TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis – an assumption about the population parameter

- an educated guess about the population parameter

Hypothesis Testing – this is the process of making an inference

or generalization on population parameters
based on the results of the study on samples

Statistical Hypothesis – it is a guess or prediction made by the

researcher regarding the possible outcome
of the study
- an assertion or conjecture concerning one or
more populations
 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypothesis is always hoped to be rejected. It always

contains ‘ = ‘ sign

Alternative Hypothesis - challenges the null hypothesis

- never contains the = sign
- uses < , > or ≠
- generally represents the idea which the
researcher wants to prove
 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 1:

Title: An evaluation of the effectiveness of online learning

Problem: The researcher wants to know if online learning has
increased the GWA of CPSU students from 80%

𝐻0 = 𝜇 ≤ 80
𝐻𝑎 = 𝜇 > 80
 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Types of Hypothesis Tests:

1. One-tailed left directional test – this is used if uses the < symbol

2. One-tailed right directional test – this is used if uses the > symbol

3. Two-tailed test – this is used if uses the ≠ symbol

therefore
If uses the ≠, the test is two-tailed non-directional
If uses the <, the test is one-tailed left directional
If uses the >, the test is one-tailed right directional
 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Level of Significance
- probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

Errors in Hypothesis Testing

1. Type I (α error) – rejecting a true null hypothesis
2. Type II (β error) – accepting a false null hypothesis
 CORRELATION ANALYSIS

- attempts to measure the strength of such relationships between two

variables by means of a single number called a correlation coefficient
- a relationship or association between two variables
CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Notes:
if r = 1 : A direct or positive relationship between two variables implies that an
increase in value of one of the variables corresponds to an increase in value of
the other variable
if 0<r<1: A direct or positive relationship between two variables implies that an
increase in value of some of the variables corresponds to an increase in value of
the other variable
if r = -1: An inverse or negative relationship between two variables implies that
an increase in value of one of the variables corresponds to a decrease in value of
the other value
if -1<r<0: An inverse or negative relationship between two variables implies that
an increase in value of one of the variables corresponds to a decrease in value of
the other value
if r = 0: A zero relationship exists between two variables if an increase in value
of one of the variables is not accompanied by either an increase or a decrease in
value of the other variable
REGRESSION ANALYSIS

- deals with finding the best relationship between Y and x,

quantifying the strength of that relationship, and using methods
that allow for prediction of the response values given values of the
regressor x.

Simple Regression Model

Y = β0 + β1x + €