Presented at the 37th Anznzual and 70olh

P-acific Coasl Convenliou of the Americanl

Institute of Electrical Engineers, Salt
Lake City, Utah, Junie 23, 1921.

Copyright 1921. B. A. I. E. E.

TRANSFORMERS FOR INTERCONNECTING

HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
For Feeding Synchronous Condensers from a
Tertiary Winding
BY J. F. PETERS AND M. E. SKINNER
Both of the Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., E. Pittsburgh, Pa.

ABSTRACT OF PAPER
Owing to the advantages to be realized from the
use, of the star-star connection in interconnecting high-
voltage transmission systems and from the fact that this
connection requires the use of an auxiliary winding con-
nected in delta to stabilize the neutral point or to
decrease the inductance in the ground connection, a
great majority of the transformers designed for inter-
connecting transmission lines are three-winding trans-
formers. Another type of transformer which would be
included in this general class would be that having an
auxiliary winding for feeding a synchronous con-
denser used in controlling the voltage at the receiver
end of the line.
Many of the alternatives suchl as the ehoice between
self-cooling or water-cooling, or between single-phase
uInits and three-phase uinits, differ in no way froin
the same questions on transformers for ordinary ser-
vice. However, t 1wre are a niumuber of important
features peculiar to three-winding transformers for these
classes of servi(e that eornplicatc the design and
operation to ani extent that justifies special considera-
tion of these problems.
This paper wNill call mattenition) to thlese speeial prob-
lems aii(l indicate the wav in which the design and per-
form-ance of transformiers for these elasses of serviee are
influ-enced by them.
PHASE DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN I INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEMS
IF TWO transmission systems are tied in at one point
only, the phase displacement between the two
systems is fixed by the transformer connection
which is used at that point. Future. interconnections be-
tween the two systems must be consistent with those
which have preceded them. A 30-deg. phase dis-
placement would require the use of a delta-star con-
nection. A 0-deg. or 180-deg. phase displacement
would require the use of either the delta-delta or the
1181
1182 PETERS AND SKINNER [Junie 23

star-star connection. The most common condition is

probably 0-deg. phase displacement in which case
there is a choice between the use of the delta-delta or
the star-star connection. The logical choice between
these two alternatives is the star-star connection for
the following reasons:
First. It reduces the average insulation stress be-
tween the windings and the core of the transformer.
Second. It offers an opportunity to ground either
or both the system neutrals at the transformer.
Third. It results in a cheaper and smaller trans-
former.
Fourth. It offers an opportunity for further re-
duction in first cost when the neutrals are grounded by
the use of graded insulation.
Fifth. It offers an opportunity for further reduc-
tion in first cost by the elimination of one high-voltage
bushing.
ECONOMY OF STAR-CONNECTED TRANSFORMERS
The average voltage stress between windings and
core is 43.3 per cent of the line voltage in a delta-
connected winding, but only 28.9 per cent in a star-
connected winding, the latter figure being just two-
thirds of the former.
A star-connected transformer is cheaper to build
than a delta-connected one because of the better space
factor resulting from the fewer number of turns of
correspondingly larger cross-section. The difference
between the costs of the two is a function of the volt-
age and of the capacity of the transformer, and be-
comes more marked as the voltage increases and the
capacity decreases. The dry weight of a transformer,
i. e., the weight of the transformer with its case but
exclusive of the oil, is sometimes used as a criterion
of the cost of transformers. Fig. 1 shows the relation
between the dry weights of star- and delta-connected
single-phase, 60-cycle, 66,000-volt transformers, and
the kv-a. of the transformer. The dry weight of the
star-connected transformer is expressed as a percen-
tage of the dry weight of the delta-connected trans-
former of the same rating. The saving of the star
19211 TRANSFORMERS 1183

connection over the delta connection is evident from

this curve. For higher voltage classes the differences
would be still more marked, while for very low volt-
ages they become negligible. In fact, for extremely
low voltages the heavier current may be a handicap
and throw the difference in favor of the delta connec-
tion. The economies effected through the use of the
star connectioni for high voltages often result in a
reduction in the dimensions as well as the c6st.
When the neutral of the system is directly grounded
at both ends of the line it is often the practise on star-
connected transformers to taper the insulation between
the windings and the core more or less in proportion to
100

