(Paper 2)

Quantitative Techniques
Very Short Questions

1. State the difference between Questionnaire and Schedule.

Ans Difference between Schedule and Questionnaire.
S.No Questionnaire Schedule

1. Questionnaire is generally sent A schedule is generally filled by the

through mail to informants to be research worker or enumerator, who
answered as specified in a covering can interpret the questions when
letter, but otherwise without further necessary.
assistance from the sender.
2. Data collection is cheap and Data collection is more expensive as
economical as the money is spent in money is spent on enumerators and
preparation of questionnaire and in in imparting trainings to them.
mailing the same to respondents. Money is also spent in preparing
schedules.
3. Non response is usually high as Non response is very low because
many people do not respond and many this is filled by enumerators who are
return the questionnaire without able to get answers to all questions.
answering all questions. Bias due to But even in this their remains the
non response often remains danger of interviewer bias and
indeterminate. cheating.
4. It is not clear that who replies. Identity of respondent is not known.
5. The questionnaire method is likely Information is collected well in time
to be very slow since many as they are filled by enumerators.
respondents do not return the
questionnaire.
6. No personal contact is possible in case Direct personal contact is established
of questionnaire as the questionnaires
are sent to respondents by post who
also in turn returns the same by post.
7. This method can be used only when The information can be gathered
respondents are literate and
even when the respondents happen
cooperative. to be illiterate.
8. Wider and more representative There remains the difficulty in
distribution of sample is possible. sending enumerators over a
relatively wider area.
9. Risk of collecting incomplete and The information collected is
wrong information is relatively more generally complete and accurate as
under the questionnaire method, when enumerators can remove difficulties
 people are unable tounderstand if any faced by respondents in
questions properly. correctly understanding the
questions. As a result the
information collected through
schedule is relatively more accurate
than that obtained through
questionnaires.
10. The success of questionnaire methods It depends upon the honesty and
lies more on the quality of the competence of enumerators
questionnaire itself.
11. The physical appearance of This may not be the case as
questionnaire must be quite attractive. schedules are to be filled in by
enumerators and not by respondents.
12. This is not possible when collecting Along with schedule observation
data through questionnaire. method can also be used.

2. What is Ogive Curve?

Ans In statistics, an ogive is a graphic showing the curve of a cumulative
distribution function drawn by hand. The points plotted are the upper class limit and
the corresponding cumulative frequency. The ogive for the normal distribution
resembles one side of an Arabesque or ogival arch.

3. The standard deviation of a series is 28.6. Find out mean deviation and quartile
deviation.
Ans
4. Determine the Harmonic mean of the following series:
20, 25, 10, 15, 5
Ans
5. If the two regression coefficients are (-) 0.9 and (-)0.5 respectively, then find the
coefficient of correlation.
Ans
6. Define partial correlation.
Ans . Partial correlation is the measure of association between two variables, while
controlling or adjusting the effect of one or more additional variables. Partial
correlations can be used in many cases that assess for relationship, like whether or
not the sale value of a particular commodity is related to the expenditure on
advertising when the effect of price is controlled.

7. State any two assumptions of interpolation.

Ans
8. What is Identity?
Ans “An identity function assigns every real number to the same real number. It is
identical to the identity map." "The identity function is trivially idempotent.”

9.Define Identity matrix.

Ans The identity matrix is a square matrix whose product with another matrix A
equals the same matrix A. The identity matrix is a square matrix which contains all
zeroes, except for ones along the main diagonal. If A is an m-by-n matrix, its
left identity matrix is m-by-m and its right identity matrix is n-by-n.
10 What is consumer price index number?
Ans The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the aggregate price level in
an economy. The CPI consists of a bundle of commonly purchased goods and
services. The CPI measures the changes in the purchasing power of a
country’s currency, and the price level of a basket of goods and services.
11 Differentiation
Ans
12 Singular Matrix

Ans If the determinant of a matrix is 0 then the matrix has no inverse .It is called
a singular matrix.The following diagrams show how to determine if a 2x2 matrix is
singular and if a 3x3 matrix is singular.

