ROYALE CONCORDE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT

By:
Parinita Jamuar
Class XII
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT PARINITA

JAMUAR HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED
THE PROJECT IN PHYSICS PRACTICAL
PRESCRIBED BY THE C.B.S.E A.I.S.S.C.E
COURSE IN THE LABORATORY OF ROYALE
CONCORDE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IN
THE YEAR 2016-17

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL

EXAMINER EXAMINER

DATE:

NAME OF CANDIDATE:
ROLL NO: School Seal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE GRATITUDE TO THE

PEOPLE WHO HAVE HELPED AND SUPPORTED ME
THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT.
I EXPRESS MY SINCERE GRATITUDE TO THE
PRINCIPAL, MRS. REKHA VINOD FOR PROVIDING US
WITH AN ENVIROMENT TO COMPLETE OUR PROJECT
SUCCESSFULLY.
MY DEEPEST THANKS TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER,
MRS. DEEPTY S. FOR HER CONTINOUS AND
UNWAVERING SUPPORT DURING THE ENTIRE
COURSE OF THIS PROJECT AND MAKING THE
NECESSARY CORRECTIONS WHEREVER REQUIRED.
I ALSO EXTEND MY HEART FELT THANKS TO OUR
LAB ASSISTANT MRS. NIRMALA B. WITHOUT WHOM
THIS PROJECT WOULD BE DISTINCT REALITY.
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK PARTNERS VAISHNAVI
ANAND AND SHEENA CHANDY, FAMILY AND
FRIENDS FOR ALL THEIR SUPPORT DURING CRUCIAL
TIMES OF THE COMPLETION OF MY PROJECT.

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 INDEX

Serial No. Topic

1 Introduction

Experiment
A Objective

B Apparatus Required

C Procedure
2 D Observations
E Calculations
F Results
G Precautions
H Sources Of Error

3 Bibliography

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 INTRODUCTION
 Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a
change in its medium. It is essentially a surface
phenomenon. The light wave bends at the interface of the
two media. Due to change of medium, the velocity of the
wave changes but its frequency remains constant. If the light
wave travels from a rarer to a denser optical medium, its
velocity decreases and it bends towards the normal, drawn
at the point of incidence. If the light wave travels from a
denser to a rare optical medium, its velocity increases and it
bends away from the normal.
Refractive index, also called index of refraction, is a measure
of bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium
into another or the angle formed when the emergent ray is
extended to meet the incident ray. It describes how light or
any other radiation propagates through that medium.

n = sin i/ sin r
Refractive Index is also equal to the velocity ‘c’ of the light of
a given wavelength in empty space divided by its velocity ‘v’
in a substance, or

n = c/v
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 Refraction of light through a prism
Light changes its speed as it moves from one medium to
another. In the glass prism ABC, light enters through one
face ab. It is incident at point Q, making angle of incidence ‘i’
with the normal N1Q. As the light is moving from a rarer
optical medium to a denser one, its velocity decreases and it
bends towards the normal N1Q, with angle of refraction ‘r’. It
travels in a straight line through the prism. As it moves from
glass to air at the point of emergence, its velocity increases
and it bends away from the normal, with angle o emergence
‘e’.
When the emergent ray is produced backwards, it makes an
angle with the incident ray. This is known as the angle of
deviation ‘D’. The minimum value of angle of deviation is
called angle of minimum deviation ‘Dm’.

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  PQ is the incident ray.
 EF is the refracted ray.
 FS is the emergent ray.
 PEN = i = angle of incidence.
 FEN’ = r1 = angle of refraction inside the prism.
 EFN’ = r2 = angle of incidence inside the prism.
 SFM= e = angle of emergence.
 BAC = A = angle of prism.
 FGH = D = angle of deviation.