~95-
go

85-___ 2000040

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 10,000

KV-A.
FIG. 1-DRY WEIGHT OF ONE-PHASE, 60-CYCLE, 66-KV.
STAR-CONNECTED TRANSFORMERS IN PER CENT OF EQUIVA-
LENT DELTA-CONNECTED TRANSFORMERS

the stress between them and to test them with an in-

duced voltage rather than a disruptive test. The
Standardization Rules of the A. I. E. E., Article
6361-e, specify the test for apparatus connected to
permanently grounded single-phase circuits of more
than 300 volts as 2.73 times the voltage to ground
+ 1000 volts, but the same rule specifically states that
this test shall not apply on three-phase apparatus
with grounded star neutral. However, where trans-
formers have been supplied in the past with graded
insulation, the practise has been to apply the same rule
to three-phase circuits until this practise is now pretty
well established. Grading the insulation between
winding and core proportionately with the stresses,
1184 PETERS ANI) SKINNER [June 23

results in a considerable saving and makes it possible

to eliminate one of the high-voltage bushings. The
cost of high-voltage bushings is quite an item and the
increased clearances possible with only one high-volt-
age bushing through the cover make for greater
safety.
STAR-STAR CONNECTION IS ADAPTED TO THE USE
OF AUTO-TRANSFORMATION
An auto-transformer offers a decided saving in first
cost over an equivalent transformer with separate
windings but it can only be applied under certain
conditions. These conditions are fulfilled with the
star-star connection when the neutral point is directly
and permanently grounded. If the neutral of the
three-phase star-star connected auto-transformer is not
directly and permanently grounded, serious stresses
will be put upon the system having the lower line voltage
in the event of one of the higher voltage lines grounding
accidentally. Assume a three-phase star-star con-
nected auto-transformer stepping down from 150,000
volts and 66,000 volts with the neutral free. In the
event of a ground on one of the 150,000-volt lines the
potential of the 66,000-volt lines above ground would
be increased from 38,100 volts to 48,500 volts on the
line in the same phase on which the ground occurs and
to 110,800 volts on the other two lines. (Fig. 2.)
The amount of saving effected by the use of auto-
transformers as compared with transformers with
separate windings depends upon the ratio of trans-
formation. The equivalent size of the auto-transformer
to transform a certain kv-a. expressed as a fraction
of the kv-a. is V where V1 and V2 are the
higher and lower voltages respectively. It is evident
from this expression that the greatest ieduction. in
size and cost occurs when Vi and V2 are of nearly the
same magnitude. If this were the only consideration,
the most likely field of application for an auto-trans-
former would be where the ratio of transformation
is nearly unity. However, the impedance of an auto-
transformer is lower than that of an equivalent trans-
19211 TRANSFORMERS 1185

former with separate windings, in the same ratio as

the equivalent size is reduced, namely
Vl1- V2

so that as V2 approaches V1 the impedance approaches

0. The low impedance of the auto-transformers in
the range of voltage ratios where they present the
greatest economy works against them as it allows very
heavy currents to flow through them at times of short
circuits. When the transformation ratio falls much
below 1 to 1.1 it becomes almost impossible to design
an auto-transformer which will be self-protecting, i. e.,
will withstand the forces incident to a dead short cir-
cuit with sustained voltage without mechanical injury.
The result of this situation has been to limit the applica-
tion of auto-transformers to that range of voltage ratios
where the stresses due to short circuits are within

Accidental Ground

FIG. 2-VOLTAGES TO GROUND WITH STAR-STAR AUTO-TRANS-

FORMERS AND NEUTRAL FREE

reasonable limits. A review of the past applications

of auto-transformers to power transmission systems
indicates that the majority of such applications has
been where the ratio of transformation was in the
vicinity of two to one.
The economy of the star-star connection, the avail-
ability of ground connections, and its adaptability
to the use of graded insulation and auto-transforma-
tions, gives it a great advantage over the delta-delta
connection for use in interconnecting power systems
and it has been used almost exclusively in the past
where 0-deg. phase displacement is desired.
1186 PETERS AND SKINNER [June 23

