Nama : Muftita Irza Anantha Simbolon

NIM : 1501115080
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris Jurusan II

Growth Triangle in New Regionalisme Theory

1. Introduction

The end of the Cold War reduced the tensions that existed among Asian
countries and consequently brought the region into the process of globalization
and increased vertical integration. Competition that occurs erase national and
sectoral boundaries and develops into global.1 The phenomenon of globalization
hits in all aspects of human life. Globalization has increased dramatically in the
last 30 years and continues to grow until now through cooperation among nations
in region. One aspect of life that has the most globalization exposure is the
economic aspect.2 All countries try to remove trade barriers related to the flow of
capital, goods and services. They try to eliminate discrimination, unite policies
related to various instruments, such as import duties, taxes, currencies, laws,
standardization and others.3

Competitions that occurs cut national boundaries and sectoral and develop
into globally. Countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia , and Thailand, are keen to
create growth strategies that can attract foreign capital and expand exports for
economic growth and social life that is good for their population. Along with
domestic industrial policies, these countries are also concerned to promote
regional agreements with neighboring countries. This phenomenon is known as a
"growth triangle". Acceleration of regional economic integration has increased the
strategic importance of cooperation as a means to increase national development
efforts related to external markets.4 one of the collaborations in the form of a
growth triangle is IMT GT sub-regional collaboration.

1
Yusnarida Eka Nizmi dan Yanya Mochamad Yani, Penerapan Konsep Cross Border Regions (CBRs)
Dalam Kerjasama Ekonomi Sub-regional Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapura Growth Triangle (IMS-GT),
Insignia Journal of International Relation Vol.5, No.1, April 2018, 3-4
2
David Dollar, Globalization, Poverty and Inequality since 1980 ( Cambridge: Polity, 2007), hlm.
73-103.
3
Ferdiansyah dan Se Tin dan Anthonius, Globalisasi Ekonomi, Integrasi Ekonomi Global, Dinamika
Pasar Modal & Kebutuhan Standar Akuntansi Internasional, Jurnal Akuntansi Vol.8 No.1 Mei
2016, hlm 119 – 120
4
Yusnarida Eka nizmi, Op.Cit. hlm 4
Nama : Muftita Irza Anantha Simbolon
NIM : 1501115080
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris Jurusan II

2. Study

Post-Cold War became a new marker in shifting old regionalism into new
regionalism. This shift towards new regionalism tends to be influenced by the
presence of globalization so that the debate is basically caused by the erosion of
national borders. Viewed from the dimensions, regionalism is not only a block of
trade and security regionalism as it has spread to regionalism schemes in the
1950s and 1960s.5 According to Louis Fawcett there are several factors that
influence the development of New Regionalism, namely with the end of the Cold
War, creating international cooperation and promoting regional cooperation. Then
the economic changes that occurred in the aftermath of the Cold War have
become a driving force for the emergence of new economic forces in several
regions.6

In terms of the level of regionalism, Hettne saw that various academic

references that developed in early regional integration in Europe only saw one
type of level in regionalism, namely relations between countries in a region whose
geographical location was close together. new regionalism is divided into two
forms, namely microregion and macroregion. Macroregion is a high level
regionalism such as interregionalism and transregionalism in the form of relations
between regionalism. Microregion is a low level regionalism in the form of
subnational areas. Microregion can be seen from growth triangles in Asia by
connecting parts of the provinces in countries.7 Joakim Öjendal argues that the
growth triangle is one of the most important forms of New Regionalisme in
Southeast Asia, which is often seen as the driving force behind economic growth.
They utilize different results from various countries. In such partnerships, the
private sector provides capital for investment, while the public sector provides

5
Björn Hettne, Beyond the New Regionalism :New Political Economy 10, no. 4 (2005): 551-552
6
Louise Fawcett, “Regionalism from an Historical Perspective” in Global Politics of Regionalism:
The Theory and Practice, by Marry Farell, Bjorn Hettne, Luk Van Langenhove. (London: Ploto
Press, 2005)
7
Bjorn Hettne, Op.Cit.
Nama : Muftita Irza Anantha Simbolon
NIM : 1501115080
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris Jurusan II

infrastructure, fiscal incentives and an administrative framework to attract

industry and investment.8

Growth Triangle is also known as subregional economic zone, natural

economy, region, or expanded metropolitan area. The concept of a growth triangle
is a transnational economic zone that is spread over geographically well-defined
areas covering three or more countries where differences in supporting factors are
used to promote trade and external investment.9 Waldron states that the growth
triangle conceptually involves efforts to create extraordinary sub-regional
economic zones with geographical proximity, economically different regions that
are separated by their general obstacles to becoming economically connected by
intense cross-border investment and the development of other economic activities
.10