In Triangle EGF, HGF = GEF + GFE

So,
D = (i = r1) + (e-r2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (1)
D = (i + e) - (r1-r2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2)

In Triangle EFJ, r1 + r2 + EJF = 180o

Quadrilateral AEJF is a cyclic quadrilateral, so
A+ EJS = 180O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (3)
From equations (2) and (3),
A = r1 + r2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (4)
And equation (1) becomes
D =(i + e) – A
Thus, D + A = i + e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (5)

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For the same angle of Deviation (D) there are two values of
angle of incidence, one value equals ‘i’ and the other value
equals ‘e’. As angle ‘i’ is the increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of deviation decreases.
When angle of deviation is minimum (Dm), then ‘i’ and ‘e’
become equal.
The refracted ray EF is parallel to base BC.
Since i = e, we have
r1 = r2. (n = sin i / sin r = sin e/ sin r2)

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say),

We have,
A = r1 + r2 = 2r
or

r = A/ 2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e
From relation, A + D = i + e
We have,
A + Dm = 2i
or
i = (A + Dm)/2

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From Snell’s law, n = sin i/ sin r

We have,

n = sin(A+ Dm)/2
sin A/2

This relationship is useful for determination of ‘n’ for prism

material.

The angle of minimum deviation depends upon:

 Wavelength of the light ray(λ)-The angle of minimum

deviation is smaller for shorter wavelengths and larger
for longer wavelengths so the “red” end of the spectrum
deviates less than the “violet” end.
 Material of the prism (μ)-The larger the refractive index
of the material, the larger the angle of minimum
deviation.
 Angle of prism (A)-The larger the angle of prism, the
larger the angle of minimum deviation.
 Angle of incidence (i)-The angle of deviation is
dependent on the angle of incidence in the form of a U
shaped curve.

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If a line is drawn parallel to the angle of incidence axis (X-
axis), it cuts the graph at two points, showing that there are
two values of angle of incidence for an angle of deviation.
However, at the point of angle of minimum deviation, the
line will be tangent to the curves showing that for minimum
angle of deviation there is only one angle of incidence.

Application of refractive index:

 To calculate the focusing power of lenses and dispersing
power of prisms.
 To differentiate between different types of gemstone.
 To identify particular substances, confirm its purity, or
measure its concentration.
 It is used to measure the concentration of a solute in an
aqueous solution.
 It is utilized in ray-tracing to account for the radio
propagation delay due to the Earth’s electrically neutral
atmosphere.
 It is also used in Satellite link design for the
computation of radio wave attenuation in the
atmosphere.

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 EXPERIMENT

 Objective:

(i) To investigate the dependence of the angle of

deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow
prism filled, one by one, with different transparent
fluids.
(ii) To find the speed of light in the given transparent
fluid.

 Apparatus Required:

 Drawing board
 White A4 size sheets of paper
 Different liquids (water, kerosene oil, glycerin, vinegar)
 Drawing pins
 Pencil
 Half a meter scale
 Thumb pins
 Graph papers
 Protractor

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 Procedure:

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with

the help of drawing pins.
2. Draw a straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Mark points Q1,Q2,Q3…… on the straight line XX’ at
suitable distances of about 5cm.
4. Draw normalsN1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3……on points Q1, Q2, Q3….
as shown.
5. Draw straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3…. making angles of
30o, 35o, 40o, 45o, 50o, 55o. respectively with the normal.
6. mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the
edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. put the prism with the refracting face AB in the line XX’
and point Q1 in the middle of AB.
8. Mark the boundary of the prism.
9. Fix two office pins vertically on the line R1Q1. The
distance between the pins should be 1cm or more.
10. Look at the images of the points through face AC.
11. Close your left eye and bring the right eye in line
with the two images.
12. Fix two office pins vertically and 5cm apart such
that the images of the fixed pins and the pins being fixd
are aligned.
13. Remove the pins and encircle their pricks on the
paper.
14. Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q1, Q2, Q3….. for
‘i’ = 35o, 40o, 45o, 50o, 55o.

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 To measure D in different cases
15. Draw straight lines through the pin pricks to obtain
emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3…..
16. Produce T1S1, T2S2, T3S3… inward in the boundary
of the prism to meet produced incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,
R3Q3…. at points F1, F2, F3….
17. Measure angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3….These give
angles of deviation D1, D2, D3….
18. Note the observations.