STAR-STAR CONNECTION REQUIRES THE USE OF

AUXILIARY WINDING CONNECTED IN DELTA
When the star-star connection is employed it is
necessary to have an auxiliary or tertiary winding
connected in delta to obtain satisfactory operation.'
In all single-phase transformers and in three-phase
transformers of the shell type of construction, a ter-
tiary is necessary in order to supply the triple harmonic
component of the exciting current which is suppressed
by the star-star connection. If the triple harmonic
exciting current is not supplied there will be a triple
harmonic in the phase voltage which will produce an
unstable neutral. This cannot be permitted on account
of the insulation stresses imposed on the system. In
the three-phase core type of construction the return
circuit for the flux in any leg is through the other two
legs. The deficiency in third harmonic excitation in
any phase at any given instant is supplied from the
other two phases which have an excess of third har-
monic excitation at that instant. There are other
considerations which will be discussed later, under the
effect of the tertiary upon the currents which flow when
a high-voltage line accidentally grounds, which make
advisable the addition of a tertiary winding in the
three-phase core-type transformer even though it is
not required to stabilize the neutral.
USE OF A TERTIARY WINDING TO FURNISH POWER
FOR A SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
A tertiary winding is often used to furnish power to
a synchronous condenser used for regulating the volt-
age at the receiver end of a transmission line. It is
often possible to effect a considerable saving by hav-
ing the transformer, which would be required for the
synchronous condenser, combined with the main step-
down transformer.
When a condenser is supplying leading kv-a. and
the main load is at a lagging power factor the two loads
combine to reduce the current flowing in the primary
so that the addition of the condenser winding will
1. See paper on this subject by Mr. J. F. Peters, TRANS.
A. I. E. E., 1915, p. 2157.
1921] TRANSFORMERS 1187

not increase the size of the primary winding as long

as the condenser does not exceed twice the reactive
component of the main load. If the condenser load
were maintained at all times, it would even be possible
to reduce the size of the primary. This is seldom the
condition, however, and it is therefore the practise
to design the primary so that it will carry full load
with the condenser shut down.
The third winding in a transformer, whether it be
for stabilizing the neutral point or for reducing the
inductance in the connection between neutral and
ground in a star-star connected bank or for supply-
ing power to two loads of different power factors,
introduces many features which must be recognized
in the design and considered in predicting the opera-
ting characteristics of such transformers.
LIMITATIONS IMPOSED ON GROUPING OF THE WINDINGS
When transformers tie together three systems
where the flow of power may be from any one to the
other two or vice versa, one of the first requirements
is that the reactance between any two windings be
of about the same magnitude. If this is not the case,
there will be large differences between the regulation
with varying conditions of power flow between the
interconnected systems. Moreover, with power supply
on all three systems, if the reactance is low between
any two of them, the currents flowing under short-
circuit conditions will become dangerously large and
there will be danger of mechanical injury to the trans-
former. Thus the problem is one of getting high
enough reactance between any two windings without
making that between any other two excessive.
In the single-phase concentric-coil core type of con-
struction there are two ways in which the three wind-
ings may be arranged with respect to one another.
The first arrangement, Fig. 3a, will result in normal
reactance between primary and secondary and be-
tween secondary and tertiary, but in very high reac-
tance between the primary and the tertiary due to
the greater separation and the resultant heavy leakage
across the space occupied by the secondary winding.
In the second arrangement, Fig. 3b, by making the
1188 PETERS ANI) SKINNER [June 23

disposition of the windings on the two legs different

it is possible to equalize the reactances between pairs
of the windings. This is a rather dangerous compromise
however, because the leakage flux between any pair
of windings in one direction on one leg is greater than
that returning on the other leg. The excess will have
to return through the space surrounding the trans-
former and would result in an intolerable condition
due to the heatinlg caused by the stray flux. If the
loads on both secondaries happened to be in phase
the condition would be improved as then the sum of
the leakage would be the same on both legs. This is
a condition which would be difficult if not impossible

TSP PST TSPPTS

Iu 1111111 R u I Ia~
(a) (b)

FIG. 3-PARTIAI. SECTION THROUGH CORE-TYPE TRANSFORMER

SHOWING-( DiSPOSUPIOr(N)T OF WINDINGS

of accomplishment under operating conditions. With

loads of different power factors the leakage flux be-
tween one secondary and the primary would be out
of phase with that between the other secondary or
tertiary and the primary resulting in the condition just
described. In a three-phase concentric-coil core-type
transformer there is no alternative but to submit to a
high reactance between one pair of windings inasmuch
as all the winding for one phase is on one leg.
In a shell-type transformer it is possible on account
of the more extensive interlacing of the windings to
equalize the reactance between all pairs of windings
without causing heavy stray fields through the un-
balancing of the leakage flux.
Refer to Fig. 4 and note that each half of the trans-
19211 TRANSFORMERS 1189

former is balanced in itself, i e., the total leakage

between Pi and S is the same on the left side of P1 as
on the right side. The total leakage between P2 and
S is also the same on either side but its magnitude is
different from that about P1. The location of T
with respect to P in one-half of the opening is the same
as that of S in the other half so that the reactance

