THE DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING IN CORRELATIION WITH

MATHEMATICS I ACHIEVEMENTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL G-11 STEM STUDENTS, S.Y.

2016-2017 OF PILAR COLLEGE OF ZAMBOANGA CITY INCORPORATED.

Impartial Fulfilment of the requirements in Practical Research II

(Quantitative Research)

Prepared by:

Dela Cruz, Dennis Marc

Gulifardo, Mikhail Khalid

Mohammad, Shariff Nurr

Nillosguin, Isaiah – Leader

Rusiana, Leoj Karl

Submitted To:

Ofelia Amik

Teacher

March 22, 2017

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I – INRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………..…….…..... 1-2

B. Statement of the Problem …………………………………………….……..………… 3
1. Research Questions
2. Hypotheses
C. Significance of the Study …………….………………………………………..……… 4
D. Scope of Delimitation ……………………………………………………….………… 5
E. Conceptual Framework ………………….………………………………….………... 5
F. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………………. 6
G. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………….……… 7-8

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL) ……………...……… 9-11

CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design ………………………………………………………………………. 12

B. Data Collecting Techniques ………………………………………………………….. 12
C. Research Instrument …………………………………………………………………. 13
D. Statistical Tools ……………………………………………………………………….. 13
E. Sampling Procedure …………………………………………………………….… 14-15

CHAPTER IV – DATA PRESENTATION & FINDINGS …………..………………… 16-18

CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................. 19-20

Appendices

1. Questionnaire
2. Percentage
3. Pearson

Bibliography
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Nowadays, people use formula feeding instead of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding allows the mother

and the baby to emotionally bond in a special way that cannot be matched. Since breastfeeding meets both

the nutritional and nurturing needs. Breast milk is made especially for the infant. It helps the infant to

develop into their fullest physical, emotional and intellectual potential. Breast milk contains nutrients that

formula does not.

A number of studies have confirmed that children who were breastfed score higher on IQ tests and do

better in school than those who grew up on the bottle.The study followed 7,500 mothers and their children

from birth to five years old. The data set includes information on the home environment, reading and video-

taped, mother-and-baby activities.Gibbs, who worked with fellow BYU professor RenataForste, found that

improvements in sensitivity to emotional cues and time reading to children could yield two to three months’

worth of brain development by age four (as measured by math and reading readiness assessments).(O'Carroll,

2014) According to Andrew J. O. Whitehouse, breastfeeding has a lot of advantage over feeding with

formula for the baby. It shows that formula fed babies have a lower IQ than breastfed ones.

Breastfeeding have a lot of advantages when it comes to intellectual potential. Many students

acquired this intellectual advantage because they were breastfed when they are still an infant. The World

Health Organizations shows that breastfeeding is associated with positive cognitive development and

academic performance. The objective of this study is to know the effects of breastfeeding in the SHS students

of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. mathematics 1 achievements.

B. Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to find out the correlation of breastfeeding on the Mathematics I

achievements of the G-11 Senior High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc.

1. Research Questions:

This study aims to find the answer of the following questions:

a) What percentage of Senior High School STEM students have been breastfed?

b) How long were Senior High School STEM students have been breastfed?

c) What percentage of Senor High School STEM students got the average of eighty percent

(80%) and above on Mathematics I?

d) Is there a relationship existing between the duration of breastfeeding and Mathematics I

grade?

2. Hypotheses

a) Among the sixty (60) students of Senior High School STEM students, eighty five (85%) have

been breastfed.

b) Among the sixty (60) students of Senior High School STEM students, seventy five (75%)

have been breastfeed ranging five (5) months to one (1) year.

c) Eighty Five (85%) of Senior High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City

Inc. got eighty (80%) above as their average in Mathematics I.

d) There is a relationship existing between the duration of breastfeeding and Mathematics I

grade.

C. Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will redound to the benefits of the Senior High School STEM students of

Pilar College of Zamboanga City, Inc. and to the parents as well, for them to know the importance or benefits
of the breastfeeding especially for the teenager who experience early pregnancy for the reason that they are

not used in breastfeeding their infant. The researcher conduct this study for the parents for them to know that

breastfeeding can increase the progress thinking of their child to adolescent thinking process. The Senior

High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City, Inc. will also benefit to this study to

determine their average IQ if the Breastfeeding is more effective than Formula fed. Through this study they

will be able to know the causes and effects of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study is to examine Senior

High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City, Inc. with their knowledge towards

breastfeeding. The output of this study is a source of materials that Senior High School STEM students of

Pilar College of Zamboanga City and the parents as well will know the effect of Breastfeeding.