13 Population
Ans A population is the number of living people that live together in the same
place. A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people
are called inhabitants or residents. The population includes all individuals that live
in that certain area.
14 Ideal index number
Ans Changes in the general level of prices can be measured by a statistical device
known as ‘index number.’

15 Quantity Relative
Ans
A quantity relative is the ratio of the quantity of a specific product in one period to the quantity of the same
product in some other period.

16 Variable
Ans
A variable is a characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume more than one
of a set of values to which a numerical measure or a category from a classification can
be assigned (e.g. income, age, weight, etc., and “occupation”, “industry”, “disease”, etc.

17 Slope of the line

Ans The slope mm of a line passing through two
points (x1,y1)(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)(x2,y2) is:
m=y2 − y1x2 − x1m=y2 − y1x2 − x1
If the graph of a line rises from left to right, the slope is positive. If the graph of the
line falls from left to right the slope is negative.

18 Frequency Distribution
Ans a frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays the frequency of
various outcomes in a sample.[1] Each entry in the table contains the frequency or
count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval.
19 Skewness
Ans skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of
a real-valued random variable about its mean. The skewness value can be positive or
negative, or undefined.

20 Standard Deviation
Ans Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are
spread out from the average (mean), or expected value. A low standard deviation
means that most of the numbers are close to the average. A high standard deviation
means that the numbers are more spread out

21 Index Number
Ans An index number is the measure of change in a variable (or group of variables)
over time. It is typically used in economics to measure trends in a wide variety of
areas including: stock market prices, cost of living, industrial or agricultural
production, and imports. Index numbers are one of the most used statistical tools in
economics.

22Multiple Correlation
Ans multiple correlation is a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted
using a linear function of a set of other variables. It is the correlation between the
variable's values and the best predictions that can be computed linearly from the
predictive variables.
23 Range
Ans the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest
values.[1] Difference here is specific, the range of a set of data is the result of
subtracting the smallest value from largest value.

24 Census Method
Ans Census method is the method of statistical enumeration where all members of the
population are studied. A population refers to the set of all observations under concern.
For example, if you want to carry out a survey to find out student’s feedback about the
facilities of your school, all the students of your school would form a part of the
‘population’ for your study.
25 Regression
Ans Regression is a statistical measurement used in finance, investing, and other
disciplines that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between one
dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) and a series of other changing variables
(known as independent variables).
26 Function
Ans
27 Parameter
Ans a parameter is something in an equation that is passed on in an equation. It
means something different in statistics. It’s a value that tells you something about
a population and is the opposite from a statistic, which tells you something about
a small part of the population.

28 Cumulative frequency
Ans if the frequency of first class interval is added to the frequency of second class
and this sum is added to third class and so on then frequencies so obtained are
known as Cumulative frequency

29 Geometric mean
Ans The geometric mean is the average of a set of products, the calculation of which
is commonly used to determine the performance results of an investment or
portfolio. It is technically defined as "the nth root product of n numbers." The
geometric mean must be used when working with percentages, which are derived
from values, while the standard arithmetic mean works with the values themselves.
30 Coefficient of standard deviation
Ans The standard deviation is the absolute measure of dispersion. Its relative
measure is called the standard coefficient of dispersion or coefficient of standard
deviation. It is defined as:

Coefficient of Standard Deviation =SX¯¯¯¯Coefficient of Standard Deviation=SX¯

31 Partial correlation
Ans partial correlation measures the degree of association between two random
variables, with the effect of a set of controlling random variables removed. If we are
interested in finding whether or to what extent there is a numerical relationship
between two variables of interest, using their correlation coefficient will
give misleading results if there is another, confounding, variable that is numerically
related to both variables of interest.
32. Bivariate distribution
Ans A bivariate distribution, put simply, is the probability that a certain event will occur when there are
two independent random variables in your scenario. For example, having two bowls, each filled with two
different types of candies, and pulling one candy from each bowl gives you two independent random variables,
the two different candies. Since you are pulling one candy from each bowl at the same time, you have a
bivariate distribution when calculating your probability of ending up with particular kinds of candies.
33 Regression coefficient
Ans The regression coefficients are a statically measure which is used
to measure the average functional relationship between variables. In
regression analysis, one variable is dependent and other is
independent. Also, it measures the degree of dependence of one
variable on the other(s).
34 Price relative
Ans A price relative is the ratio of the price of a specific product in one period to the price of
the same product in some other period.
35 Time Series
Ans A time series is a set of observation taken at specified times, usually at equal
intervals .In other words ,a series of observations recorded over time is known as
time series .
36 Sets
Ans A set is a well-defined collection of objects
37 Homogeneous function
Ans
38 Logarithm
Ans
A logarithm is the power to which a number is raised get another number.

39 Primary data
Ans Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources, using methods
like surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is collected with the research project in mind, directly from
primary sources.

40 Differentiation
Ans
41 Harmonic mean
Ans the harmonic mean (sometimes called the subcontrary mean) is one of several
kinds of average, and in particular one of the Pythagorean means. Typically, it is
appropriate for situations when the average of rates is desired.

42 Coefficient of variation
Ans the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is
a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is often
expressed as a percentage, and is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (or
its absolute value, ). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision
and repeatability of an assay.
43 Interpolation
Ans Interpolation is the process of finding a value between two points on a line or
curve. To help us remember what it means, we should think of the first part of the
word, 'inter,' as meaning 'enter,' which reminds us to look 'inside' the data we
originally had. This tool, interpolation, is not only useful in statistics, but is also
useful in science, business or any time there is a need to predict values that fall
within two existing data points.

44 Fisher’s ideal Index number

Ans Fisher Price Index, also called the Fisher’s Ideal Price Index, is a consumer price index
(CPI) used to measure the price level of goods and services over a given period. The Fisher Price
Index is a geometric average of the Laspeyres Price Index and the Paasche Price Index. It is
deemed the “ideal” price index as it corrects the positive price bias in the Laspeyres Price Index
and the negative price bias in the Paasche Price Index.

Formula for the Fisher Price Index

The Fisher Price Index is the geometric average of the Laspeyres and Paasche Price indices, and
the formula is rendered as:

Where:

 Pi,t is the price of the individual item at the observation period

 Pi,0 is the price of the individual item at the base period
 Qi,t is the quantity of the individual item at the observation period
 Qi,0 is the quantity of the individual item at the base period

45 Statistical system in India

Ans
1. Distinguish between Absolute and Relative measures
Ans
2. Find the correlation between the two series if it is known:
∑ 𝐝𝐱𝐝𝐲 = (−)𝟏𝟔, 𝛔𝐱 = 𝟐. 𝟑, 𝛔𝐲 = 𝟐. 𝟕, 𝐍=𝟖
3. From the following fixed base index numbers, prepare chain base index number:
Year Fixed Base Index Number

2012 94

2013 98

2014 102

2015 95

2016 98

2017 100

𝟏 𝟓 𝟖 𝟐
4. If 𝐀 = [𝟕 𝟑] and 𝐁 = [ ], find out AB.
𝟒 𝟑
𝟎 𝟐
5. Find the combined mean wage of the two factories given below:
Factory A Factory B

No. of workers (N) = 250 No. of workers (N) = 200

Mean wages (×)= 2.00 Mean wages (×)= 2.50

6. Find the 10th term of 2, 4, 6…

7. Explain the assumptions of the Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
Ans
8. Calculate the geometric mean of 2, 3 and 4.
9. If ∑ 𝐗 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟎, ∑ 𝐘 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎, 𝛔𝐱 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝛔𝐲 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍 = 𝟓𝟎; estimate the Y
on X regression equation.
10. What are the factor reversal and time reversal tests?
11. Expand (y - 1)n.
12. In the distribution the mean is 45, median 48 and Pearson’s coefficient of
Skewness is (-) 0.4. Find the mode and coefficient of variation.
13. The mean rainfall of a place from Monday to Saturday in a week was 4.5 cms. On
account of heavy rains on Sunday the mean rainfall for the whole week shot up to
6cms. Determine the rainfall for Sunday.
14. Find the coefficient of correlation from the following data:
3x = y, 8y = 6x
 𝟑 𝟏
15. If A =[ ] , Find λ2- 5λ.
−𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
16. If A =[ ] B=[ ] , Find AB.
𝟒 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒
17. What is Homogeneous Function? Give Example.
Ans
18. Explain the properties of Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Ans ⇒ r is unit-less. Thus, we may use it to compare association

