Anthropology
 Two Greek words, Anthropos “human” and
logos “Reason/study
 Human studying human holistically, as a whole
 “the study of people” – origins, development and
contemporary variations
Key Elements of Holistic Study
Biologically – requires genetic composition, relationship
with other primates and evolution.
Socially – human behavior, attitudes, belief systems,
which range from birth practices to burial rites.
Subdisciplines of Anthropology
Archaeology - examines the remains of ancient
and historical human population to promote an
understanding of how humans have adapted to
their environment and developed.
Cultural Anthropology - promotes the study of a
society’s culture through their belief systems,
practices, and possessions
Linguistic Anthropology – examines the language of a
group of people and its relation to their culture.
Physical Anthropology – biological development of
humans and their contemporary variation.
Applied Anthropology – attempts to solve
contemporary problems through the application of
theories and approaches of discipline.
19th century anthropology investigates on the system of
beliefs, behaviors, and material possessions of non-
Western, preliterate and technologically simple societies.
21st century anthropology extended its study to cultural
and subcultural groups in industrialized societies since
human experiences were diversified, and globalization’s
effects were felt in almost all societies.
Key informants – individuals in a society who have
significant knowledge on the topic being studied by
anthropologist
Culture – everything that a person learns as a member
of a society, it is what a person has, does, and thinks as
part of a society.
 Material Culture – tangible and visible parts of
culture like foods, clothes or buildings.
 Non-material Culture – intangible parts of the
culture like values, ideas, knowledge
Values
 Separates what is acceptable form that of a taboo
Beliefs
 Truths that deal with the specific parts of human
Life
CULTURED IS LEARNED & SHARED
 Enculturation – process of learning your own
culture
 Acculturation – process of cultural contact and
exchange through which a person or group
comes to adopt certain values and practices of
a culture that is not originally their own, to a
greater or lesser extent
 Assimilation - cultural absorption of a minority
group into the main cultural body
 Deculturation - the reason for culture has been
lost and the cultural trait itself is in the process
of being forgotten
Culture affects Biology – The interaction between
human physiology and culture is not unilateral.
ex. Wearing of lip plates of Mursi tribe of Ethiopia,
Lotus feet on China (3 inch)
Culture is Adaptive - tool for survival that humans use
in response to the pressure of their environment.
Example: Igloos during fishing and hunting expeditions
by the Inuits, use of tupiqs (tents made of animal skin as
temporary homes), creation of food taboos
Culture is Maladaptive - can cause problems for the
people who subscribe to it; when environment has
change and culture has remained the same
Example: car culture in most societies has become
maladaptive as the environment gets more polluted and
the roads are not getting any wider
Culture Changes - Culture is never static d/t the
changing needs of humans as they interpret and survive
in their environment.
Example: evolution of clothes, food, houses, etc
THEORIES
Cultural Evolution - All cultures undergo the same
development stages in the same order. The main
classifications include savagery, barbarism, and
civilization
Diffusionism - All societies change as a result of
cultural borrowing from one another
Psychological Anthropology - Personality is largely
seen to be the result of learning
Functionalism - Society is though to be like a biological
organism with all the parts interconnected. Existing
institutional structures of any society are thought to
perform indispensable functions, without which the
society could not continue
New-evolutionism - Culture is said to be shaped by
environmental and technological conditions. Cultures
evolve when people are able to increase the amount of
energy under control
Materialism - Culture is the product of the “material
conditions” in which a given community of people finds
itself.

