Chapter 12 – HEART  Trabeculae – nasa ventricles

Cardiac Muscle
Components of Cardiovascular System
- 1 centrally located nucleus
- Heart
- Branching cells
- Blood Vessels
- Rich in mitochondria
- Blood
- Striated (actin and myosin)
Functions - Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions
- Intercalated disks connect cell
1. Regulates blood supply – in relation to
Frank Starling’s law Chambers and Blood Vessels
2. Generates blood pressure
4 Chambers
3. Routes blood
4. Ensures 1 way of blood flow  Left atrium (LA)
 Right atrium (RA)
**arteries – high pressure; veins – low
 Left ventricle (LV)
pressure**
 Right ventricle (RV)
_______________________________________
**Coronary Sulcus - separates atria from
Heart Characteristics
ventricles
 Size: size of a fist and weighs less than 1
**Interatrial Septum
lb – basehan ay size (kung maliit, maliit
din ang puso, pag malaki, mas malaki **Interventricular Septum
ang puso)
 Location: between lungs in thoracic **Atrioventricular Septum
cavity _________________________
 Orientation: apex (bottom) towards left
side  Atria
- Primer pump (taga-sahod lang)
Heart Coverings - Upper portion
- Holding chambers
 Pericardium – double layered sac that
- Small, thin walled
anchors and protects heart
- Contract minimally to push blood into
 Parietal pericardium – membrane
ventricles
around heart’s cavity
 Visceral pericardium – membrane on **Interatrial septum - separates right and left
heart’s surface atria
 Pericardial cavity – space around heart
 Epicardium – surface of heart (outside)  Ventricle (power pump)
 Mycoardium – thick, middle layers - Lower portion
composed of cardiac muscle - Pumping chambers
 Endocardium – smooth, inner surface - Thick, strong walled
 - Contract forcefully to propel blood out
of heart
**Interventricular septum - separates right and
left ventricles
________________________
Valves – structures that ensure 1 way blood
flow
 AV valves – between atria and
ventricles
o Tricuspid valve – AV valve
between RA and RV ; 3 cusps
o Bicuspid valve (mitral) – AV
valve between LA and LV ; 2
cusps
**Chordae tendineae – attached to AV valve
flaps; support valves
 Semilunar valves
o Pulmonary – base of pulmonary trunk
o Aortic – base of aorta
What happens when bicuspid valve is
open?
- Blood flows from la into lv
- Aortic semilunar valve is closed
- Tension on chordae tendineae is low
What happens when bicuspid valve is
closed?
- Blood flows from lv into aorta
- Aortic semilunar valve is open
- Tension on chordae tendineae is high
________________________
Right Side of Heart
Pulmonary circuit – carries blood from heart to
lungs; blood is 02 poor CO2 rich
Right Atrium – receives blood from 3 places -
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary
sinus
o Superior vena cava – drains blood
above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax,
upper limbs)
o Inferior vena cava – drains blood below
diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and
lower limbs)
o Coronary sinus – drains blood from
myocardium
Right ventricle – opens into pulmonary trunk
o Pulmonary trunk – splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries
o Pulmonary arteries – carries blood
away from heart to lungs
________________________
Left Side of Heart
Systemic circuit – carries blood from heart to
body; blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
Left atrium – 4 openings (pulmonary veins) that
receive blood from lungs
LV – opens into aorta ; thicker, contracts more
forcefully, higher blood pressure than right
ventricle has to get to body
o Aorta – carries blood from lv to body
________________________
Blood Flow Through Heart
 RA
 Tricuspid valve
 RV
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Pulmonary trunk
 Pulmonary arteries
  Lungs *Plateau phase prolongs action potential by
 Pulmonary veins keeping Ca2+ channels open
 LA
 Bicuspid valve *In skeletal muscle action potentials take
2msec. in cardiac muscle they take 200-
 LV
 Aortic semilunar valve 500msec
 Aorta _______________________________________
 Body
Conduction System of Heart
____________________________________
- Contraction of atria and ventricles by
Blood Supply to Heart cardiac muscle cells

