1> A. > a. > i.

1. Proposition= a claim about the world; eg. water is wet/ the earth is round; a claim about
ho the world is
2. Word/sentencne type= the abstract idea that the word portrays
3. Word token or sentence token= the writing on a book or sound in a speech
4. Porpositions are not word tokens or word types
5. Arugemnt = sequences of proposition
A. Conclusion = last proposition in an arugment
B. Premise= other propisiton
6. Conclusion
A. Hence
B. Thus
C. So
D. It follows that

7. Premise
A. Becayse
B. Since
C. Given that
8. Necessary Truth Preservation
A. The property that since all the premises are true, then the conclucsion must be true

9. Valid argument = an argument that is NTP by its form/ structre

A. In this case, the ARGUMENT is a LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE of the PREMISE
B. Hence, Valid = NTP + FORM gaurantees its NTP
10. Deductive reasoning = reasoning in which validity is required for it to be considered
‘good’
11. Inductive reasoning= drawing conclusion on future events on past observations OR
draws general conclusions from observations of specific instances
12. Sound = valid (that is NTP by form) + the premises are TRUE
13. 2 kinds of propositions
A. Basic propositions: propositions thatr have no parts and are themselves propositions
B. Compound- those made up from other propositions and connectives (proposition is
true only if both its internal propositiosn are true
14. A connective is truth functional if it has the property that the truth or falsity of a compound
proposition formed from the connective and some other propositions is completely determined by
the truth or falsity of those component propositions. Our focus, then, will be on truth-functional
connectives.
15.

bductive rea- soning, also known as (aka) “inference to the best explanation”—where one reasons from the
data at hand to the best available explanation of that data (e.g., concluding that the butler did it, because this
hypothesis best fits the available clues).

16. Non deductive reasoning need inductive strength (probability)

 17. A connective is truth functional if it has the property that the truth or falsity of a compound
proposition formed from the connective and some other propositions is completely determined by
the truth or falsity of those component propositions.
18. Negation= yung may “not”; negand = yung walang not

Page 41 1.6.1 negation

The stockmarket wont crash if investors don’t losee a lot of money

Investors didn’t lose a lot of money
The stockmarket didn’t crash

Page 42 na ata me