Anthropology in the 21st century
Holistic because:
▪ It studies humans, both as biological and social
creatures
▪ It studies human behavior from the time the species
existed to the time that it will desist
▪ It studies human behavior from all regions of the world
▪ It studies all forms of human actions and beliefs
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology
 Scientific study of society, including patterns of
social relationships, social interaction, and
culture (Calhoune, 2002)
 Studies societies to promote social change,
create new theories, and document human
behavior.
Scientific – refers to the methodological and theoretical
rigor that sociology applies in the study of society and
human behavior.
Auguste Compte – sociology is referred to a scientific
inquiry that covers human social activities.
C. Wright Mills – “sociological imagination” to refer to
the ability of sociologist to understand society
systematically. This ability involves the process of
detaching oneself from the common understanding of
society and creates an alternative approach that would
situate a behavior or an event within a great social
framework.
The clamor for social understanding due to rapid
changes in social and economic structures brought
upon by the French and Industrial Revolutions in
Europe cemented the prominence of sociological
perspective in the field of social sciences
SOCIOLOGY has discipline-based concepts that aid
in the understanding of human behavior and groups.
Society – a product of human interactions as humans
subscribe to the rules of their culture.
Comparison of Theories on Society
August Comte - society as a social organism possessing
a harmony of structure and function
Emile Durkheim – Society as a reality in its own right.
Collective consciousness is of key importance to
society, which society cannot survive without.
Talcott Parsons – society is a total complex of human
relationships in so far as they grow out of the action in
terms of means-end relationship.
George Herbert Mead – society is an exchange of
gestures that involves the use of symbols.
Morris Ginsberg - society as a collection of individuals
united by a certain relationship behavior that marks
individuals off from other relations or who differ from
them in behavior.
George Douglas Cole – society as the complex of
organized associations and institutions community.
Robert Maclver and Charles Page – society as a
system of usages and procedures of authority …many
grouping and divisions, of controls of human behavior.
Social Interaction
 the process within the framework of society.
Compilation of ways and means by which
humans interact with each other within the
confines of a society.
 Not merely defined by an actual physical contact
but covers every human interchange that is
within a mutually subjective orientation, as long
as two parties are involved.
Social Organization
 Interrelationship of parts of the society
 Studies that involves social structures such as
institutions, social groups and stratification and
mobility and ethnic groups.
Roles – set of accepted behaviors that define the
individual’s responses and inclination.
Group – basic unit of organization, involves at least two
individuals who are in constant interaction based on their
statuses and roles.
Institutions – building blocks of society, as it is through
these that norms are produced from the consistent
exchanges of individuals and groups. Established when
roles, statuses and groups are perpetuated within the
context of society.
Social Structure and Agency
 Foundation of every society from which
emanates the possible roles, statuses,
institutions, and organizations.
Inden (2000)
 Agency is the realized capacity of people to act
upon their world and not only to know about or
give personal or intersubjective significance to it
Moore (2007)
 Agency is defined as individuals or group
reflecting, acting modifying, and giving
significance to the teaching of science in
purposeful ways, with the aim of empowering
and transforming themselves and/or the
conditions of their lives…Thus agency is action-
oriented.
Subdisciplines of Sociology
Social Psychology - study that focuses impact of group
life to a person’s nature and personality
Social change and disorganization – branch of
sociology that inquires on the shift in social and cultural
interactions and the interruption of its process through
delinquency, deviance, and conflicts.
Human Ecology - studies that relate human behavior to
existing social institutions.
Population or demography – inquires on the
interrelationship between population characteristics and
dynamics with that of a political, economic, and social
system.
Applied Sociology – uses sociological research and
methods to solve contemporary problems. Uses an
interdisciplinary approach to better address social
problems.
Methods in Sociology
Positivist Orientation
 Quantifiable subject from which objective
conclusions can be made.
Positivist Perspective
 Uses methods employed by the natural sciences
to understand social phenomenon.
 Auguste Compte who introduced this
perspective that could be measured through
logic and mathematics.
 Objective approach
Anti-positivist
 Individual experiences
 Subjective approach
 Durkheim (1951)
 Individuals who fall into the extreme of their
society are bound to commit suicide.
Altruistic Suicide
 Promotes strong ties among its members
Egoistic Suicide
 Do not foster strong ties among its members, the
individuals feel isolated, having no sense of a
community
Anomic Suicide
 Living in a society without rules
 Unavailability of guiding principles through
which life can be lived.
Fatalistic Suicide
 Society who have many rules
 Fails to complies with the rules of the society
resulting to disappointment which can lead to
fatal decision.
Socialization
 Continuing process whereby an individual
acquires a personal identity and learns the
norms, values, behavior, and social skills
appropriate to his or her social position.
 Teaches us how to behave and act within our
society.
 Instrument on how to adapt to the existing
environment to survive
Objective Socialization – refers to the society acting
upon the child
Subjective Socialization – process by which society
transmits its culture from one generation to the next and
adapts the individual to the accepted and approved ways
of organized social life.
Personality and Role Development
 Through the process of socialization that we
develop our sense of identity and belongingness
Skills Development and Training
 The much needed social skills such as
communication, interpersonal and occupational
are developed.
Values Formation
 Individuals are influenced or ingulfed by the
prevailing values of social groups and society
Social Integration and Adjustment
 Socialization process allows us to fit-in an
organized way of life by being accustomed
including cultural setting
Social Control and Stability
 Integration to society binds individuals to the
control mechanisms set forth by society’s norms
with regard to acceptable social relationships
and social behavior.
Agents of Socialization
 refer to the various social groups or social
institutions that play a significant role in
introducing and integrating the individuals as an
accepted and functioning member of society
(Banaag, 2012)
Social norms were formed to control individual
behavior.
Forms of Social Norms
Folkways
 customary patterns that specify what is socially
correct and proper in everyday life.
 Repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of
expected behavior followed within a group of
community
Mores
 Define what is morally right and wrong
 With ethical and moral significance which are
strongly held and emphasize
Laws
 Norms that are enforced formally by a special
political organization
 Regulates and controls the people’s behavior and
conduct
Peter Worsley – values are generated conceptions of the
goods, ideas about the kind of ends that people should
pursue throughout their lives and the many different
activities they may engage.