In Growth Triangle consist of two groups, they are the investing group and
receiving group. Countries in the investing group provide capital, investation, and
technology to receiving group countries. on the contrary, receiving country
countries provide skilled and non-skilled labor, land and natural resources.
Receiving country is usually a lower economic level than investing groups.11The
Growth Triangle offers attractive investment opportunities for both multinational
companies (MNC). In addition, communication is also easy, due to geographical
proximity and the existence of roads and telecommunications.12

8
Min Tang dan Myo Thant, GROWTH TRIANGLES: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS, Asian Development bank: Manila, 1994, hlm 1
9
Ibid
10
Dayang-Affizah AM, Ramli N, Mee-Sing T(2016), Convergence Behaviour of Growth Triangle:
The Case of IMT-GT. Bus Eco J 7: 205. doi:10.4172/2151-6219.1000205, diakses dari
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/convergence-behaviour-of-growth-triangle-the-case-
of-imtgt-2151-6219-1000205.pdf, pada tanggal 28 Maret 2018
11
Min Tang and Thant, Op.Cit
12
PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND TRADE OPPORTUNITIES, GROWTH TRIANGLES IN ASEAN, Institute
for Economic Development and Policy : United State of America, 1992
Nama : Muftita Irza Anantha Simbolon
NIM : 1501115080
Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris Jurusan II

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

AM, Dayang-Affizah dan Ramli N dan Mee-Sing T (2016). Convergence

Behaviour of Growth Triangle: The Case of IMT-GT. Bus Eco J 7: 205.
doi:10.4172/2151-6219.1000205, diakses dari
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/convergence-behaviour-of-
growth-triangle-the-case-of-imtgt-2151-6219-1000205.pdf, pada tanggal
13 November 2018

Deliarnov. 2005. Ekonomi Politik. (Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama)

Dollar, David. 2007. “Globalization, Poverty and Inequality since 1980”

(Cambridge: Polity)

Fawcett, Louise. 2005. “Regionalism from an Historical Perspective” in Global

Politics of Regionalism: The Theory and Practice, by Marry Farell, Bjorn
Hettne, Luk Van Langenhove. London: Ploto Press.

Ferdiansyah, Se Tin, dan Anthonius. 2016. Globalisasi Ekonomi, Integrasi

Ekonomi Global, Dinamika Pasar Modal & Kebutuhan Standar Akuntansi
Internasional. Jurnal Akuntansi Vol.8 No.1 Mei 2016, hlm 119 – 120.
diakses dari https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/75776-ID-
globalisasi-ekonomi-integrasi-ekonomi-gl.pdf, pada tanggal 09 November
2018.

Nizmi, Yusnarida Eka dan Yanya Mochamad Yani (2018), Penerapan Konsep
Cross Border Regions (CBRs) Dalam Kerjasama Ekonomi Sub-regional
Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapura Growth Triangle (IMS-GT), Insignia
Journal of International Relation Vol.5, No.1, 31-45

Hettne, Björn. “Beyond the „New‟ Regionalism.” New Political Economy 10,
no.4 (2005), Routledege Taylor and Franciss Group
______. “The New Regionalism: Implications for Development and Peace.”
Dalam The New Regionalism, diedit oleh Björn Hettne dan Andreas Inotai,
1-44. Helsinki: UNU World Institute for Development Economics
Reserch, 1994.

Tang, Min dan Myo Thant. 1994. GROWTH TRIANGLES: CONCEPTUAL

ISSUES AND OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS, (Asian Development Bank:
Philipina

PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND TRADE OPPORTUNITIES, GROWTH

TRIANGLES IN ASEAN, Institute for Economic Development and Policy :
United State of America, 1992