D. Scope of Delimitation

The focus of this study is to provide information about how many students have been breastfed and

how it affects their intellectual potential in Mathematics I. It include the Senior High School STEM students

on their Mathematics I achievements.

The study focuses in Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. with the Senior High School STEM

students which is the respondents.

E. Conceptual Framework

Our Conceptual Framework presents the significant relationship from the subject of the study in

connection to its variables. The independent variable shows the duration of breastfeeding among the Senior

High School students who were breastfed while the dependent variable shows the effect on the final grade of

Senior High School STEM students on Mathematics I who were breastfed.

SUBJECT OF THE STUDY DEPENDENT VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Senior High School (STEM)  Final grade of Senior High
Students who were  Duration of breastfeeding School (STEM) students in
breastfed Mathematics I in G-11
F. Theoretical Framework

According to Academic of Pediatrics one possible reason for the advantage of breast milk is that it is

rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are important to brain growth and development. Long-

term study finds that IQ at age 30 was nearly 4 points higher for babies’ breastfed for a year or more. One of

the researches involved 180 babies born before 30 weeks of gestation (27 weeks, on average). The daily

volume of breast milk and formula the babies consumed for their first 28 days was recorded. They were

given brain MRI scans shortly after birth and again when they were 7 years old, along with a battery of

standardized cognitive tests at age 7. Children fared better on those tests when breast milk had accounted for

more than 50 percent of their milk/formula consumption early in life. The more breast milk they had

consumed, the higher their scores on tests of IQ, Mathematics, reading, memory and motor function. MRI

results showed that greater consumption of breast milk also was linked to greater volume in regions of the

brain associated with memory and movement.

We affirmed this findings from the Academic of Pediatrics because it explains quantitatively between

the comparison of the children who are breastfed and those who are formula fed. Children who are breastfed

are 4 points higher and fared better on the tests than those children who are formula fed. Therefore

breastfeeding has an advantage over formula fed.

G. Definition of Terms

Breastfeeding – A woman feeding a baby with milk from the her breast.

Breast Milk – Milk produced by a woman’s breasts after childbirth as food for her child.

Infant – a very young child or baby.

STEM – Strand in academic track in Senior High School curriculum, which stands for Science,

Technology, Engineering, Mathematics.

IQ – Intelligence Quotient (Ex. “I make good grades and have a high IQ”).
Cognitive – of, relating, or involving conscious mental activities (such as thinking, understanding,

learning, and remembering).

Polyunsaturated fatty acids – (PUFAs) are fatty acids that contain more than one double bond in

their backbone. This class includes many important compounds, such as essential fatty acids and

those that give drying oils their characteristics property.

Premature – Occurring or done before the usual or proper time; too early.

MRI – A procedure in which magnetic resonance imaging.

Intellectual – of or relating to the ability to think in a logical way.

Predicatory – of or relating to preaching

Cue – sampling serving a comparable purpose

Adolescent – a young person who is developing into an adult

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Quantitative Research is used to obtain information of subject concerning the effect of Breastfeeding

to Senior High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. in which in relation to

breastfeeding and Mathematics achievement.

A. Research Design

In research design the researcher used non-experimental research which obtain information or finding

out truths about the subject by describing the collected data about breastfeeding and relationship with

Mathematics I achievements. The study is correlational therefore applicable to this type of research design.

B. Data collecting Techniques

In correlation data for this study the researcher used the survey techniques. Survey is a data gathering

techniques that makes you obtain facts or information about the subject or object of the research. The

researcher used survey because it is relatively inexpensive and to obtain facts and information about the

subject which is our study to know the effect of Breastfeeding to the Mathematics I achievement of Senior

High School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. It is useful in describing the

characteristics of a large population which ensures more accurate sample to gather targetable result in which

they responds to answer more valid and honest answer.

C. Research Instrument

The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire. It is a written paper containing series of question

for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. It is a set of question to be ask of a large number

of people usually in order to gather information or opinions. The researcher came up with a question by

group brainstorming and consultation with the teacher. Questionnaire were distributed to target respondent

and retrieval were made after.

D. Statistical Tools

One of the most frequent ways to represent statistics is by Percentage. Percent simply means “per

hundred” and the symbol used to express Percentage is % (percent). One percent or 1% is one hundred of the

total or whole and is therefore calculated by dividing the total or whole number by 100.