between totally different bivariate distributions as well. For eg – you
may compare how much of you not going for a movie is related to
your friends not joining you, and to you not being much interested for
the movie yourself, both at the same time, with the Pearson’s
correlation coefficients obtained from both the cases. In economics
therefore, where the cost price or the market shares depend on lots of
different factors, this parameter is of utmost importance in
ascertaining the connection between various quantities.

⇒ The value of r always lies between +1 and -1. Depending on its

exact value, we see the following degrees of association between the
variables-

r value variation:

STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION NEGATIvE r POSITIvE r

weak -0.1 to -0.3 0.1 to 0.3

average -0.3 to -0.5 0.3 to 0.5

strong -0.5 to -1.0 0.5 to 1.0

A value greater than 0 indicates a positive association i.e. as the value
of one variable increases, so does the value of the other variable. A
value less than 0 indicates a negative association i.e. as the value of
one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases.

⇒ The Pearson product-moment correlation does not take into

consideration whether a variable has been classified as a dependent or
independent variable. It treats all variables equally.

⇒ A change of origin of the system, or any scaling of the variables

doesn’t affect the value of r. The sign might change depending on
the sign of scaling done.

Basically, if the bivariate system (x, y) is converted to another

bivariate system (u, v) by a change of origin or scaling or both, in the
following way –

$$u = \frac{x – a}{b}, v = \frac{y – c}{d}$$

Then the correlation coefficient takes on the following value –

$$r_{(u,v)} = \frac{bd}{|b||d|} \ r_{(x,y)}$$

19. Distinguish primary and secondary data.

Ans
BASIS FOR
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
COMPARISON

Meaning Primary data refers to the Secondary data means data

first hand data gathered collected by someone else
by the researcher himself. earlier.
 BASIS FOR
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
COMPARISON

Data Real time data Past data

Process Very involved Quick and easy

Source Surveys, observations, Government publications,

experiments, websites, books, journal
questionnaire, personal articles, internal records
interview, etc. etc.

Cost effectiveness Expensive Economical

Collection time Long Short

Specific Always specific to the May or may not be specific

researcher's needs. to the researcher's need.

Available in Crude form Refined form

Accuracy and More Relatively less

Reliability

20. Expand (x - 2y)4.

21. If the price of a commodity doubles in 4 years, what will be the average
percentage rate of increase per year?
22. Find Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), if variance of x is 2.25, standard
deviation of y is 4 and regression equation of x on y is x = -0.3y + 1.8
23. Which term of the series 2, 5, 8, 11, 14…..is 59?
24. Write down four methods for the measurement of secular trend in a time series.
Ans
25. Distinguish between census and sampling method.
Ans
 BASIS FOR
CENSUS SAMPLING
COMPARISON

Meaning A systematic method that Sampling refers to a

collects and records the portion of the population
data about the members of selected to represent the
the population is called entire group, in all its
Census. characteristics.

Enumeration Complete Partial

Study of Each and every unit of the Only a handful of units of

population. the population.

Time required It is a time consuming It is a fast process.

process.

Cost Expensive method Economical method

Results Reliable and accurate Less reliable and accurate,

due to the margin of error
in the data collected.

Error Not present. Depends on the size of the

population

Appropriate for Population of Population of

heterogeneous nature. homogeneous nature.

Long Questions

1. Goals scored by two teams A and B in a football session were as follows:

 No. of Goals No. of Matches

A Team B Team

0 27 17

1 9 9

2 8 6

3 5 5

4 4 3

Find out which team is more consistent in scoring.