Center - Line
l )
J~~~~~~~~
FIG. 4-PARTIAL SECTION THROUGH SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER
SHOWING DISPOSITION OF WINDINGS

between any pair of windings will be substantially

the same without creating an unbalance which will
result in heavy leakage fields.
From the foregoing discussion it is quite evident that
to design a three-winding transformer to meet certain
1J2

3 4 5 6
FIG. 5

specified values of reactance between each pair of

windings would impose conditions which are extremely
difficult and sometimes practically impossible to fu fill.
This might be the condition presented to the designer if
called upon to design a three-winding transformer to
operate in parallel with another unit of different rating.
1190 PETETRES AND sSKI NNEI [June 23

REGULATION OF THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS

A three-winding transformer will usually have dif-
ferent voltage drops from primary to secondary and
from primary to tertiary. Moreover, the voltage drop
between primary and secondary is usually affected
by the load on the tertiary so that if the tertiary is
loaded there may be a drop from primary to secondary
even though the latter winding is idle.
Let the sub-numbers and sub-letters refer to the
windings as indicated in the sketch, Fig. 5.
R = resistance in ohms at reference voltage,
L = self-inductance in henrys,
M = mutual inductance in henrys,
E = reference voltage expressed as a complex quantity,
I = current in winding at reference voltage expressed
as a complex quantity,
X = reactance between windings
= w (Lp- 2 Mps + Ls)
= 2w (L - M) where Lp = L8.
The voltage drop in each winding will be:
E12 = - Ra I12-j W (La I12 + Mab I34 + Mac I56) (1)
E34 = -Rb I34-j W (Lb I34 + Mab I12 + Mbc I56) (2)
E56 = - RcIs6-j w (Lc I56 + Mac 12 + Mbc I34) (3)
I12 = - (34 + I56) (4)
E12 + Ra ( I34 I56) jW [La (I34 + I56)
= +
-Mab I34 -Mac I56] (5)
E34 =-Rb I34- j [Lb I34- Xb (134 + I56)
W
+ Mbc I56] (6)
E56= -Rfc I56- w [ Lc I56 - Mac (/34 + I56)
+ Mbc I34] (7)
The voltage drop from winding a through winding b:
(E12E- 34) = (Ra + Rb ) 134 + jw (La- 2 Mab
+ Lb ) 134 + Ra Is6 + j w (La- Mac- Mab
+ Mbc) Is6 (8)
Adding 1/2 j w (Lb- Lb + Lc- Lc) 156
and recombining,
= (Ra + Rb) I34 + j w(La- 2 Mab + Lb) /34
+ Ra I66 + 1/2j w [ (La- 2 Mab + Lb)
+ (La- 2Mac+ Lc) - (Lb- 2Mb
+ Lc,) ] I56 (9)
19211 TRANSFORMERS 1191

but, w (Lp - 2 Mps - L.) is the reactance between

primary and secondary, then,
- (F12-N3) = [(Ra+ Rb) + Xab I I34
+ [Ra + 1/2 j(Xab + Xac - Xbc) ] I 56 (10)
in the same way
- (E12- E56) = [ (Ra + Rc) + j Xac] 156 + [Ra
+ 1/2]j -.(Xab + Xac - Xbc) ] I34 (11)
These voltage drops will appear as complex quantities
and may be reduced to percentage by dividing by the
reference voltage E. They will then be in the form
i a %ij b%.
Then
%0 Regulation - ± a % + 200 (12)
200
The sign of the regulation may be positive or negative,
a positive sign indicating a drop and a negative sign
a rise in voltage as the load is increased.
It will be noticed that in each voltage drop there
is a term which depends upon the current which flows
in the winding which is not being considered, for
instance, in the voltage drop from winding a to winding
b there is a component produced by the flow of the
current 156 in winding c. This indicates that -there
will be a certain amount of regulation on a winding
even at no-load, providing load is being taken from one
of the other windings. The condition under which
this influence will be a minimum is that Xab + Xac
= Xbc.
The following tables will indicate in a general way
how changes in load affect the regulation of a typical
three-winding transformer. The transformer chosen
is typical of the type under consideration. It is a
35,000-kv-a., single-phase, 60-cycle, star-star con-
nected transformer designed to step down 30,300 kv-a.
at 100 per cent power factor, from 220 kv. to 66 kv.
and to supply a synchronous condenser of 17,500-kv-a.
capacity at 13 kv., the tertiary winding being connected
in delta.
1192 PETERS AND SKINNER [June 23