- Coronary arteries
 Sinoatrial node (SA node)
- Supply blood to heart wall
- in RA
- Originate from base of aorta (above
- where action potential originates
aortic semilunar valve)
- functions as pacemaker
Left coronary artery - large number of Ca2+ channels

- Has 3 branches Part of Action Potential through Heart

- Supply blood to anterior heart wall and
1. SA node – mabilis
left ventricle
2. AV node – babagal
Right coronary artery 3. AV bundle
4. Right and Left Bundle branches
- Originates on right side of aorta 5. Purkinje fibers
- Supply blood to right ventricle
**ectopic beat – pag di sa sa node nagsimula,
_______________________________________ irregular heart beat**
Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle _______________________________________
- Changes in membrane channels' Electrocardiogram
permeability are responsible for
producing action potentials and is called - Record of electrical events in heart
pacemaker potential - Diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
 Depolarization phase – Na+ channels - Uses electrodes
open Ca2+ channels open - Contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave
 Plateau phase – Na2+ channels close,
some K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels
Components of ECG/EKG
remain open  P wave – depolarization of atria
 Repolarization – K+ channels are open,  QRS complex – depolarization of
Ca2+ channels close ventricles ; contains Q, R, S waves ;
repolarization of atria***
  T wave – repolarization of ventricles
_______________________________________
Cardiac Cycle
- Heart is 2 side by side pumps; right and
left
o Atria – primers for pumps
o Ventricles – power pumps
Cardiac Cycle – repetitive pumping action which
includes contraction and relaxation
**Cardiac muscle contractions produce
pressure changes within heart chambers
**Pressure changes are responsible for blood
movement
**Blood moves from areas of high to low
pressure
 Atrial systole – contraction of atria
 Ventricular systole – contraction of
ventricles
 Atrial diastole – relaxation of atria
 Ventricular diastole – relaxation of
ventricles
_______________________________________
Heart Sounds
Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart
sounds
First sound is lubb – AV second is dupp –
semilunar
- sounds result from opening and closing
valve
- murmurs are due to faulty valves
Apex - 5th OCS mid clavicular (L)
_______________________________________
Regulation of Heart Function
 Stroke Volume – volume of blood
pumped per ventricle per contraction -
70ml/beat (contraction of ventricle)
 Heart rate – number of heart beats in 1
min - 72 beats/min
 Cardiac output – volume of blood
umped by a ventricle in 1 min - 5L/min
CO = SV x HR
________________________
 Intrinsic Regulation of Heart –
mechanism contained within heart
 Venous return – amt. of blood that
returns to heart
 Preload – degree ventricular walls are
stretched at end of diastole
Venous return, preload, stroke volume are
related to each other
**Starlings Law of the Heart
- Relationship between preload and
stroke volume
- Influences cardiac output
e.g. exercise increases venous return, preload
stroke volume and cardiac output
**After load – pressure against which ventricles
must pump blood
**chemoreceptors
pH - 7.32(arterial) - 7.42(venous)
CO2 mataas, mababa oxygen, mababa pH
mababa co2, mataas oxygen, mataas pH
*****pagtaas ng oxygen pagbaba ng pH
**Neural
Sympathetic – mataas HR, mataas FC, VC
(vasoconstriction of blood vessels)

Parasympathetic – mababa HR, mababa FC, VD

(vasodilation of blood vessels)

Mataas BP (aortic bodies and carotid bodies) –

VD, mababa HR, mababa FC

________________________

Nervous Regulation: Baroreceptor Reflex

- Mechanism of nervous system which

regulates heart function
- Keeps heart rate and stroke volume in
normal range
- Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
in aorta and carotid arteries (carry
blood to brain)
- Changes in blood pressure cause
changes in frequency of action
potentials
- Involves medulla oblongata

Chemical Regulation: Chemoreceptor

Reflex

- Chemicals can affect heart rate and

stroke volume
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine from
adrenal medulla can increase heart rate
and stroke volume
- Excitement, anxiety, anger – can
increase cardiac output
- Depression can decrease cardiac output