2. Calculate the Bowley’s Coefficient of skewness from the following data:

Class Frequency

4-8 6

8-12 10

12-16 18

16-20 30

20-24 15

24-28 12

28-32 10

32-36 6

36-40 2

3. Estimate the likely production for 1970 and 1980 from the following data:

Year Production(Lakh
Tons)

1955 200

1960 230
 1965 270

1970 -

1975 380

1980 -

1985 460

4. a. The regression equations of two variables X and Y are given below. Find the
mean values of X and Y and coefficient of correlation between X and Y:
𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 − 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎 … … … … . (𝐢)
𝟔𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝟑𝟏 = 𝟎 … … … … … (𝐢𝐢)

b. Calculate the rank correlation coefficient from the following data:

X Y
75 120
88 134
95 150
70 115
60 110
80 140
81 142
50 100
5. a. Solve the following equations by Crammer’s rule:
−𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟔
𝟑𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟓𝐳 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 − 𝐳 = 𝟏𝟏
b. Find the inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑
[𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 ]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
6. From the following data calculate Fisher’s Ideal Index Number. Does it satisfy the
both factor and time reversal tests:

Items Base Year Current Year

Price Total Value Price Total Value

A 2 40 5 75

B 4 16 8 40
 C 1 10 2 24

D 5 25 10 60

𝐝𝐲
7. a. Find 𝐝𝐱 of the following:
1. 𝐲 = 𝟏𝟐𝐱 𝟑/𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟐
𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟑𝐱+𝟏𝟓
2. 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱+𝟐
b. Integrate the following:
1. ∫ √𝟐 + 𝟓𝐲 dy
𝟑
2. ∫(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐) 𝐱𝐝𝐱
8. a. Find the inverse of the following matrix:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
[−𝟏 𝟎 𝟒]
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

b. Solve the following equations by Crammer’s rule:

3x +x2 -x3= 2
x1 -2x2 + x3= -9
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 1
8. Analyse the sources of primary and secondary data.

Ans Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to be
authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can share new information.
Often these sources are created at the time the events occurred but they can also include sources that are created
later. They are usually the first formal appearance of original research.

Secondary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources. They often attempt
to describe or explain primary sources.

Scholarly journals, although generally considered to be secondary sources, often contain articles on very specific
subjects and may be the primary source of information on new developments.

Primary and secondary categories are often not fixed and depend on the study or research you are undertaking. For
example, newspaper editorial/opinion pieces can be both primary and secondary. If exploring how an event affected
people at a certain time, this type of source would be considered a primary source. If exploring the event, then the
opinion piece would be responding to the event and therefore is considered to be a secondary source.

Primary sources
Examples of primary resources include:
  diaries, correspondence, ships' logs
 original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial transcripts
 biographies, autobiographies, manuscripts
 interviews, speeches, oral histories
 case law, legislation, regulations, constitutions
 government documents, statistical data, research reports
 a journal article reporting NEW research or findings
 creative art works, literature
 newspaper advertisements and reportage and editorial/opinion pieces

Primary sources can be found using:

 Library collection
 Primary sources for history subject guide

Secondary sources
Secondary sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are considered to be
persuasive. They often involve generalisation, synthesis, interpretation, commentary or evaluation in an attempt to
convince the reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

Examples of secondary sources include:

 journal articles that comment on or analyse research

 textbooks
 dictionaries and encyclopaedias
 books that interpret, analyse
 political commentary
 biographies
 dissertations
 newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
 criticism of literature, art works or music

9. a. What is the method of correlation? Give example.

b. Given
X Y

12.5 28

17.5 42

22.5 54

27.5 108
 32.5 129

37.5 61

42.5 45

47.5 33

Here the calculated standard deviation (σ) is 8.96. Calculate Karl Pearson’s
coefficient of Skewness.
10. a. What is the concept of trend in time series analysis?
Ans
b. Fit the straight line trend by the method of least squares:
Years Production (in tones)

