SEMIFINALS- Chapter 11-15 Composition of Blood

 Plasma
Chapter 11: BLOOD
- 55% of total blood
Functions:
- pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells
- Transport of gases, nutrients and waste
products – oxygen - 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other

- Transport of processed molecules –  Formed Elements

Vitamin D(sun)
- 45% of total blood
- Transport of regulatory molecules –
hormones - cells and cell fragments
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- Regulation of pH and osmosis -
7.32-7.42 (neutarl blood pH) greater  Plasma Proteins
than - acidosis ; less than -alkalosis o Albumin

- Maintenance of body temp - 58% of plasma proteins

- Protection against foreign substances - - helps maintain water balance

globulin&protein o Globulins
- Clot formation - 38% of plasma proteins
***Inom - increase blood volume - increase BP - - helps immune system
increase urine output
_______________________________________ o Fibrinogen

Characteristics of Blood - 4% of plasma proteins

- connective tissue - aids in clot formation

- sticky  Erythrocytes

- heavier than water - RBC

- O2 content determnes color (mas maitim- rich - Disk-shaped w/ thick edges - para di pumutok
in oxygen)
- nucleus is lost during development
- Temp. slightly higher than rest of body
- live for 120 days
- Males (5-6L) females (4-5L)
Function - transport O2 to tissues
**picture figure 11.1**
 Hemoglobin
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 - main component of erythrocytes Leukocytes

- transports O2 - WBC
- lack hemoglobin
- each globulin protein is attached to a - larger than erythrocytes
heme molecule - contain a nucleus
- each heme contains one Functions: fight infections
iron(nagpapakulay ng blood) atom
remove dead cells and debris by
- O2 binds to iron phagocytosis
**Oxyhemoglobin - hemoglobin with an O2
Types of Leukocytes
attached
_______________________________________ I. Granulocytes - contains granules
1. Neutrophils (small phagocytic
Production of Erythrocytes cell)
1. Decreased blood O2 levels cause - Most common
kidneys to increase production of
erythropoietin(hormone) -Remain in blood for 10-12
2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone hours then move to tissues
marrow to produce more erythrocytes
- Phagocytes
3. Increased erythrocytes cause an
increase in blood O2 levels 2. Eosinophils