TABLE I
Regulation in per cent with varying condenser load. Load on 66-kv.
winding constant at 30,300 kv-a. 100 per cent power factor.
Kv-a. at 0 % power
factor on Regulation on 66-ky. Regulation on 13-xv.
condenser line line
100 % leading - 3.12 - 10.75
75 " - 2.12 - 7.95
50 " " - 1.10 - 5.12
25 " ' - 0.095 - 2.31
0 it
+ 0.91 + 0.48
25 "lagging + 1.92 + 3.29

TABLE II
Regulation in per cent with varying load. Condenser supplying 17,500
nv-a. at 0 per cent power factor leading.
Kv-a. at 100 %
power factor Regulation on Regulation on
on 66-kv. line 66-kv. line 13-kv. line
100% - 3.12 - 10.75
75 - 3.43 - 10.91
50 - 3.69 - 11.06
25 - 3.89 - 11.18
0 - 4.04 - 11.24

TABLE III
Regulation in per cent with varying power factor on 66-kv. winding.
Condenser supplying 17,500 kv-a. at 0 per cent power factor leading
30,300 kv-a. on 66-kv.
line at power factor Reg. on 66-kv. line Reg. on 13-ky. line
100% - 3.12 - 10.75
95 - 0.26 - 8.59
90 + 0.83 - 7.75
85 + 1.60 - 7.15
80 + 2.25 - 6.67

APPLICATION OF FORMULAS TO AUTO-TRANSFORMERS

It has been pointed out that the star-star connected
auto-transformer with a tertiary winding is a special
case of three-winding transformers.
Following the same system of notation and re-
ferring to Fig. 6, note that there are three conditions
of loading.
(A) Winding 13 delivering power to, or receiving
power from, windings 23 and 45.
(B) Winding 23 delivering power to, or receiving
power from, windings 13 and 45.
1921] TRANSFORMERS 1193

(C) Winding 45 delivering power to, or receiving power

from, windings 13 and 23.
CASE A. Let I with propersubscript = current due
to load on auto-transformers.
Let I' with proper subscript = current due to load on
two-winding transformer.
E13 - Ra Ii - Rb I23- (Ra + Rb) i13
-jW (La I12 + Lb I23 + Mab 112 + Mab I23
+ Lab I13' + Mab 4c I45) (13)
$23 = - Rb ([23 + [13))-j w [Lb ([23 + 113')
+ Mab (I12 + I13') + MbcI4b1] (14)
E45 = - RCI45 -j W (Lc I45' + Mac I12 + MbC I23
+ MAab -C I13') (15)
In order to handle the ratio between windings a b
and b it is necessary to introduce a factor r.

1 2 3
a_b

0C
45
FIG. 6)

_13 r E12 + E23 E12

Let - -r T I
L23 E 23 E 23

E12
then--
E2
$23
(r-1)

i12 1
and I23- or

I23 =-(r -1) 112; also, 145 t - 13

Then,
$13 =- [Ra (r 1) Rb [I12- Rab I13-j w[LaI12
- (r 1) Lb I12 + (2 - r) Mab I12 + Lab I13
- Mab -c [13] (16)
1194 PETERS AND SKINNER [June 23

N23 = Rb [ (r - 1) I13'] + j w [Lb (r -1) I12

[12 -
- Lb I13l - Mab (112 + I13 ) + Mbc 113 ] (17)
K45 = Rc I13' + i w Lc I13'- Mac I12
+ (r - 1) Mbc I12 -Mab c Ila') (18)
The voltage drop from winding a through winding b:
- ( ~13- r E23) = [Ra + (r - 1)2 Rb] i12
+ jw [La 2 (r- 1) Mab + (r 1)2 Lb] i12
+ (Rab + r Rb) [13' + j w (Lab- Mab c- r Lb
-r Mab + r Mbc) [13' (19)
Adding 1/2 j w (Lc- L, + r2 Lb- r2 Lb) I13' and re-
combining and making use of the relation
1/2 Lab 1/2 (La + 2 Mab + Lb)
=