1991 24

1992 25

1993 29

1994 26

1995 22

1996 24

11. Write a short note on the Industrial statistics in India.

Ans
𝐝𝐲
12. a. Find 𝐝𝐱 of the following:
𝐱+𝟏
1. y =
√𝐱
2. y = x2
b. Integrate the following:
𝟏
1. ∫𝐱𝟐 −𝟐𝟓 𝐝𝐱
2. ∫ logxdx
13. a. Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following:
2x – y + 3z = 9
X + 3y – z = 4
3x + 2y + z = 10
b. Find inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A = [𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 ]
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟐
14. On the basis of the following information, find out correlation coefficient
between Density of Population and Death Rate.
 District Area (Sq. Population No. of death
km)
A 200 40,000 480

B 150 75,000 1,200

C 120 72,000 1,080
D 80 20,000 280

15. Find out standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following series:

Marks No. of students

0 100

10 90

20 75

30 50

40 25

50 15

60 5

70 0

16. Estimate the number of workers earning wages

1. Between Rs. 60-70
2. Above Rs. 70

Monthly wages No. of workers

(Rs.)

Below 40 250

40-60 120

60-80 100

80-100 70
 100-120 50

17. Compute the Fisher’s ideal Index Number from the following data. Does it satisfy
the both Factor and Time Reversal Tests:

Base year Current year

Items Price (Per Total Price (Per Total

unit) Expenditure unit) Expenditure
(Rs.) (Rs.)

A 2 40 5 75

B 4 16 8 40

C 1 10 2 24

D 5 25 10 60

𝐝𝐲
18. a. Find 𝐝𝐱of the following:
√𝐱+𝟐
1. Y = 𝐱𝟐 +𝟒𝐱−𝟑
2. Y= (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟓)(𝐱 − 𝟓)(𝟒𝐱 𝟐 )
b. Integrate the following:
1. ∫(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟏𝟎)𝐝𝐱
(𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱)
2. ∫ 𝐱𝟐 𝐝𝐱
19. a. Solve the determinant:
𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝟑
|𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟕|
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟓
b. Find inverse of following matrix:
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
|𝟐 𝟑 𝟐|
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
20. Calculate mode and median from the following data:

X Y

0-10 6
 10-20 10

20-30 22

30-40 23

40-50 4

50-60 1

21. Write notes on the following:

1. Rank correlation coefficient

2. Concept of growth rate

22. Given:

X Y

7 10

10 15

12 18

15 20

6 17

Estimate𝐘 = 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐗 and 𝐗 = 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐘and interpret the results.

23. a) Why is the Fisher’s index number an ideal?
Ans
b) Explain the components of the time series.

Ans
𝐝𝐲
24. a) Find 𝐝𝐱of the following:
1. 𝐘 = (𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟕)(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐)
𝟏−𝐱
2. 𝐘 = √𝟏+𝐱
b) Integrate the followings:
1. ∫(𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐)𝐝𝐱
2. ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
25. a) Solve the following equations by Cramer’s rule:
𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟕
𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 + 𝟏𝟔
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒𝐳 = 𝟐𝟐
 b) Find the inverse of the following matrix:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
A=[𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 ]
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟐
26. The median and mode of the following data are Rs. 33.5 and 34.5 respectively but
three frequencies are missing. Find the missing frequencies and verify the result:
Wages Frequency

0-10 4

10-20 16

20-30 ?

30-40 ?

40-50 ?

50-60 6

60-70 4

Total 230

27. From the following data, calculate the coefficient of correlation between age of
students and their playing habit:
Age group No. of Students No. of regular
(Years) players

15-16 200 150

16-17 270 162

17-18 340 170

18-19 360 180

19-20 400 180

20-21 300 120

28. The following data relate to heights of 8 fathers and their sons:
Height of father Height of son

(in inches) (inches)

 65 67

66 68

67 64

67 68

68 72

69 70

71 69

73 70

Obtain regression equations by calculating both regression coefficients. Estimate

the likely height of the son when father’s height is 67.5 inches.