ROBERT WILLIAM’s
JAIME BULATAO, SJ
Social Status – refers to the position an individual
occupies in society and implies an array of rights and
duties. (Linton)
Compliance
 When an individual accepts influence because he
hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from
another person or group.
Internalization
 When an individual accepts influence because
the content of the induced-behavior the ideas
and actions of which is composed – is
intrinsically rewarding
 Involves public and private conformity
 Deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of
the group become part pf the individual’s own
belief
Identification
 When an individual accepts influence because he
wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-
defining relationship to another person or group
(Kelman)
Integrational
 When a person conforms to impress or gain
favor/acceptance from other people
FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
Sociological Theories of Defiance
a) Functioning Theory
Four major functions of deviance
a) Defiance affirms cultural values and
norms
b) Responding to deviance clarifies
moral boundary
c) Responding to deviance promotes
social unity
d) Deviance encourages social change
b) Strain Theory
Merton’s forms pf deviance
A) Conformity – involves accepting both the
cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate
means for achieving that goal
B) Innovation – involves accepting the goal of
success but rejecting the use of socially accepted
means of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
C) Ritualism – occurs when people deemphasize or
reject the importance of success once they
realize they will never achieve it and instead
concentrate on following on enforcing these
rules than ever was intended.
 D) Retreatism – means withdrawal from society,
caring neither about success nor about working
E) Rebellion – occurs when people reject and
attempt to change both the goals and the means
approved by society

3. Control Theory

Humans Rights and Dignity

Human rights – natural rights of all human beings

whatever their nationality and etc. Inalienable rights that
protect our dignity as human beings

3. Statutory Rights
 Provided by the lawmaking body of a country or
by law, ex. Minimum wage
4. Civil rights
 Specified under the Bills of Rights, such as
freedom of speech, right to information. Rights
that enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his
citizenship in a state or community
5. Economic Rights
 Rights to property, whether personal, real or
intellectual. Examples, right to use and dispose
property.
6. Political Rights
 Rights of an individual enjoys as a consequence
of being a member of a body politic. Example,
right to vote.