____________________________________ - Reduce inflammation

(involved in parasitic infection)
Fate of Old Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin
3. Basophils - pag sa dugo (pag
- Old rbc's removed from blood by pumasok sa tissue - mast cells)
macrophages in spleen and liver
- Hemogobin is broken down (into heme - Least common
and globin)
- Release histamine(causes
- Globin is broken down into amino acids
allergy) **kaya iinom ka ng anti-histamine pag
- Gemoglobin's iron is recycled (for
may allergy e.g. alerta, benadril** and heparin
oxygen ek ek)
(nagpapalusaw ng dugo)
- Heme is converted to bilirubin
- Bilirubin is taken up by liver and II. Agranulocytes - no granules
released into small intestine as part of 1. Monocytes
bile - Largest
- Produce macrophages
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2. Lymphocytes
- Immune response
 - Several different types
(T cells - cellular and B
cells- humoral {fluid})
- Both are antibodies
- Lead to production of
antibodies
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Platelets
- Blood clotting cells
- produced in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
- Process of blood formation
- In an infant, occurs in liver, thymus
gland, spleen, lymph nodes and red
bone marrow
- Adults occurs mainly in red bone
marrow
Stem Cell: original cell line
Blood Loss
- When blood vessels are damages, blood
can leak into other tissues and disrupt
normal function
- Blood that is lost must be replaced by
production of new blood or by a
transfusion
**transfusion - blood transfer; infusion - other
than blood**
Blood Clotting
1. Vascular Spasm – temporary
constriction of blood vessel
2. Platelet plugs – can seal up small
breaks in blood vessels
3. Blood Clotting (coagulation)
Blood Clotting –blood can be transformed from
a liquid to a gel
Clot:
- Network of thread-like proteins called
fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid
- Depends on clotting factors
Clotting factors:
 Protein in plasma
 Only activated following injury
 Made in liver
 Require vitamin K
Steps in Clot Formation
1. Injury to a blood vessel cause inactive
clotting factors to become activated
due to exposed conn. tissue or release
of thromboplastin
2. Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is
formed and acts upon prothrombin
3. Prothrombin is switched to its active
form thrombin
4. Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its
actibe form fibrin
5. Fibrin forms a network that traps blood
(clots)
Control of Clot Formation (thrombus,
embolus/embolism) --kidney, brain, lungs, heart
(where blood clot goes)
- clots need to be controlled so they
don't spread throughout the body
Anticoagulants
- prevent clots from forming
e.g. heparin and antithrombin
Injury causes enough clotting factors to be
activated that anticoagulants can't work in that
particular area of the body
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
Clot Retraction
- Condensing of clot
- Serum in plasma is squeezed out of clot
- Helps enhance healing
Fibrinolysis
- Process of dissolving clot
- Plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks
down clot (fibrin)
Blood Reactions
 Injury or surgery can lead to a blood
transfusion
Transfusion Reactions/Agglutination -
clumping of blood cells (bad)
Antigens – molecules on surface of erythrocytes
Antibodies – proteins in plasma
Blood groups – named according to anigen
(ABO)
**kung saan mamumuo, yun ang blood type
mo**
**pareha namuo, AB ; walang namuo, O**
TYPE/ANTIGEN(surface of
RBC)/ANTIBODY(surface of
plasma)/COMPATIBLE DONOR/INCOMPATIBLE
DONOR
A - A, Anti-B, A & O, B & AB (2nd common)
B - B, Anti-A, B & O, A & AB (3rd common)
AB *universal recipient* - AB, none, A/B/AB (if
O, transfusion reaction will occur), O (4th
common)
O *universal donor*- none, Anti-A & Anti-B, O,
A/B/AB (1st common)
**add antigen D (+,-) ; kung san mamumuo,
positive, pag wala, negative**
*O are universal donors bc they have no
antigens
*Type A can receive A and O blood
*Type B can receive B and O blood
*Type AB can receive A, B, AB blood
*Type O can only receive O blood
Rh Blood Group
- Rh positive means you have Rh antigens
- 95-85% of the population is Rh+
- Antibodies only develop if an Rh-
person is exposed to Rh+ blood by
transfusion or from mother to fetus
Example of Rh Reaction
- If mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ the
mother can be exposed to Rh+ blood if
fetal blood leaks through placenta and
mixes with mother's blood
- First time this occurs mother's blood
produces antibodies against antigens
- Any repeated mixing of blood causes a
reaction
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
- Occurs when mother produces anti-Rh
antibodies that cross placenta and
agglutination and hemolysis of fetal
erythrocytes occurs
- Can be fatal to fetus
- Prevented if mother is treated with
RhoGAM which contains antibodies
against Rh antigens
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Diagnostic Blood Tests

Complete blood count – provides information

such as RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit,
and WBC count

Hematocrit – % of total blood volume

composed of RBC

Hemoglobin – determines amount of

hemoglobin ; indicate anemia - (mababa
hemoglobin)

Prothrombin time – time it takes for blood to

begin clotting (9-12sec.)

White blood cell count – total number of wbc

White blood cell differential count:

Determines the % of each 5 kinds of

leukocytes

 Neutrophils – 60-70%
 Lymphocytes – 20-25%
 Monocytes – 3-8%
 Eosinophils – 2-4%
 Basophils – 0.5-1%

White Blood Cell Disorders

 Leukopemia
- Low WBC count
- Caused by radiation, chemotherapy
drugs, tumors, viral infections
 Leukocytosis
- High WBC count
- Caused by infections and leukemia