= [Ra + (r- 1)2 Rb] [12+ j w [La- 2 (r 1 Mab

+ (r- 1)2 Lb] [12 + (Rab + r.Rb) I13
+ j 1/2 (Lab- 2 Mab c + Lc) 13' + j w 1/2 [La
±
-2 (r- 1) Mab + (r- 1)2 Lb] I13'-j w 1/2 (Lc
-2 r Mbc + r2 Lb) i13' (20)
= [Ra + (r- 1)2 Rb] 112 + i Xab I12
+ (Rab + r Rb) [13' + j 1/2 (Xab-c + Xab
- Xbc) i13' (21)
Similarly, the voltage drop from winding a through
winding c
- (E13 - E45) = (Rab + Rc) [13' + j Xab -c I13'

+ [Ra (r- 1) Rb]I [2

+ j 1/2 (Xab -c + Xab - Xbc) [12 (22)
The regulation may be obtained from these voltage
drops in the same way as from equations (11) and (12).
CASE B. Developing this case in exatly the same
way results in expressions as follows. The voltage drop
from winding b through winding a b:
(r E23- E13) = [Ra + (r- 1)2 Rb] [12 + j Xab I12
+ r (r -1) Rb I45[ + j 1/2 (Xab + Xb,
-Xab c) i45' (23)
The voltage drop from winding b through winding c:
(r E23- E4) = (Rc + r2 Rb) [45' + j Xbc 145'
+ r (r- 1) Rb I12 + j1/2 (Xab + Xb,
- Xab ) i12 (24)
1921] TRANSFORMERS 1195

CASE C. In the same manner under this condition

the drop from winding c through winding a b:
- (E4s- E13) = (Rc + Rab) [45 + j Xab-c I45
+ (Rc + r Rb) I4s'+ j 1/2 (Xab c + Xbc
- Xab) [46' (25)
and the drop from winding c through winding b:
- (E4- r E23) = (Rc + r2 Rb) 145 + j Xbc I46'
+ (Rc + r Rb) [46 + j 1/2 (Xab -c + Xbc
Xa b) [45 (26)
Referring back to Fig. 5, assume a short circuit
occurs on winding a. Let Rb' + i Xb' and Rc' + j X'
represent the impedance of the lines and generators
connected to windings b and c, respectively. In-
cluding these impedances in the voltage drops as given
by equations (10) and (11) we have:
(J'12 - E34) = [(Ra+ Rb+ Rb') + i (Xab
+ Xb') ] 34 + [Ra + 1/2 j (Xab + Xac
- Xb) I [66 (27)
-("12-E56) = [(Ra + Rc + Rc') + i (Xac
+ Xa') 1 s66 + [Ra + 1/2 j (Xab + Xac
- Xbc) ] i34 (28)
Let Z1 = Ra + 1/2j (Xab + Xac - Xbc) (29)
Z2 Rb +
= Rb' +j X'b + 1/2j (Xb. + Xab
- Xac) (30)
Z3 RC + RC + j X,' + 1/2]j (Xac + Xbc
=
- Xa b) (31)
Then
Zl Z2_ + ZI Z3 + Z2 Z3 E (32)

I56 ZIZ2 + ZI 3 + Z2Z3

E (33)

and I12 =
I31 + I5=
*
Z3_~
Z2 +
ZZ2+zZlZ31+zZ2Z3 E
z
(34)
1196 PE TERS AND SKINNER [JUIne 23

The most satisfactory method of calculating short-

circuit currents in a complicated network is by the
use of a calculating board, i. e., by setting up a network
of resistances whose values are proportional to the
impedances of the various parts of the system, im-
pressing a known voltage, and measuring the currents
which flow in the various branches of the network.
From these measurements the magnitudes of the actual

Z2

Z3

FIG. 7-GRAPHICAL REPRESENT.ATION OF IMPEDANCES IN A

THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER
short-circuit currents are calculated. It is interesting
to note from equations (27) and (28) how a three-
winding transformer would be set up on such a calcula-
ting board. One component- of impedance is common
to both - (12 - E34) and - (E12-E56) so that the
three-winding transformer may be represented by a
three-legged star with legs respectively Z1, Z2 and
Z3. (Fig. 7).