In our study the statistical tools that we will be using are the Percentage and the Pearson. To calculate

a given percentage of a number, divide the total number by 100 and then simply the result by the requested

percentage.

Example: 15% of 200 = (200÷100)(15) = 30

Percentage will be used to answer question #1 and Pearson product moment correlation will be used

to answer research question #4.

The most common measure of correlation in statistic is the Pearson Correlation. The Pearson Product

Moment Correlation to coefficient is known as Pearson. The researcher used Pearson Product Moment

Correlation Because it had two (2) quantitative variables. The researcher wanted to find out if the possible

research hypotheses have a positive linear relationship between variables.

E. Sampling Procedure

The researcher would select individuals from which to collect the data, this is called sampling. The

researcher wanted to determine the relationship between Mathematics I achievements result of Senior High

School STEM students of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. to breastfeeding. The researcher used

purposive sampling techniques. In this study the process got random sample in a population which was

compose of Senior High School STEM section of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. The researcher used

Slovin’s to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e). It’s a random

sampling technique formula to estimate sample size. It is computed as n = N . (1+Ne2).

Whereas:

n = no. of samples

N = total population

E = error margin / margin of error

To use the formula first figure out what you want your error of tolerance to be. For example, you

may be happy with a confidence level of ninety five percent (95%) giving a margin error of 0.05 or you may

require a tighter accuracy of nine eight perent (98%) confidence level. A margin of error of 0.02. The

researcher used the margin error of 0.01 to determine ninety nine percent (99%) confidence level.

In our sampling method the researcher used purposive random sampling. It is a method that utilize

some form of random selection of respondents. Simple random is a subset of a statistical population in which

each member of the subject has an equal probability of being chosen. The researcher distributed 60

questionnaires. In each STEM section of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. 15 questionnaires was

distributed.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Breast milk is best for your baby, and the benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic

nutrition. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients your baby needs in the first six months of

life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect your baby from illness.

Accordingly to the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first

6 months. As newborns get older, they'll nurse less often, and may develop a more reliable schedule. Some

might feed every 90 minutes, whereas others might go 2 or 3 hours between feedings. Newborns should not

go more than about 4 hours without feeding, even overnight. Formula Feeding is associated with lower I.Q.

Human breast milk enhances brain development and improves cognitive development in ways that formula

cannot. The average I.Q. of 7 and 8 year old children who had been breastfed as babies was 10 points higher

than their bottle fed peers. All of the children involved had been born prematurely and tube fed the human

milk, indicating that the milk itself, not the act of breastfeeding, caused this difference in I.Q. level. Another

study to support this statement was done in New Zealand. Here an 18 year longitudinal study of over 1,000

children found that those who were breastfed as infants had both higher intelligence and greater academic

achievement than children who were infant-formula fed.

In unadjusted analysis from the Academic of Pediatrics, children who were breastfed scored 8.67

percentage points higher on reading and 7.42 percentage points higher on mathematics compared to those

who were never breastfed. While the breastfeeding advantage attenuated appreciably when adjusted for a

range of child, maternal, socio-economic and socio-environmental characteristics, children who were

breastfed continued to enjoy a significant test score advantage of 3.24 (p<0.001) and 2.23 (p<0.001)

percentage points on reading and mathematics respectively compared to those who were never breastfed.

Any amount of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher test scores than no exposure, but

evidence of a dose-response relationship was weak. The results of the propensity score matching analysis
indicated that the test score advantage of breastfed children is robust and that the magnitude of the effect

varies across groups defined by their propensity to breastfeed, being largest amongst the most socially

disadvantaged and falling to near zero among the most advantaged group.

One of the previous studies from World Health Organization(WHO) found out that all the breastfed

babies had greater intelligence, as measured by a standard IQ test, had spent more years in education and had

higher earnings. But the longer they had been breastfed, the greater the benefits. Children who had been

breastfed for 12 months had an IQ that was 4 points higher than those breastfed for less than a month, had

nearly a year’s more schooling and earned around £70 a month more – about a third more than the average

income level. At 10 years of age, data from 1038 children were linked to standardized mathematics, reading,

writing, and spelling scores. Associations between breastfeeding duration and educational outcomes were

estimated by using linear models with adjustment for gender, family income, maternal factors, and early

stimulation at home through reading. As a result, ten-year-old children who were predominantly breastfed for

6 months or longer in infancy had higher academic scores than children who were breastfed for less than 6

months. The effect of breastfeeding on educational outcomes differed according to gender; boys were

particularly responsive (in mathematics, spelling, reading, and writing) to a longer duration of breastfeeding.