29. Find the following data estimate the life expectancy at the age of 22 years:
Age Life expectancy
(Years)
(Years)

15 32.2

20 29.1

25 26.0

30 23.1

35 20.4

[2014]
𝐝𝐲
1. a) Find of the following:
𝐝𝐱
𝐱𝟑
1. 𝐱𝟐 +𝟏
2. 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
b) Integrate the followings:
1. ∫ 𝐱 𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
𝐱+𝟑
2. ∫ 𝐱+𝟓 𝐝𝐱
2. a) Solve the following equations by Cramer’s rule:

𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟔
 𝐱−𝐲+𝐳=𝟐
𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 − 𝐳 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
b) If A= [𝟐 𝟏 𝟐]then prove 𝐀𝟐 - 4A-5I = 0.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
3. a) Calculate the Arithmetic mean and standard deviation and its coefficient from
the following series:
Marks No. of Students

Less than 10 10

Less than 20 25

Less than 30 50

Less than 40 75

Less than 50 85

Less than 60 95

Less than 70 100

b) Find the geometric mean of 40, 80 and 20.

4. Do you find any correlation between are and intelligence in the following data:
Age in Years

Marks 18 19 20 21 22

20-25 3 2 - - -

15-20 - 5 4 - -

10-15 - - 7 10 -

5-10 - - - 3 2

0-5 - - - 3 1

5. Calculate Fisher’s Index number and test for factor reversal test and time reversal
test:
Base year

Item Price Expenditure

 A 5 25

B 1 10

C 4 16

D 2 40

Current Year

Item Price Expenditure

A 10 60

B 2 24

C 8 40

D 5 75

6. Explain the main characteristics of Population Census 2001.

[2012]
𝐝𝐲
1. a) Findout the differentiation of any two of the following:
𝐝𝐱
𝟏
1. 𝐲 = √𝐱x 𝐱
√
2. 𝐲 = (𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟕)(𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐)
𝐱𝟒
3. 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟐 +𝟑
b) Integrate any two of the followings:
𝐱
1. ∫ ((𝐱−𝟏)(𝐱−𝟐)) 𝐝𝐱
2. ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱𝐝𝐱
3. ∫(𝟐𝐱 𝟓 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐)𝐝𝐱
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
2. a) If A=[ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑] find A-1 and prove that A x A-1 = I
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
b) Solve the following equation by Crammer’s rule:
𝐱+𝐲+𝐳=𝟕
𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟑𝐳 = 𝟏𝟔
𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 + 𝟒𝐳 = 𝟐𝟐
3. a) From the following data calculate the Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness:
Waves No. of Workers

(more than)
 5 120

15 105

25 96

35 85

45 72

55 58

65 32

75 12

85 0

b) A cyclist covers his first three miles at an average speed of 8 m.p.h. another two
miles at 3 m.p.h. and the last two miles at 2 m.p.h. Find his average speed for the
entire journey.
4. a) From the following data, calculate the coefficient of correlation between age of
students and their playing habits and say whether it is significant or not:
Age No. of Students Regular Players

15 250 200

16 200 150

17 150 90

18 120 48

19 100 30

20 80 12

b) If Q1=58 and Q2=64, find the quartile deviation and it’s coefficient.
5. a) From the following data calculate the number of workers earning wages more
than Rs. 60 but less than Rs. 70:
Wages No. of Workers
(000)

Below 40 250
 40-60 120

60-80 100

80-100 70

100-120 50

b) Estimate the value of y when x= 36, from the data given below:
x series y series
Mean 30 45
Standard Deviation 4 10
Coefficient of correlation between x and y series = +0.8.
6. a) Calculate Fisher’s Ideal Index Number from the following data and show that it
satisfies time reversal and factor reversal tests:
Base Year Current Year

Price Quantity Price Quantity

(Rs.) (kg.) (Rs.) (kg.)

A 6 50 9 55

B 2 100 3 125

C 4 60 6 65

D 10 30 14 25

b) Write down four methods for the measurement of secular trend in a time se