#5
zJ T/Accidental
Ground

Tertiary
Primary Secondary
FIG. 8-FLOW OF CURRENT WHEN SECONDARY LINE GROUNDS-
STAR-STAR CONNECTION WITih TERTIARY

EFFECT OF A TERTIARY WINDING IN LIMITING CURRENT

WHICH FLOWS WHEN ONE LINE ACCIDENTALLY
GROUNDS
In a star-star connected transformer with a tertiary
winding and with the neutral grounded on either or
both of the high and low-voltage sides but with the
19211 7'RANSFORMERS 1197

neutral of the supply not grounded, the magnitude of

the current which flows in case of an accidental ground
on one of the lines is influenced very largely by the
reactance between the main windings and the tertiary.
In a transformer with a 1 to 1 turn ratio between all
windings the current in the tertiary will always be
one-third of the current flowing to ground on the
secondary side because this is the only division of
current which makes the ampere turns of primary
and secondary equal in each phase. Refer to Fig. 8
which shows quantitatively how the currents would
divide under the conditions shown.2 The ampere
turns of phase A on the grounded side are balanced
by those in phase A on the primary side and by those
in phase A C in the tertiary. The conditions which
determine the division of current are that the current
in each leg of the tertiary be the same since it flows
in series through each of them, and that the sum of the
currents in phases B and C on the primary side be equal
to the current in phase A since the current is a single-
phase current. The only way current can divide
between phases B and C and fulfill these conditions
is to divide equally. Since the currents in phases
B and C of the grounded side carry no current, that
which flows in the same phases of the primary side
must be all balanced by the current in the same phase
of the tertiary.
The total magnitude of the ground current usually
depends partly upon the impedance of the generators
supplying the line to the unbalanced currents which
flow through them under such conditions. For this
reason it is difficult to calculate accurate-y as these
special impedance measurements are seldom at hand.
It is quite evident however that with large capacity
back of the transformer, the impedance of the genera-
tor and supply lines is relatively small, and the magni-
tude of the current which flows depends largely upon
the impedance between various pairs of windings in
the transformer, and may be closely approximated
2. See Article in the Elec. Journal, Nov. 1919, Tertiary
Winding in Transformers, Their Effect on Short-Circuit Cur-
rents, by J. F. Peters.
1198 PETERS AND SKINNER [June 23

by neglecting the generator and supply line impedance

and assuming full voltage maintained. Under this
assumption the currents flowing under various combina-
tions of grounding will be as given in Table IV.
In= normal current in winding at full load.
ZO = impedance voltage between primary and second-
ary in per cent at full load.
Z, = impedance voltage between primary or
secondary and tertiary in per cent at a load in
the tertiary corresponding to full load, depend-
ing upon the winding under consideration.
This means that in any of these connections the
ground connection has more or less inductance in it.
The amount of inductance can be minimized by keeping
TABLE IV
Connection of Short-circuit
Transformer bank Current
Side on
which fault Ter- In In main
Primary Secondary Supply occurs tiary tertiary winding
Star Star 100 In
Grounded Grounded Grounded Secondary No 0 Z-o
Star Star 100 It, 100 Is
Grounded Grounded Isolated Primary Yes - Zt
zt Zt
Star Star Isolated Secondary 100 It 300 In
Grounded Grounded Yes
2Zo + Zj 2Zo + Zg
Star Star Grounded Primary Yes 0 0
Grounded or
Isolated
Star Star Grounded Secondary Yes 100 In 300 In
Grounded or
Isolated 2Zo + Zt 2 Z + Zt

these same impedances to low values. This fact

shows why it is necessary to supply a tertiary winding
for a three-phase core-type transformer, if there is no
tertiary. The ampere turns in the winding which
is grounded are balanced by the ampere turns on the
other two legs, and the leakage flux would be very great.
This is equivalent to a tertiary with very high reactance
and means that the ground current would be limited
to a very low value. However, it is limited by what
is equivalent to inserting a large inductance in the
neutral connection. When a three-phase core-type
transformer without a tertiary is under consideration
1921J TRANSFORAJERS 1199

Z, becomes the impedance voltage between the winding

on one leg and the windings on the other two con-
nected in parallel in per cent at full load.
For this reason all transformers for star-star con-
nection should be equipped with tertiary windings
and the impedance between main windings and tertiary
should be kept fairly low to avoid the conditions which
obtain when there is inductance in the neutral con-
nection. When the tertiary is not designed to supply
a load its capacity is determined by the heating con-
ditions imposetl by short circuits. For this reason the
short-circuit conditions should be carefully investigated
and full information furnished the designer.