To measure A
19. Measure angle BAC on the boundary of the prism.
This gives angle A.

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 Observations:

Angle of hollow prism, A = 60o.

1. WATER

a) Measurement of Angle of Deviation

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b) Observation Table

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation D

S.No.
∠i for Water
1. 30o 23o

2. 35o 22o

3. 40o 25o

4. 45o 25o

5. 50o 24o

6. 55o 26o

Angle of minimum deviation for Water, Dm: 22o

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16
2. Kerosene Oil

a)Measurement of Angle of Deviation

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18
b) Observation Table

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation D

S.No.
∠i for Kerosene Oil
1. 30o 28o

2. 35o 27o

3. 40o 24o

4. 45o 25o

5. 50o 27o

6. 55o 27o

Angle of minimum deviation for Kerosene Oil, Dm: 24o

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3. Glycerin

a)Measurement of Angle of Deviation

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b) Observation Table

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation D

S.No.
∠i for Glycerin
1. 30o 40o

2. 35o 35o

3. 40o 36o

4. 45o 32o

5. 50o 35o

6. 55o 34o

Angle of minimum deviation for Glycerin, Dm: 32o

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24
4. Vinegar

a)Measurement of Angle of Deviation

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26
1. Observation Table

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation D

S.No.
∠i for Vinegar
1. 30o 26o

2. 35o 25o

3. 40o 23o

4. 45o 23o

5. 50o 25o

6. 55o 27o

Angle of minimum deviation for Vinegar, Dm: 23o

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28
 Calculations

Plot the graphs between angle of incidence ‘i’ and angle of

deviation ‘D’ by taking ‘i’ along X-axis and ‘D’ along Y-axis for
each liquid. From the graph, find the values of angle of
minimum deviation Dm corresponding to the lowest point of
the graphs.

The refractive index of transparent medium

n = Sin (A + Dm)/2
Sin A/2
The speed of light in the transparent medium is
v=C/n
Where ‘C’ is the speed of light in air ( 3 X 108 m/s).

Table for values of Dm, n and v for different liquids

Angle of
Refractive Velocity of
minimum
Liquid index of light in the
Deviation
liquid (n) liquid (v)
(Dm)
Water 22o 1.31 2.29 x 10 8m/s

Kerosene Oil 24o 1.33 2.25 x 10 8m/s

Glycerin 32o 1.43 2.24 x 10 8m/s

Vinegar 23o 1.32 1.74 x 108m/s
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30
 Result:

1. The i-D graphs indicate that as the angle of incidence ‘i’

increases the angle of deviation ‘D’ first decreases,
attains a minimum value ‘Dm’ and then again stats
increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.

2. The angle of minimum deviation for:

a) Water = 22o
b) Kerosene Oil = 24o
c) Glycerin = 32o
d) Vinegar = 23o
Thus, it is observed that the angle of minimum deviation is
least for Water, it increase for Vinegar and Kerosene oil, and
is the largest for Glycerin.

3. The refractive index of:

a) Water = 1.31
b) Kerosene Oil = 1.33
c) Glycerin = 1.43
d) Vinegar = 1.32
Thus value of refractive index is the least for Water. It
increases for Vinegar and Kerosene oil, and has a maximum
value in the case of Glycerin.
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4. Speed of light in:
a) Water = 2.29 x 108 m/s
b) Kerosene oil = 2.25 x 108 m/s
c) Glycerin = 2.24 x 108 m/s
d) Vinegar = 1.74 x 108 m/s
The speed of light is the highest in Water, decreases for
Kerosene oil and Glycerin , and is the lowest in Vinegar .

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 Precautions:
1. The angle of incidence should lie between 30o and 55o.
2. The pins should be fixed vertically.
3. The same angle os prism should be used for all the
observations.

 Sources of Error:
1. Pins prick may be thick.
2. Measurement of angles may be wrong.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Books:
Comprehensive Practical Physics for class XII

 Websites:
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.projects.icbse.com
 www.answers.yahoo.com
 www.britannica.com

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