Predominant breastfeeding for 6 months or longer was a significant predictor for improved academic scores

in multivariable models for mathematics, reading, and spelling and approached significance for writing. The

researcher tested for coefficients of determination for each model and found that the R2 value of the models

was 0.091 for mathematics, 0.125 for reading, 0.090 for writing, and 0.144 for spelling.
 CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION & FINDINGS

This chapter presents the results & analysis of data. Findings or our research & the analyzed data

from the collected data from each Senior High School Grade 11 STEM sections of Pilar College of

Zamboanga City Inc. are to be presented in this chapter.

Table 1

Research Question #1: What percentage of Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have been

breastfed?

Answer: FREQUENY PERCENT

YES 45 75%

NO 15 25%

Table 1 shows that 75% of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have been breastfed &

25% were no breastfed. It shows that almost all Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students were breastfed.
Table 2

Research Question #2: How long were the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have been

breastfed?

Answer: FREQUENCY PERCENT

Month/s 26 58%

Year/s 19 42%

Table 2 presents that 58% of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have been breastfed

for month/s & 42% were breastfed for year/s.

Table 3

Research Question #3: What percentage of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students got the

average of 80% & above on Mathematics 1?

For those who were breastfed:

70% - 79% 3 7%

80% - 89% 27 60%

90% & above 15 33%

This table shows that only 7% have the lines of 7, 60% have the grades of 80% - 89%, & 33% have

the grades of 90% & above. All in all, 93% of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have the

average of 80% & above on Mathematics 1.

For those who were not breastfed:

70% - 79% 5 33%

80% - 89% 8 53%

90% & above 2 14%

This table shows that 33% have the lines of 7, 53% have the grades of 80% - 89%, & 14% have the

grades of 90% & above. All in all, 67% of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students who have not

been breastfed have the average of 80% & above on Mathematics 1.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMNDATION

Conclusion

In conclusion to our research about “The Duration of Breastfeeding in Correlation to SHSs students

with their Mathematics I achievement”, we came up with an outcome which corresponds to their responses;

46 out 60 SHS STEM students have a line of 7. 21 out of 46 SHS STEM students have been breastfed for

months and 19 SHS STEM students for years.

As the researcher proceeded to our Chapter IV which is the Data Presentation & Findings, it presents

the results and analysis of all data from the collected data of each Senior High School G-11 STEM sections

of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc. and was concluded that 75% of the Senior High School Grade 11

STEM students have been breastfed & 25% were no breastfed. It affirms that almost all Senior High School

Grade 11 STEM students were breastfed. 58% of the Senior High School Grade 11 STEM students have

been breastfed for month/s & 42% were breastfed for year/s. 7% have the lines of 7, 60% have the grades of

80% - 89%, & 33% have the grades of 90% & above. All in all, 93% of the Senior High School Grade 11

STEM students have the average of 80% & above on Mathematics 1. 33% have the lines of 7, 53% have the

grades of 80% - 89%, & 14% have the grades of 90% & above. All in all, 67% of the Senior High School

Grade 11 STEM students who have not been breastfed have the average of 80% & above on Mathematics 1.

Recommendation

The researcher would like to recommend to all local Health Organizations to conduct orientation,

symposium, discussions, and other sessions about how beneficial and important is Breastfeeding to a child’s

Positive Cognitive Development and would like to suggest to the mothers with their infants to promote

exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 months or at least 1 year.

 The researcher would gladly like to recommend to present their results of their study about “The

Duration of Breastfeeding in Correlation with Mathematics I achievements of SHS G-11 STEM students,

S.Y. 2016-2017 of Pilar College of Zamboanga City Inc.” and would also like to recommend to inform

specially to those who are currently facing early pregnancy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wendy H. Oddy, Jianghong Li, Andrew J. O. Whitehouse, Stephen R. Zubrick, Eva Malacova

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/1/e137

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/18/brazil-longer-babies-breastfed-more-achievein-life-

major-study

Sarah Boseley

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474223

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565878/

https://www.co.oconto.wi.us/i_oconto/d/the_benefits_of_breastfeeding_for_mom_and_baby.pdf

http://www.naturalchild.org/guest/leslie_burby.htm l