ANALYSIS

OF
VARIANCE
(ANOVA)
This week’s Objectives…
After careful study of this chapter, you should be
able to do the following:
1. Design and conduct engineering experiments
involving a single factor with an arbitrary number
of levels. (One-Way ANOVA)
2. Design and conduct experiments involving the
randomized complete block design. (Two-Way
ANOVA)
ANOVA
In the estimation and hypothesis testing material
covered in Chapter 9 and 10, we were restricted in
each case to considering no more than two
population parameters.

In the k>2 sample problem, it will be assumed that

there are k samples from k populations. One very
common procedure used to deal with testing
population means is called ANOVA
ONE-WAY ANOVA
Random samples of size n are selected from each of k populations. The k
different populations are classified on the basis of a single criterion
such as different treatments or groups. Today the term treatment is
used generally to refer to the various classifications, whether they be
different aggregates, different analysts, different fertilizers, or different
regions of the country.
It is assumed that the k populations are independent and normally
distributed

𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘
𝐻1 : 𝐴𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
We would reject H0 if f0 > f,a-1,a(n-1)
Definition
The sums of squares computing formulas for the ANOVA with equal
sample sizes in each treatment are
𝑎 𝑛 2
2 𝑦 ..
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ෍ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 −
𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑗=1

And
𝑎 2
𝑦2. .
𝑦𝑖 .
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 =෍ −
𝑛 𝑁
𝑖=1

The error sum of squares is obtained by subtraction as

SSE = SST – SSTreatments
EXAMPLE 13-1 Tensile Strength ANOVA Consider the paper tensile
strength experiment described in Section 13-2.1. This experiment is
a CRD. We can use the analysis of variance to test the hypothesis that
different hardwood concentrations do not affect the mean tensile
strength of the paper. (Level significance of 0.01)
H0: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 0
H1: i  0 for at least one i
 𝑎 𝑛 2
2 𝑦 ..
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ෍ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 −
𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
2
383
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 72 + 82 + ⋯ + 202 − = 512.96
24
𝑎
𝑦𝑖2 . 𝑦 2 . .
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 =෍ −
𝑛 𝑁
𝑖=1

602 + 942 + 1022 + 1272 3832

𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = − = 382.79
6 24

SSE=130.17
Since f0.01,3,20 = 4.94, we reject H0 and conclude
that hardwood concentration in the pulp
significantly affects the mean strength of the
paper.