work, given proper conditions. ENVIRONMENT AND PEER PRESSURE
o FAITH AND RELIGIOSITY-Filipinos ha deep faith
in God. Innate religiosity enables us to DAY 10: KOHLBERG’’S STAGES OF MORAL
comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the DEVELOPMENT
context of God’s will and plan.
o ABILITY TO SURVIVE –Filipinos have an ability PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
to survive which is manifested in our capacity Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience
for endurance despite difficult times, and in our Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation (Mutual
ability to get by on so little. Benefits)

ELEMENTS WEAKENING THE FILIPINO CHARACTER CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

o EXTREME PERSONALISM Stage 3: Good boy, nice girl Orientation (Social
o EXTREME FAMILY-CENTEREDNESS Approval)
o LACK OF DISCIPLINE Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
o PASSIVITY AND LACK OF INITIATIVE
o COLONIAL MENTALITY POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
o KANYA-KANYA SYNDROME Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
o LACK OF SELF-ANALYSIS AND SELF-REFLECTION Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation