Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
of Lost Circulation
May 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the management of M-I SWACO for its support and permission to use the information
included in this manual. We also recognize members of the Technical Services team for their
contributions to the development of this manual, including Stan Alford, Mario Bouguetta, Kerati
Charnvit, Daryl Cullum, Richard Flesher, Mike Freeman, Shawn French, Fred Growcock, Quan Guo,
Janie Irvin, Esmeraldo Jimbi, Ole lacob Prebensen, Vernon Rajoo, Andrev Reznichenko, Steve Smith
and Valentin Visinescu. Special thanks also to Nelson Alfonzo, Gabe Manescu and Mary Dimataris.
Chapter 1 – Fundamentals of Lost Circulation 1-1
Consequences of Lost Circulation....................................................................................................................1-1
Losses in Fractures..................................................................................................................................................1-2
Mathematical Model for Lost Circulation in Fractures........................................................................1-3
References R1-1
Leak -Off
Pressure Formation Breakdown Pressure (FBP)
(LOP) Fracture Propagation Pressure (FPP)
The figure shows the change of pit level against of natural and induced fractures in borehole
time for losses into pores, natural fractures and image data, e.g. FMI (Formation Micro Imager)
induced fractures. Losses through pores start and OBMI (Oil-Based Mud Micro Imager) logs.
slowly and gradually increase, whereas losses
into natural fractures are associated with a Both resistivity and annular pressure
rapid initiation followed by gradual decline with measurements can be used to ascertain the
time. Owing to the high sensitivity of the width location of the loss zone. Bratton presents a
of induced fractures to fluid pressure, induced methodology for diagnosing drilling-induced
fractures exhibit a very different profile. Thus, fractures from real-time measurements, thereby
with changes in wellbore pressure, such as facilitating the prompt initiation of remedial
when the pumps are turned off and on, the pit actions. Using Annular Pressure while Drilling
level may change dramatically. (APWD), ballooning can be identified from the
shape of the pressure response to the cycling of
Acoustic, electrical, and optical wellbore the mud pumps. However, exponential tails will
images also provide a means of detecting and be observed on the pressure response when the
characterizing natural fracture systems and additional volume of fractures is considered.
to distinguish them from induced wellbore
failures. Barton et al present techniques and The flow of drilling fluid from the fracture and
criteria to measure and characterize attributes back into the borehole delays the drop in ECD
Most Salts
Flakes
Reactive Materials
Most Fibers
Plates
Synthetic
Marble Graphite
Laminates
Hard, Granular
Fibers
Soft Granules
Microfractures
Mud loss also occurs to fissures or fractures in
wells where no coarsely permeable or cavernous
formations exist. These fissures or fractures
may occur naturally, or may be initiated or
2. Establishing the location of the loss zone Unconsolidated and Highly Permeable
3. Identifying the nature of the loss zone Formations
Usually, extremely permeable formations
4. Selecting the proper remedial action
with high inter-granular porosity are found at
shallow depths and rarely are over-pressured.
The rate of success depends heavily on In these zones, the pores typically are too large
addressing these steps in a sequential and to accommodate the creation of a competent
coordinated fashion. Planning should identify filter cake. Consequently, when hydrostatic
formations that are potentially troublesome pressure exceeds the formation pore pressure,
or prone to losses and afterwards outline the mud will be forced into the rock. As a result,
procedures and actions to be taken prior to lost circulation may be initiated while drilling,
entering those zones. For exploratory drilling tripping or while circulating to condition the
and/ or when encountering unexpected events, hole prior to running casing.
the 4-step strategy outlined above can deliver
an effective and timely solution. The loss usually starts with a gradual reduction
in the pit level, and, if no remedial action is taken,
Causes of Lost Circulation the loss may exceed rig pumping capacity. This
When a drop in the mud volume is noted, it type of mud loss can range from seepage to severe
frequently is assumed the losses are occurring loss and often leads to differentially stuck pipe.
down hole. However, this may not always be
the case. The first response to a reduction in the Natural Fissures and Fractures
mud volume should be to pick the bit off bottom This type of lost circulation can occur in a
and observe the well for fluid movement. Once number of rock types and requires only that the
losses have been confirmed, the following mud pressure exceeds the fluid pressure within
verification steps are recommended: the rock. Overbalances as low as 350 Pa may be
* Establish the loss rate sufficient to initiate losses in fissures or fractures.
Older, harder and more consolidated formations
* Check the solids control equipment to are the more likely locations for natural fractures.
ensure no new equipment has been placed They are created by geological movements after
on-line and the discharge rates are normal sedimentation and compaction and have a
* Check to ensure no mud has been dumped, higher frequency of occurrence near faults and
transferred or otherwise removed from the areas that have been subjected to tectonic forces
system and stresses, such as those occurring with the
movement of salt domes or diapirs.
* Check all joints, pipe connections and valves
for leaks While the initial loss rate can be minor (seepage)
it quickly can approach severe if drilling
* Assess casing wear potential for each type
proceeds. This type of loss has caused some of
of operation as a function of hole trajectory,
the most troublesome lost circulation incidents
wellbore structure, drillpipe configuration
recorded.
and mud system
These normally are found in carbonate and * Allow tripping (trip margin)
limestone formations. Losses during drilling
* Stabilize the wellbore (note that with
often are characterized by sudden and complete
respect to the in-situ stresses weak
losses with the bit often dropping several feet.
formations require an effective mud
Often, the loss rates will exceed rig pumping
overbalance for stability, which is dependent
capabilities. The caverns are caused by water
on well inclination and direction).
percolating through the formations over
geological periods of time creating channels.
Caverns can be localized or form part of a more During drilling a transition from an abnormally
extensive system where the voids may range in pressured zone to a normal or sub-pressured
size from pinhole to tunnels. Pressures in these zone may be encountered. This pressure
formations usually are sub-normal, meaning differential may be sufficient to cause induced
they are below that of a fresh water gradient. losses, which occur in the form of hydraulically
fracturing the formation or either the pressure
Caverns are the most difficult lost circulation may be sufficient to cause whole mud invasion
zones in which to re-establish circulation and into a permeable formation. During well
in many cases the well must be drilled “blind”, control situations lost circulation can occur
i.e., with no returns. Air, foam or aerated mud when the well is shut-in. The shut-in pressure
drilling may be effective in these circumstances. is transmitted down the wellbore, breaking the
If the caverns occur close to surface, there is a formation at its weakest point. This not only
risk of location collapse. results in lost circulation, but also losing control
of the well.
Hole in the Casing or Riser
Proper planning and execution will minimize
A hole in the casing or a leak in a liner hanger the possibility and severity of the kick.
can lead to lost circulation by subjecting the Personnel responsible for the operation at the
formation, previously protected by the casing or well site should be aware of the maximum
liner, to a mud weight that exceeds its fracture allowable casing shut-in pressure (MACSP) and
gradient. A leak in an offshore drilling riser also volume. The volume of the intruding fluid or gas
will lead to drilling mud being lost from that is related directly to the MACSP and should be
section of pipe. minimized.
* Occur when the solids content of the mud is Losses Through Induced Fractures
low
* Mud weight approximately equal to or
* Losses starts gradually and, with additional
greater than fracture gradient
penetration, build up to a maximum rate.
* Formation may be impermeable (such
* A loss rate that is not appreciably higher
a shale) and without a high matrix
while tripping in
permeability
• A loss rate that is relatively insensitive to
* Likely to occur when encountering a change
pump rate
in lithology, such as going from shale to
• Mud weight substantially below fracture sandstone
gradient
* Losses start suddenly with a maximum
Losses Through Natural Fractures initial rate
** Median Particle Size (D50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and grinding
process. Generally, particle size distributions are measured using laser light scattering if D50 < 100 μm and
dry sieve analysis if D50 ≥ 100 μm (as measured by dry sieve analysis). If a precise size distribution of a
product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be measured with the appropriate test procedure using
samples that are representative of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal D10 and D90 values
are available from Houston Technical Services upon request.
* OptiSeal I and II are designed as fracture * OptiSeal III has been optimized specifically
sealing and Wellbore Strengthening for non-aqueous fluid (NAF) applications.
Materials (WSM) in porous and fractured
formations while drilling with aqueous * OptiSeal IV is composed of acid-soluble
fluids. marble for use in reservoir drilling
operations.
Oil/Bentonite (OB) or Conventional Gunk The treatment is applied by pumping the Gunk
Squeeze is a hydration-type plug with a high fluid down the drill pipe or tubing to the end
concentration of un-hydrated clay material of the string. With the annulus closed, the
(bentonite). This plug gels/thickens rapidly treatment is pumped simultaneously down
when intermixed with the downhole fluid the drill pipe and the annulus. Intermixing of
or mud. Usually, these fluids are a mixture of the Gunk fluid and the mud occurs at the end
diesel and bentonite, which gel quickly when and below the drill pipe, forming a gelatinous/
intermixed with water-base mud or some highly-viscous/thick mass that is squeezed
type of brine. Cement often is added to the into the loss circulation zone. A Reverse Gunk
conventional Gunk mixture to add additional Squeeze fluid is a mixture of organophilic clay
strength to the final Gunk-mud material, thus (clay that is treated to swell in the presence
forming Oil/Bentonite/Cement (OBC). of NAF) and water, which rapidly gels when,
intermixed with a NAF downhole.
The settling rate of a weight material/ water Pore pressure should govern the choice of
slurry is inversely proportional to the density of the slurry density, especially for circulation
the slurry. Because of their high concentration lost to fractured or cavernous zones. To cure
of solids and gel strengths, high density slurries lost circulation in these zones with cement,
settle more slowly than low density slurries. a lower density slurry, preferably containing
The optimum barite slurry weight is between LCM, should be used for the first attempt. Once
14.0 and 1.9 sg although the barite slurry can be this system has sealed the larger fractures and
weighted up to 2.65 sg. When hematite is used voids, hardened, higher density cement can be
as the weighting agent, the optimum slurry pumped to consolidate the first job and provide
weight is 1.9 to 2.16 sg. additional strength.
May 2011
Matrix (Seepage)
Fractures
Losses
Severe or Seepage
Partial Loss
Total Loss Loss
Spot Pill:
Spot Pill: Spot Pill:
Spot Pill: 30 Kg/m³ M-I-X II (M) Spot Pill:
30 Kg/m³ M-I-X II (F) 30 Kg/m³ Vinseal (F) Spot Pill:
30 Kg/m³ Vinseal (F) 30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (M) 20 Kg/m³ M-I-X II (F)
20 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (C) 30 Kg/m³ Vinseal (M) 30-45 Kg/m³ G-SEAL
30-60 Kg/m³ G-SEAL 30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (C) 20 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (M)
20 Kg/m³ Nut Plug (F) 30-60 Kg/m³ G-SEAL (G-SEAL Plus)
(G-SEAL Plus) 20 Kg/m³ Nut Plug (F) 20 Kg/m³ Nut Plug (F)
20 Kg/m³ Nut Plug (M) (G-SEAL Plus) 30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (F)
30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (M) 20 Kg/m³ Nut Plug (M) 15-30 Kg/m³ G-SEAL
15-30 Kg/m³ G-SEAL 30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (M) 20 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (M)
30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (C) 15-30 Kg/m³ G-SEAL (G-SEAL Plus)
(G-SEAL Plus) 30 Kg/m³ CaCO₃ (C)
(G-SEAL Plus)
No No
Success Success
Remedial Treatments
Polymer Pills Soft Plugs for N.A.F Miscellaneous Large Particulates
Pills
VersaPac*
VersaPac Formulation
Mud Gelling Agents
VersaPac can be formulated in diesel, mineral
If the LCM pills are unable to stop the losses,
and synthetic oil. Laboratory tests showed it
a reinforcing pill should be pumped. If total
possible to engineer a 100% oil-based drilling
losses are expected, always have a pill ready and
fluid system, where both the rheology profile
mixed prior to entering the zone. Since such
and the fluid loss are controllable.
a pill needs to be spotted across the loss zone
to be effective, it is essential to determine the
The VersaPac formulation in each fluid system
exact location of the loss zone.
was as follows:
VersaPac* chemical sealant for NAF
Base Fluid 0.16 m3
This thermally activated gelling agent that will VersaPac 30 kg/m3
generate viscosity and develop gel structure EcoTrol* 20 kg/m3
as soon as the temperature exceeds 60°C. It is M-I-X II/CaCO3 330 kg/m3
important to keep in mind that the melting Versamul 9 kg/m3
point for VersaPac is 120°C, at which point
the material becomes ineffective. VersaPac is Table 5-1 shows the rheology profile after each
activated by a combination of temperature and drilling fluid system has been sheared to 80°C.
shear (Fig. 5-1 stage 1). The gelling mechanism Table 5-2 shows the static shear test data after
*Measured units are actually in° Fann: 1° Fann = 1.065 lb/100 ft2,
but in practical applications they are assumed to be equivalent.
Table 5-2. Static Shear Test Results for Mud Products in Non-Aqueous Fluids
Note: Static shear strength > 150 – indicating not pumpable.
Note: Static shear strength > 150 lb/100 ft2 indicates that the sample
suggests that the sample is not pumpable.
each fluid system had been sheared to 80°C Note: The tests were run in a Chandler
before being static aged for three hours. consistometer with a setting pressure of
Each mud system exhibited higher shear 20,680 kPa and a heating period of 30 min.
strength with increased VersaPac concentration. With this test, a reading of 70 Bearden units of
VersaPac also was tested in a consistometer to consistency (Bc) was the upper limit that would
more closely examine the effect of temperature still enable pumpability of the fluid, and 100 Bc
on setting behavior. The tests were conducted was the endpoint where the set was considered
with mineral oil, synthetic oil and diesel, the complete.
results of which are displayed in Table 5-3.
3. Add water to the “mud to here” line. 6. Displace the slurry down the drill pipe and
follow it with 0.8 m3 of diesel oil.
4. Shake vigorously for 10 sec, then allow it to
stand for 10 min. 7. Start pumping drilling fluid into the
annulus when the 1.6 m3 cushion of diesel
5. If the oil and water separate into two oil reaches the bit. Close the rams. Control
distinct layers, the diesel is suitable for the pumping rates so the ratio of the slurry
use. However, if the fluid separates into volume to the mud volume is 2 to 1. Pump
three layers with the oil on top, the water rates of 36 m3/hr down the drill pipe and
on bottom, and a white emulsion in the 0.3 m3/min down the annulus will usually
middle, the diesel is unsuitable and should be satisfactory with 12.7 mm drill pipe in
not be used. 21.6 mm and larger hole sizes.
12. After the squeeze job, pull the string to 1. Water as required
the shoe and wait on the cement to set a 2. Organophilic Clay 650 kg/m3
minimum of eight hours before dressing 3. Barite as required
it off. If the first attempt is unsuccessful,
repeat the procedure after waiting on the See Table 5-5 for details of a typical Reverse
cement for 8 hrs. Gunk pill.
Upon contact with connate water or the calcium 3. Prepare the sodium silicate in the dedicated
chloride pill pumped ahead, the sodium silicate cement batch tank. Mix at least 12.72 m3
forms a crystalline insoluble precipitate of dead volume of 50:50 by volume sodium
calcium silicate and sodium chloride. To form silicate and fresh water. This applies to all
this precipitate divalent cation must be present, types of sodium silicate.
usually Ca+2 or Mg+2. This precipitate remains
in place and prevents the cement from flowing 4. Prepare mix water and additives for
away until it sets. Also occurring at the same standard 6.36 m3 “G Neat” slurry at 1.90 sg.
time is a reaction of the unused sodium silicate Final slurry composition is to be advised
with the cement, which causes the cement to after testing in the cement company lab.
flash set at the point of contact. 5. Ensure the BHA has been checked for
restrictions. There should be no nozzles in
Following the recommended operational the bit or floats, motors, or logging tools in
procedures for pumping this treatment are the string.
critical, as it is essential that the cement and
sodium silicate remain separated until they 6. Double check all depth and volume
reach the loss zone. A freshwater spacer is calculations.
used for separation between all the pills to be
pumped. Placement is designed to leave the Procedure
cement in the wellbore across the loss zone to
counteract its tendency to leak away. The spacer 1. Pull back to the casing shoe while filling the
is then squeezed away, providing a bridge has annulus with fresh mud (or fresh water/sea
formed. water, if necessary) as fast as possible.
3. Pump down the annulus to fill the riser. At 8. Repeat the procedure as required until
the same time, pump down the kill line to losses are cured. While use progressively
maintain wellbore hydrostatic and prevent larger treatments may be used, if necessary,
the U-tubing from backing up around the a greater number of small treatments may
drill string when the treatment exits the be more effective.
bit.
9. Once surface cement samples are set, RIH
4. Rig up circulating head and pressure test and drill out cement. Continue to drill
line. ahead while observing for losses.
Form-A-Set Ret
The following formulation for a Barite/Hematite
Appearance Clear liquid
Plug is recommended:
Specific Gravity 1.323
Water solubility Soluble
Freshwater As many bbl as are
desired
Form-A-Set ACC
Barite/Hematite Density to 1670-2640
Appearance Dark Green liquid
kg/m3
Specific Gravity 1.4
Lignosulfonate 2.85 kg/m3
Water solubility Soluble
(or a sufficient amount)
Caustic Soda 0.71 kg/m3 (pH 8-10)
Form-A-Set ACC is used to decrease set times
with the slurry. It is used when ambient
Form-A-Set may be blended with either fresh
temperatures or make-up water are below 16°C.
water, seawater or salt water up to saturation.
Caution must be exercised when adding the
Seawater and sodium chloride tend to retard the
accelerator to avoid over-treatment.
cross-link set time. Form-A-Set may be used to
stop losses in wells drilled with any kind of mud.
The Form-A-Set ACC should be added after the
dry material has been added to the water. Allow
Retarder/Accelerator
the dry material to blend thoroughly before
The Form-A-Set Ret should be used with all adding the Form-A-Set ACC to the slurry slowly.
applications above 1°C A retarder is required It is suggested the accelerator be diluted in 0.02
when bottom-hole temperature (BHST) and to 0.03 m3 of water before being added to the
pumping time increase. The retarder should Form-A-Set slurry.
Once losses are encountered, add the required Total time for the job, including blending,
amount of Form-A-Set Ret to the pill and mix pumping and squeezing is about five hours.
4. Add the remaining Form-A-Set AK. * Owing to its increased polymer loading and
the smaller size of the fibrous material, the
5. Add the remaining Duo-Vis. Form-A-Set AK has a much firmer set than
6. If the pill is to be held for more than 24 hr, the conventional Form-A-Set.
an appropriate biocide should be added at * Because of this firmer set, Form-A-Set AK
this point. has a wide range of applications, ranging
Once losses are encountered, add the required from partial (1.6 to16 m3/hr) to total losses.
amount of Form-A-Set Ret to the pill and Furthermore, the material can be used
mix thoroughly for approximately five min. for both water and gas shutoff in non-
Then add Form-A-Set XL to the pill and mix productive zones and may be used for gravel
thoroughly for approximately five minutes. consolidation.
Form-A-Set AK mixing example
* Extended times in the wellbore will not
Objective: To formulate a Form-A-Set AK pill for cause a Form-A-Set AK plug to degrade
195°F (91°C) formation temperature, 1860 kg/
m3 density and pumping time averaging 90 min. Limitations
As always, use approprate Personal Protective
Equipment. * Caution should be exercised when it is used
in or near the production zone.
As detailed in the Form-A-Set Ret table (Table 5.6)
* Pilot testing for thermal stability is
for the formation temperature of 195°F (91°C)
recommended when temperatures exceed
the recommended concentration of Form-A-Set
120°C.
Ret is 29 kg/m3 so the formulation and mixing
order are: * When premixing the pill, include 0.6 kg/m3
* Water: 0.108 m3 of biocide for all plugs. Pilot tests should be
run with available biocides.
* Duo-Vis: 0.6 kg/m3 (half of the total required
concentration)
Packaging and Handling
* Form-A-Set AK: 24 kg/m (half of the total
3
Form-A-Set AK is packaged in 25-lb (11.3 kg)
required concentration)
sacks. Form-A-Set AK should be stored in a dry
* M-I Bar: 1120 kg/m3 location.
* Form-A-Set AK: 24 kg/m3 (the second half of Form-A-Set Ret is packaged in 5-gal (18.9 L)
the total required concentration) cans. Use in a well-ventilated area and avoid
breathing vapors. Store in a dry, ventilated place.
Various techniques are now available that can points and mud weights and quantify the risk
complement and even preclude conventional of hole collapse and lost circulation (hazard
lost circulation remediation practices. These mapping). Doing so requires the use of data and
techniques rely upon a comprehensive approach wellbore stability models that generate locally
for stabilizing the wellbore to prevent lost accurate pressure and stress profiles, rather
circulation, which includes implementation of than average gradients. Much of the necessary
or improvements in: information can be obtained from offset
wells and documented drilling experience. In
* Drilling Practices - locally applicable, more addition, risk and wellbore stability assessment
reliable wellbore stability modeling, and can be updated while drilling using real-time
ECD management practices, including the logging and data processing techniques. This
use of relatively new techniques like MPD, requires real-time monitoring of downhole
CWD, UBD, CTD pressure, condition of the well, the volume of
drilled cuttings and morphology.
* Drilling Fluid Selection and optimization
of Mud Properties - choosing drilling fluids Keep ECD to a Minimum
that provide better control of ECD and fluid
invasion into the formation * Use Virtual Hydraulics (VRDH* module) for
estimating equivalent circulating density
* Surface and Downhole Hardware –
Minimize obstructions and ECD surges * Reduce restrictions in the annulus (filter
cake buildup).
* Wellbore Stabilization or Strenghening
Techniques - Hoop stress enhancement * Keep hydraulics at the minimum level
methods, including stress cage and fracture required to clean the hole.
closure stress (see Chapter 7)
* Control ROP to avoid loading the annulus.
This chapter focuses on the first two of these * Reduce the length of the exposed loss zone
four key strategies. and reduce influx size.
Enhance Precision and Accuracy of Wellbore Minimize Surge and Swab Pressures
Stability Analysis
* The TripPro* module in the Virtual Hydraulics
Obtaining an accurate geomechanical picture software should be used for determining
of the planned wellbore is of paramount trip velocity and acceleration schedule
importance. This will help determine the casing
In addition, MPD may be approached reactively To remedy this problem, the density of the
or proactively. In the reactive mode, wells are fluid is lowered, and back-pressure is imposed
designed conventionally, though equipment only when the fluid is static, i.e. when making
is rigged up to react quickly to unexpected connections. As a result, BHP (Static) > BHP
pressure changes in the well. In the proactive (Dynamic). Imposing a Constant BHPP in this
mode, a well is planned to include equipment manner requires a rotating control head, a
that is rigged up to intervene continuously to surface choke and a drill pipe float. Figure 6-3
alter the annular pressure profile. The proactive demonstrates the effect of this technique, where
approach is preferred because it promises to BP = Back Pressure.
provide better wellbore stability and perhaps
extend or eliminate casing points. An alternative “Constant BHPP” technique
involves circulating continuously, i.e. through
MPD is carried out by manipulating the bit while drilling and through the concentric
backpressure, fluid density, fluid rheology, casing string while making connections (Fig.
circulating friction, hole geometry, and 6-4).
employing active devices to control the mud
pressure gradient. The MPD techniques that Thus, BHP(static)=HH(MW) + AFP(shoe). The
pressure gradient curves are shown in Fig. 6-5. Dual Density Gradient Drilling
The technique includes the following: This is recommended – with or without a riser –
when the pore pressure (PP) gradient increases
* Use lower density and keep the fluid so rapidly with increasing depth that neither
dynamically dead at all times (no RCD a static or dynamic column of a single-density
required) fluid can be managed without fracturing the
* Tailor the friction losses by increasing or shallower formations. While this technique is
decreasing clearances or varying lengths of useful particularly in deep water drilling where
drill string components seawater controls the pore pressure in the
shallower formations, it also could be applied in
* Run a down hole pump in the drill string land jobs.
that adds energy to the annulus return flow
Conventional drilling usually calls for several - and still perhaps the most common - were
casing strings to be set just below the seabed. onshore.
Applying Dual Density Gradient drilling
offshore requires a lifting mechanism or the The specific Dual Density Gradient method used
introduction of a lighter fluid over the heavier will depend on the particular drilling operation.
fluid. For the latter case, the mud often is One common method specifies the use of a
discharged at the mud line while drilling the lower density gradient at the top of the wellbore
top hole and before running the surface casing, and a higher density gradient at the bottom, as
riser and BOP. Onshore, Dual Density Gradient shown in Fig. 6-6. The lighter fluid is injected
drilling can be carried out by using a parasite through a parasite string or concentric casing.
string, where air or nitrogen is injected into This changes the hydrostatic head in the upper
the annulus at the casing shoe. Indeed, the first part of the wellbore, thereby reducing the BHP
applications of Dual Density Gradient drilling in the upper zones, which in turn, effectively
Fig. 6-6. Dual density gradient drilling can handle rapidly increasing PP
Fig. 6-7. Typical equipment layout for Light Annular Mud Cap Drilling (LAMCD)
Fig. 6-10. Rheliant rheology profile Fig. 6-11. Rheliant flat gels
Fig. 6-12. Warp vs API Barite Fig. 6-13. Warp vs. Conventional OBM Viscosity
Wellbore isolation (a cased hole being the * Maintain gel strengths, yield point, and
perfect isolated wellbore) can be considered the viscosity at the lowest levels that will clean
ultimate lost circulation cure as it will create a the hole effectively;
barrier to pressure, chemical contaminants and
* Maintain low MBT levels.
fluid transmissions.
Very few fluids have the capacity to create Additives for Preventing losses
such an impenetrable structure around the
A flow diagram for the prevention of losses
wellbore. One that can come close, however, is
is provided in Fig. 6-14. To prevent losses in
the silicate-based Sildril* system. The drilling
reservoirs, the choices available are more
industry used silicate chemistry as early as
restrictive; these are summarized in Table 6-1
the 1960’s to overcome troublesome water-
and discussed more fully in Chapter 8 .
sensitive clays. A secondary feature of silicates
was for use as a corrosion inhibitor in many
Treatments with additives to prevent or
industries other than petroleum. The bond
mitigate lost circulation can be classified as
created between the silicate and clay layers is
either low or high-fluid-loss.
such that it can be compared to a covalent bond
in organic chemistry, creating a structural film
Low-Fluid-Loss Treatments
that will seal existing openings and prevent the
development of new fractures. These are effective where the openings in the
formation can be sealed relatively rapidly. These
Various wellbore-isolating techniques may also treatments entail materials such as cement,
be used, including plastering agents, such as resins, cross-linkable materials and particulates
asphaltic and asphaltenic materials and others that pack tightly at the wellbore or within the
that generate very tight filter cakes and, in turn, openings of the loss zone. Sealing the wall of
ultra-low fluid loss. Fluid/pressure isolation the wellbore can be effective if the fraction of
also can be achieved through the formation of larger particles are capable of forming a stable
relatively impermeable plugs using swellable or external barrier (or a plug just inside the mouths
cross-linkable polymers. of the openings) that can be sealed with smaller
materials. If a bridge can be created internally,
Drilling Fluid Maintenance the seal is more permanent, inasmuch as fluid
and mechanical motion will not dislodge it as
Regardless of the type of drilling fluid used,
easily.
it also is critical to maintain excellent fluid
properties. To minimize the potential for
Low-fluid-loss treatments generally use
wellbore instability that may lead to lost
LCM, which usually is administered as high-
circulation, it is important to:
concentration pills to cure losses. Conversely,
* Accurately calculate the hydraulics profile of to prevent losses, the whole drilling fluid
the well and monitor it at the rig; may be treated with LCM to provide a
“background” concentration of the material.
* Use good hole-cleaning practices;
Alternatively, though less effective, the LCM
* Optimize the configuration and can be administered as 3.18 – 15.9 m3 pills
performance of solids control equipment; that are added regularly, e.g., every 10 to 30 m,
depending on the drilling operation and the
* Use minimum mud weight while drilling, type of loss zone expected to be encountered.
and any change in density should be For permeable and naturally fractured zones,
performed slowly. general prescriptions typically are based on
blends of sized CaCO3 and synthetic graphite.
* Maintain low fluid loss and a thin filter cake;
fractures or pores. Bridging is defined as the (PSD) of the material, it may be necessary
structure that is built when the D90 of the LCM is to install larger mesh screens when using
less than half the aperture. Typically, plugging these products in the fluid system. If the
is thought to occur when the D90 of the LCM concentration used is high (0 to 50 kg/m3), it
is greater than the aperture of the formation may be economical to install a separate LCM
openings. Thus, plugging tends to occur at or recovery unit, which would then recycle the
near the mouths of the openings, whereas material back into the circulating system.
bridging occurs internally. The MD-3* multi-deck shaker, which is discussed
in more detail in Chapter 7. is recommended
Whether the formation openings are plugged for LCM recovery. The shaker has three separate
or bridged, finer particles also are necessary to decks: upper deck serves as a scalper for the
fill the voids between the coarse particles. Even coarse cuttings; middle deck screens out the
finer particles are necessary to generate a tight specified size LCM and the third deck removes
filter cake, thus producing a seal to control fluid the finer cuttings. Another option might the
loss. However, with normally weighted fluids, use of the Managed Particle Size Recovery System*
the size and shape of the weighting material (MPSRS), which likewise is detailed in the next
is such that it takes on the role played by fine chapter.
LCM. Consequently, in weighted fluids, the
concentration of fine LCM can be reduced or The “/” represents “and/or”, so that CaCO3
even eliminated. / asphaltic products means CaCO3 with or
without asphaltic products. Asphaltic products
Pre-treatment consists of adding certain include materials like Asphasol Supreme (for
types of LCM to the drilling fluid system in OBM/SBM). WBM should use xanthan or welan
preparation for expected losses. Pre-treatment gum polymer as the viscosifier, starch for fluid
PHYSICAL MECHANICAL
May 2011
(Plugging & Sealing) (Stress Enhancement & Sealing)
Whole Mud
Treatment Repetitive Pills#
OPTI-STRESS*
Background LCM
Repetitive Pills# Maintain Background LCM
in Mud or Pills
Non Aqueous
Water Base Fluid
Fluid
General Use
General Use N.A.F R.D.F and FORM-A-SQUEEZE*
OPTISEAL III* Acidizing
OPTISEAL IV*
Prevention
General Pill#:
Maintain Fluid PSD with:
(30-50) Kg/m³ CaCO₃ + 15 Kg/m³ EMI-1820*
(120-200) Kg/m³ CaCO₃ + (30-60) Kg/m³
G-SEAL PLUS + Fiber
G-SEAL PLUS + Fiber
Fig. 7-1. Software used to Design WSM for Stress Cage Perhaps the most effective approach is
Application separating the drilled Fines and cuttings
while simultaneously recovering the majority
When either the FPR or Stress Cage technique is of the WSM for recycling through the active
applied cotinuously, it is essential to maintain pit. As shown in Fig. 7-3, a number of devices
the required PSD of the mud. Monitoring of the configured for this purpose or a single apparatus
PSD or at least the trend in the PSD should be may be used. The three-level shaker shown
done on-site, preferably continuously. An in- in Fig. 7-3 is configured in a series with three
line granulometer based on electrical or optical different screen meshes: cuttings are taken out
techniques can provide this measurement. A at the top level, Fines at the bottom, and WSM is
batch method based on wet sieve analysis (Fig. recovered from the middle level.
7-2) is a good cost-effective alternative that
offers the advantage of removing drilled Fines
and weighting material so that they do not
mask the measurements of the WSM.
4 1 2 2-3 3 3-4 4
15 1 2 3 3-4 3-4 4
20 1 2 3 3-4 3-4 4
40 1 3 3-4 4 4 4
45 0 1 3 3-4 4 4-5
70 0 1 3-4 4 4-5 5
75 0 2-3 4 4-5 5 5
100 0 3 4 4-5 5 5
120 0 3 3 4 4 4
140 0 3 3-4 4 4-5 5
Adding barite to the plug will provide the should be added through the hopper as
desired weight and will not affect the setting quickly as possible, but making sure it is
time. The amount of barite needed can be evenly distributed throughout the mix
calculated by the weight of the un-weighted
formulation. 9. Displace the Form-A-Plug II to the well.
Viscous spacers – If the reservoir drilling fluid
Mixing Procedures is high in salinity, a minimum 1.5 m3 are
recommended ahead and behind the Form-A-
The cross-linkable mechanism is a chemical Plug II. The spacer can either be water based or
reaction. Therefore, it is important to control oil based (synthetic/mineral oil), but should not
the ingredients and mixing conditions carefully contain any salt. It should be weighted to the
in order to ensure the reaction proceeds same density as the drilling fluid and the Form-
as expected. The following procedure is A-Plug II.
recommended:
1. Ensure the pit and mixing lines are flushed Placement Procedures
clean and free of salt, brine and/or any
materials that could affect the salinity or The following procedures are recommended for
pH of the pill. spotting the Form-A-Plug II in all hole sections.
Generally, it is recommended to leave the pill to
2. Add the appropriate volume of drill water set up for 6 hr.
to the pit; pH should be 6-8.
Partial Losses:
3. If a retarder is required, add it as fast as
practical via the mix hopper. 1. Calculate the volume required to fill 250 m
of open hole. This is the preferred volume to
4. Add the appropriate quantity of plug via pump.
the mix hopper at a rate of 3-4 min. per 25
kg sack (with good mixing equipment). 2. If the drilling fluid is high in salinity,
viscous spacers (minimum 1.5 m3) are
5. Shear to yield the polymers. recommended ahead and behind the Form-
A-Plug II.
6. Add barite to desired density.
3. Displace the Form-A-Plug II in the hole.
7. Keep the fluid dispersed with mild Depending on the operator’s preference
agitation. and any other well particulars, it is
8. Immediately before pumping add the recommended the Form-A-Plug II be set
appropriate quantity of accelerator. This either as a “Balanced Plug” or by “Pump and
Pull”.
3. Mix up a 5 m3 “Total Loss of Return Pill” * Any fluid left in the string will set-up inside.
(described earlier) and pump in front of The fluid should be displaced properly and
the Form-A-Plug II as a viscous spacer (For spotted as required.
practical reasons this type of viscous spacer
* It is recommended that the plug be left static
can also be pumped behind the Form-A-Plug
in place for a minimum 6 hr before drilling
II, minimum 1, 5 m3).
out/dressing the plug.
4. Bullhead into the formation a volume equal
* If possible, a sample of the pill should be
to 100 m of open hole.
left static in a heating oven at the same
5. Once displaced, the string should be pulled temperature as the lost circulation point.
clear 50 m above the theoretical top of This will confirm the setting time.
plug (in case losses are further up the hole).
* Surplus Form-A-Plug II left in the pit should
Afterwards, another volume equal to 50-
be dumped while it is still in a fluid state.
100 m of open hole should then be bull-
Pit, lines and pumps should be flushed
headed into the formation. (When Total
thoroughly with drill water.
Losses are experienced, the purpose of bull-
heading in two steps is to allow time for the * Treat the fluid with care. The addition of
Form-A-Plug II to become more viscous and lime or calcium chloride to the system
not just disappear into the formation) causes rapid setting.
6. If formation integrity allows, maintain a * Low pH will delay (or in extreme cases
backpressure for 6 hr before drilling out. prevent) setting up the Form-A-Plug II. Keep
acid out of the fluid. High pH will cause
Note: A maximum of 1.5 hr is rapid setting. Since the set-up rate increases
recommended from the time pumping the with temperature, avoid situations such as
EMS-8320
EMS-8320 is an NAF-based breakable
reinforcing gel-sealing product. It can seal both
permeable and impermeable formations. The
working temperature range is from 20 to 135°C.
It is a ready-to-use plugging product, and thus
must be pumped as soon as the drum is opened.
* Use Virtual Hydraulics to monitor ECD and It is very important to known when to apply
prevent inducing losses alternative techniques, such as the. Mud Cap
method, if the conventional LCM methods are
unsuccessful. Planning ahead based on offset
Use LCM in the Active Mud System well data is highly recommended and may help
In previous guidelines, the suggested minimize mud losses by optimizing the length
concentration of LCM was 60 kg/m3, but that of the decision-making process in the critical
DE E P W A T E R F R A C G R A DIE N T S
A ir ga p = 50 ft
F R A C G R A DIE N T ppg (Estimated)
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0
0
1000
2000
3000
WD=500'
4000 WD=1000'
WD=2000'
TVD Below Mud Line
5000
WD=3000'
6000 WD=4000'
WD=5000'
7000 WD=6000'
WD=7000'
8000
WD=8000'
9000 WD=9000'
WD=10000'
10000
11000
12000
13000
Fig. 10-1. Deep water fracture gradients, depicting mud weights that are 90% of the
overburden weight equivalent. In cases, lost returns occur when the mud weight is increased
above 90% of the overburden.
May 2011
10 lb/bbl KWIK SEAL
YES
Stage in Hole
Mud Loss
Mix and Spot
Full Returns
OBM & SBM Lost
Circulation
Flowchart Partial Returns
Severe Mud Loss
20 – 30 BPH
No Returns
Deepwater
Results
Displace to
Water base mud
FORM-A-SET
FORM-A-PLUG
If Still No Returns DIASEAL M Squeeze
10-3
Chapter 11 - Ballooning
Ballooning, sometimes referred to as breathing, of an interval reaches greater depths, the risk
is characterized by the combination of continual of developing wellbore ballooning increases. If
mud flow from the wellbore when the pumps mud weight is increased to manage wellbore
are turned off and a loss of mud when the pressure, the combined effects of higher density
pumps are turned on. The volume “lost” to and ECD may push the wellbore pressure very
the formation when the pumps are turned on close to the fracture initiation pressure of the
typically is similar to the volume “gained” when weakest point in the interval, which typically
the pumps are turned off. is the casing shoe. If this occurs, the pressure
may be sufficient for a network of fine fractures
The volume gain on pump shutdown can flow to develop, without the fractures opening
for upwards of 30 min and involve volumes in sufficiently to cause severe lost circulation.
excess of 16 m3. Consequently, the flow is often
mistaken as a kick. If the flow is assumed to be Alternatively, the increasing pressure may
a kick, and well control procedures are initiated, be enough to open existing fractures. The
lost circulation becomes a considerable risk. fractures then will open and draw fluid from the
Should ballooning, in fact, be the cause of any wellbore, giving the mistaken impression that
observed flow from the well, increasing the mud lost circulation is occurring. When circulation is
weight should be avoided at all costs. Since the stopped, the pressure in the wellbore decreases
results of misinterpreting a ballooning scenario and the fractures are able to close, displacing
can be severe, it is imperative that ballooning be the “lost” mud back into the wellbore and, again
understood very clearly. wrongly, suggesting the well is flowing.
Typically, ballooning develops because of either Managing to stay within the available pore
in-situ fractures in the formation being drilled pressure-fracture gradient window, without
or induced fractures that have developed while initiating ballooning, lost circulation, or well
drilling. Regardless, ballooning is characterized control, is a major challenge, particularly in
by mud flowing into fractures that are opened deep water. As illustrated in Fig. 11-1, a limit
as a result of the applied pressure of the is approached where the wellbore pressure is
circulating fluid (the apparent loss of mud), and close to the pore pressure at TD and the fracture
the flow back of the same mud into the wellbore gradient at the shoe, thus mandating casing
as the fractures close upon the cessation of must be set.
circulation (mud gain on the surface). As drilling
Start drilling
60.00
50.00
40.00 11659.75 ft
11721.66 ft
30.00 11800.65 ft
11842.09 ft
20.00 11874.1 ft
11893.14 ft
10.00 11932.21 ft
11989.05 ft
0.00
0:00:00 0:01:26 0:02:53 0:04:19 0:05:46 0:07:12
While Method 2 is more time consuming, the and monitor the wellbore for the onset of
ability to differentiate a kick from borehole ballooning:
ballooning is enhanced greatly. The second
method also provides a clearer indication 1. Ensure all surface equipment is configured
that the well is in fact stable (even though for drilling ahead.
ballooning may be occurring) and that drilling
can recommence safely. 2. After displacing to a synthetic-based fluid
(SBM), circulate at a drill-ahead flow rate,
Once ballooning has been initiated, it is shut down the pumps and record the time
important to realize that even though the required for flow to decrease to zero, along
total volume that flows back will increase and with the total volume gained in the active
the time required for flow to reach zero may system from the time the pumps are shut
increase, the shape of the flow back profile will down.
be similar. If a kick is occurring, the flow will
3. Repeat this procedure if an FIT/LOT is
not decrease to zero and may actually increase.
performed after the displacement. If FIT/
LOT was performed prior to displacement,
The following procedure was used on a deep
proceed directly to Step 4. The times and
water Gulf of Mexico well to fingerprint
30
20 20
10
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume (ml)
Fig. 11-3: Increase in fracture re-opening pressure when G-Seal placed in fracture. Re-opening
pressure is approximately 100% higher. 0
0 5 10
11-4 May 2011 Ballooning
3. Reducing the fluid rheology to lower the necessary. Doing so will result in lost circulation.
ECD
A flow chart for identifying and managing
4. Reducing the rate of penetration ballooning is provided in Fig. 11-4.
For options 2-4, consideration must be given to
the effect that changing these parameters will
have on other aspects of the operation. It may
also be necessary to adjust other parameters if
either of these options is applied.
Does the well give After having first established (while drilling cement)
no
back fluid on the base-line flow-back volume and time, apply the
connections ? following flow-chart while drilling ahead.
yes
Is the volume
yes
greater than the
baseline volume ?
no
Circulate at
no Is gas present
reduced flow
on bottoms up ?
for 30 minutes
yes
Implement well
Drill ahead
control procedures
Usually, mud programs are determined through During well construction, changes in lithology
an analysis of the formations to be encountered may make it necessary to displace one system
during a drilling operation. Pre-spud planning with another. For instance, an inhibitive system
involves mud selection (water, oil, or synthetic), can be used to drill sensitive formations. Once
as well as the fluid density, chemistry, and these formations are cased, the premium
rheology required for adequate hole cleaning, system can be displaced with a less expensive
optimum penetration rate and superior alternative for drilling the potential lost
wellbore integrity. If the fluid density is close circulation zones. Drilling economically in
APWD* - Annular Pressure While Drilling. APWD FPR – Fracture Propagation Resistance. Strength
data is used to prevent influx of formation of the wellbore to limit fracture growth.
fluids, stabilize the wellbore, and ensure that
the pressure remains inside the pore pressure / Hoop Stress – Induced tangential force around
fracture gradient window. the wellbore by the wellbore fluid when the
circumference of the wellbore is increased.
CDR* Tool- Compensated Dual Resistivity Tool.
The CRD tool contains sensors operated by mud Hoop Stress Riser – Linear elastic response of
pulses. No data is sent in real time when the the near wellbore region of a formation to a
mud pumps are off; the data is stored and sent fracture. This is often referred to as a “Stress
to the surface once pumping is re-established. Cage.”
Depleted Zone Drilling (DZD) – Drilling reservoir LCAP - Lost Circulation Assessment Plan. Drilling
sections with high pressure differentials plan to assess lost circulation potential and
between formations. These invariably involve control lost circulation occurrances.
large pore pressure differentials between
permeable and impermeable formations. LSRV – Low-Shear-Rate Viscosity, usually
measured at about 0.06 sec-1.
Dxx – The particle size below which xx% of
the particles exist, e.g. for D90 = 200 μm, 90% LCM – Lost Circulation Materials.
of the particles are of a size less than 200 μm
equivalent diameter. LOP – Leak-Off Pressure. The maximum pressure
or mud weight the wellbore can hold without
ECD – Equivalent Circulating Density. The new fractures forming or the mud “leaking off”
effective density of the fluid at downhole into the formation.
conditions: ECD (kg/m3) = 19.2 x Ph+a (Pa) / TVD
(ft), where Ph+a is the hydrostatic head plus the LPM – Loss Prevention Materials, now often
excess annular pressure. The hydrostatic head is called WSM (Wellbore Strengthening Materials).
the static mud density (MW + cuttings acquired Materials used to prevent lost circulation
at the bit); the excess annular pressure at a through strengthening the wellbore or plugging
given mud flow rate or velocity is governed by fractures.
the viscosity at the shear rate of the mud.
PP – Pore Pressure. Pressure exerted by
FG – Fracture Gradient. The pressure required formation fluids in the pore space.
to fracture the rock (Fracture Pressure, Pf),
converted to Equivalent Mud weight at the PSD – Particle Size Distribution. The distribution
depth of interest: FG (kg/m3) = 19.2 x Pf (Pa) / of particle sizes, generally determined using
TVD (m). laser light scattering and reported in μm.
Fracture Closure Stress (FCS) – The total Shmin – Minimum horizontal stress around the
compressive stress holding the mouth of a wellbore.
fracture closed. It is the sum of the combined
overburden and hoop stress riser stresses. It SICP - Shut-In Casing Pressure
has also been defined as the force required to
initiate a fracture.
Stress Cage – The increase in near-wellbore WSM – Wellbore Strengthening Materials.
strength (stress). It has been argued this is Products added to the drilling fluid to
identical to the concept of the “Hoop Stress strengthen the wellbore and increase the
Riser”. apparent fracture gradient, thus avoiding lost
circulation.
Wellbore Strengthening – A procedure designed
to increase the shear strength of a formation. * Mark of Schlumberger, Ltd.
Examples include using a low-water-activity
OBM/SBM, mechanically increasing formation
hoop stresses, and isolating the wellbore and/or
fracture tips.
Unit Conversion Factors
Multiply This By To Obtain
Volume
barrel (bbl) 5.615 cubic ft (ft3)
barrel (bbl) 0.159 cubic meter (m3)
barrel (bbl) 42 gallon, U.S. (gal)
barrel (bbl) 159 liter (L)
cubic feet (ft3) 0.0283 cubic meter (m3)
cubic feet (ft3) 7.48 gallon, U.S. (gal)
gallon, U.S. (gal) 0.00379 cubic meter (m3)
gallon, U.S. (gal) 3.785 liter (L)
cubic meter (m3) 6.289 barrel (bbl)
cubic meter (m3) 1,000 liter (L)
Mass or Weight
pound (lb) 453.6 gram (g)
pound (lb) 0.454 kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg) 2.204 pound (lb)
metric ton (mt) 1,000 kilogram (kg)
Length
feet (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)
inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)
inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)
meter (m) 3.281 feet (ft)
miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers (km)
Pressure
lb/in.2 (psi) 6.895 kiloPascal (kPa)
lb/in. 2 (psi) 0.06895 bar (bar)
lb/in. 2 (psi) 0.0703 kg/cm2
kiloPascal (kPa) 0.145 lb/in.2 (psi)
bar 100 kiloPascal (kPa)
Concentration
lb/bbl 2.853 kg/m3
kg/m3 0.3505 lb/bbl
Density
lb/gal 119.83 kg/m3 and g/L
kg/m3 0.008345 lb/gal
lb/gal 0.11983 g/cm3, kg/L or SG
lb/ft3 16.02 kg/m3 and g/L
g/cm3, kg/L or SG 8.345 lb/gal
Miscellaneous
lb/100 ft2 0.48 Pascal (Pa)
degree Fann (° Fann) 1.065 lb/100 ft2
dyne/cm2 4.8 lb/100 ft2
centipoise (cP) 1.0 mPa-sec
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Hefren, F.: “Challenges to MPD
Exemplifies MPD Success in Deep Depleted
Implementation,” 2005 IADC/SPE Managed
Fractured Carbonates,” 2006 SPE/IADC
Pressure Drilling Conf. and Exhib., San Antonio,
Managed Pressure Drilling and Underbalanced
TX, April 20-21, 2005.
Operations Conf. & Exhib., Galveston, March 28- Shelton, J.: “Experimental Investigation of
29, 2006. Drilling Fluid Formulations and Processing
Methods for A Riser Dilution Approach to Dual
Muir, K.: “MPD Techniques Address Problems in
Density Drilling,” m.S. Thesis, Louisiana State
Drilling Southeast Asia’s Fractured Carbonate
University, Dec. 2005.
Structures,” Drilling Contractor, p. 34, Nov/Dec
2006. Smith, K.: “MPD Helps to Make Problems
Disappear,” Drilling Contractor, p. 48, Sept/Oct
Ng, F.: “Well Control Simulation – A Tool for
2006.
Engineering and Operations,” AADE-05-
NTCE-51, AADE 2005 National Technical Conf. Song, J. H. and Rojas, J. C.: “Operational
and Exhib., Houston, TX, April 5-7, 2005. Considerations for Drilling Fluids for Wellbore
Strengthening,” 2005 IADC/SPE Managed
Perander, m.: “The Perception of HSE
Pressure Drilling Conf. and Exhib., San Antonio,
Regulations as ‘Hurdles’ to Implementation
TX, April 20-21, 2005.
of New Technology,” 2005 IADC/SPE Managed
Pressure Drilling Conf. and Exhib., San Antonio, Stone, C. R. and Medley, G.: “The benefits of
TX, April 20-21, 2005. light annular Mud Cap drilling in naturally
fractured formations,” Offshore Magazine Jul 1,
Rehm, B., Schubert, J., Haghshenas, A., Paknejad,
2004.
A. S. and Hughes, J.: “Managed Pressure
Drilling,” Gulf Publishing Company, 2008. Tennessen, T., Larsen, B. and Ronneberg, A.:
”Underbalanced Equipment Meets Challenges
Roes, V.: “Managed Pressure Drilling in a Deep
in MPD Applications Offshore Norway,” Drilling
Water Brown Field Environment,” 2005 IADC/
Contractor, p. 48, March/April 2006.
SPE Managed Pressure Drilling Conf. and Exhib.,
San Antonio, TX, April 20-21, 2005. Valkó P. and Economides m. J.: “Hydraulic
Fracture Mechanics,” PP 86-87, John Wiley &
Santos, H.: “Prototype Testing Indicate Positive
Sons Inc. 1995.
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2006. “Avoiding Losses in Depleted and Weak Zones
by Constantly Strengthening Wellbores,” SPE
Shaikh, m.: “3-D Managed Pressure Drilling
125093, 2009 Ann. Tech. Conf and Exhibition,
Around a Salt Dome Using Coiled Tubing:
New Orleans, Oct 4-7, 2009.
A Case Study, Challenges and Solutions,”
SPE 102608, 2006 Abu Dhabi International Warren, T., Houtchens, B. and Madell, G.:
Petroleum Exhib. and Conf., Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., “Casing Drilling Technology Moves to More
Nov. 5–8, 2006. Challenging Applications,” AADE 01-NC-HO-32.
Appendix 1: LCM Products by Name
As a weighting D50's = #5
agent up to 14.0 Porous and - 9.5; #25
White powder or Ultra fine, Fine,
Baracarb Baroid Sized CaCO3; Acid Soluble Granular ppg. Bridging agent. All mud systems fractured 5-10 ppb for brigding Acid soluble 2.8 - 25; #50 50 lb/sx
granules Medium, Coarse
Temporarily seal lost production zones - 46; #150 -
circulation zones 170.
Micronised Fiber
WBM- need to treat
particulates for seepage Fiberous cellulosic Preventative Regular- brown-
bulk with Algaecide/ Regular 25 lb/
loss control & diff. pressure material used to seal Sands and treatment @ 2-10 powdered material; Regular and
Barofiber Baroid Fiber All mud systems N/A density: 31 5-7 biocide to sx; Coarse 40
sticking preventive for fractured formations fractured zones ppb; Slug treatment Coarse - granulated Coarse
lb/ft4 prevent bacterrial lb/sx
fracture zones and porous and sands @ 30-50 ppb material
contaminaion; OBM-
sands & limestone
Do not use in
OBM due to
Blend of particles which Blend of different
Can be removed May water-wet solids water wetting
contains high strength All types of lost Preventative - 5-20 materials; brown Fine, Medium &
Baroseal Baroid Blend Most WBM's All formations by shakers and N/A 1.1 in Invert emulsion of solids; can 40 lb/sx
granules, flakes & fibers circulation ppb; Pill - 30-50 ppb white and gray Coarse
mud cleaner. mud. plug downhole
with a definite PSD particles and fibers
tools with small
tolerances.
Environmentally
safe, Bio-
Boysenblue/ degradable,
Preferentially oil wettable, As slug (15-35 ppb) or Light tan, finely
Celtec Mainly NAF base Under-pressured, effective
Blen-Fyber OM surface modified Fiber Seepage loss control added to the system 1.1 - 1.3 6.5 - 7.5 divided cellulose 40 lb/sx
International muds depleted sands secondary
micronized cellulose fiber (4-10 ppb) fiber
Inc. emulsifier due
to oleophyllic
properties
Pre-treatment & cure
Boysenblue/ Mixed, selected cellulose for Lost Circulation for Highly vugular,
As slug (20-40 ppb) or Dark brown to
Celtec fibers, surface modified to oil base muds - Can dolomite or By-pass shakers
Blen-Plug OM Fiber Oil base muds added to the system 1.3 - 1.5 6.5 - 7.5 tan mixed of sized Coarse 25 lb/sx
International preferentially oil-wet in the be used alone or with limestone when used
(4-12 ppb) cellulose fibers
Inc. presence of oil & water Blen-Fyber OM, Blen- formations
Seal WB, CaCO3,…
High Fluid loss squeeze - High fluid loss squeeze Wide Fine, Medium &
Bor-Plug Tanajiib Blend All formations N/A N/A N/A 50 lb/sx
Blend of sized CaCO3 or as LCM. range Coarse
No alkaline
Gravel packing
Blend of polymers and Porous and 60-70 pound per materials are
Bridgesal- applications where Saturated salt Water soluble 1 to 40 Avoid cross-linkers
TBC-Brinadd sized salt of particle size Granular fractured barrel of brine Free flowing powder needed for 50 lb/sx
Superfine plugging of the screens mud salt microns and breakers
range from 1 to 40 microns production zones solution the product to
must be avoided
function
Micronized fiber
Will not water
particulates for seepage Fiberous cellulosic
bulk wet; bridging
loss control and differential material used to seal Porous, depleted maintained in system Coarse and
Check-Loss Baker Hughes Fiber All mud systems N/A N/A density: 800 N/A Light brown, solid N/A N/A microfractured N/A
sticking preventative for depleted formations formations or in pills PLUS
kg/m 3
and permeable
fracture zones and porous and sands
formations
sands &/limestone
Formation Recommended Removal Temperature Specific pH in Particle
Name Company Description Type Applications Mud Systems Product Form Grades Limitations Remarks Packaging
Used Treatment Techniques Limit Gravity water Size
- Cure losses in
depleted sands - optimum
Boysenblue/
Reduce torque & As slug (20-40 ppb) or performance is
Celtec Graded & sized crustacean Depleted, porous Stable at high White to orange
Cruseal Flake drag, differential All mud systems added to the system Acid soluble 1.73 Fine & Medium obtained when 50 lb/sx
International flakes sands temp. flakes
sticking, bit balling - (5-10 ppb) fine & medium
Inc.
Plug perforations in blend is used
workovers
Micronized fiber
particulates for seepage
Porous and fractured As slug (25-35 ppb) or
loss control and differential Depleted, porous Medium and
Fibro-Seal KMC/SCOMI Fiber formations, depleted All mud systems added to the system
sticking preventative for zones coarse
sands (3-8 ppb)
fracture zones and porous
sands & limestone
Pumpable lost
Circulation plug is a Mix, then pump into
blend of minerals and annulus to the loss
High Fluid loss squeeze - polymers to create zone depth; then pull 95% Acid soluble White to beige Do not stop pumping Can be adjusted
Form-A-Plug II M-I SWACO Blend All mud systems All formations 2 7-8 Fine 55 lb/sx
Blend of sized CaCO3 suspension, fluid-loss pipe above plug and in 15% HCl powder while plug is in pipe. for density.
control and cross- "squeeze" the plug
linking to plug the loss into the loss zone.
zone.
Cross-linkable Polymer
Plug with sized LCMs (flake, Fractures, faults Bulk Pilot test for Follow
All types of lost As a pill spotted in
Form-A-SET (AKX) M-I SWACO fiber, granular, etc.) with Blend All mud systems and vugular N/A 0.96 density Light tan powder Fine temperatures above instuctions from 47 lb/sx
circulation loss zone
accelerator or retarder. formations 34.5 lb/ft3 250 F FAS software.
These are non-acid soluble.
Micronized fiber
particulates for seepage
Porous and fractured As slug (25-35 ppb) or
loss control and differential Depleted, porous Fine, Medium &
Fracseal Fine Summit Fiber formations, depleted All mud systems added to the system
sticking preventative for zones Coarse
sands (3-8 ppb)
fracture zones and porous
sands & limestone
45 bbls of freshwater
+ 80 50 lb bags
Cavernous 90-120 minute Must be mixed
Hydrating Polymer Blend; All types of lost of Hydroplug, No Cannot be dark gray to black
Hydro-Plug Baroid Blend All mud systems and vugular N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A window is required in freshwater if 50 lb/sx
Hydrating Gel Plug circulation Caustic and ime. Spot removed granules and flakes
formations to mix and pump used with NAF.
pill across zone, and
squeeze
Added to high
density CaCl2, CaBr2
100 ppb of base Can be used in
Blend of polymers and and ZnBr2 brines to Porous and
Saturated salt fluid, and 150 ppb Water soluble Avoid cross-linkers brines ranging
Hysal-Superfine TBC-Brinadd sized salt of particle size Granular provide bridging for fractured Free flowing powder 50 lb/sx
brines for densities above salt and breakers from 12.5 to 18.5
range from 1 to 40 microns gravel packing where production zones
17 ppg ppg
plugging the screens
must be avoided
Prevent mud loss by As slug (20-30 ppb) or White to grey more effective when
Porous, vugular Fine, Medium, &
KMC-Mica KMC/SCOMI Mica flakes Flake plugging channels and All mud systems added to the system N/A Insoluble 2.6-3.2 N/A powder or soft N/A mixed with other N/A 25 lb/sx
or fractured Coarse
void spaces (5-10 ppb) translucent flakes types of LCM
Prevent mud loss by As slug (20-30 ppb) or White to grey more effective when
Porous, vugular Fine, Medium, &
MICA M-I SWACO Mica flakes Flake plugging channels and All mud systems added to the system N/A Insoluble 2.6-3.2 N/A powder or soft N/A mixed with other N/A 40 lb/sx
or fractured Coarse
void spaces (5-10 ppb) translucent flakes types of LCM
Prevent mud loss by As slug (20-30 ppb) or White to grey more effective when
Porous, vugular Fine, Medium, &
MicaTex Baroid Mica flakes Flake plugging channels and All mud systems added to the system N/A Insoluble 2.6-3.2 N/A powder or soft N/A mixed with other N/A N/A
or fractured Coarse
void spaces (5-10 ppb) translucent flakes types of LCM
Formation Recommended Removal Temperature Specific pH in Particle
Name Company Description Type Applications Mud Systems Product Form Grades Limitations Remarks Packaging
Used Treatment Techniques Limit Gravity water Size
Wide
Porous and 50 lb/sx, 55
Temporarily seal lost Acid soluble range of
Milcarb Baker Hughes Sized CaCO3; Acid Soluble Granular All mud systems fractured 2.8 lb/sx, 110
circulation zones CaCO3 particle
production zones lb/sx
size.
Prevent mud loss by As slug (20-30 ppb) or White to grey more effective when
Porous, vugular Fine, Medium, &
MIL-Mica Baker Hughes Mica flakes Flake plugging channels and All mud systems added to the system N/A Insoluble 2.6-3.2 N/A powder or soft N/A mixed with other N/A
or fractured Coarse
void spaces (5-10 ppb) translucent flakes types of LCM
Can be added
Seepage control, through the hopper.
Spun Mineral Fibers; Mineral
N-Seal Baroid bridging, plugging All mud systems All formations Recommend 5-8 ppb Acid soluble N/A 2.6 N/A gray white fiber N/A N/A N/A N/A 30 lb/sx
Partially acid soluble (95%) Blend
voids, fractures in system, 15-30 ppb
pills
Biodegradeable,
High fluid loss squeeze non-damaging
Used as a pill to cure bulk density Beige to brown
(polymers and non acid All types of lost to producing
N-Squeeze Baroid Blend Water base muds All formations lost circ or a sweep to N/A N/A 20 - 25 lb/ 7.5 - 8.5 mixture, mixed mixed N/A N/A 25 lb/sx
soluble LCMs, not requiring circulation foramtions, will
clean the hole ft4 cellulose fibers
an accelerator or retarder). not flash set in
the drill string
Cross-linkable Polymer
Plug with sized LCMs (flake, bulk density Beige to brown
N-Squeeze with All types of lost Used as a pill to cure N-Plex is a liquid
Baroid fiber, granular, etc.) with Blend Water base muds All formations N/A N/A 20 - 25 lb/ 7.5 - 8.6 mixture, mixed mixed N/A N/A
N-Plex circulation lost circ alkaline salt
accelerator or retarder. ft5 cellulose fibers
These are non-acid soluble.
Formation Recommended Removal Temperature Specific pH in Particle
Name Company Description Type Applications Mud Systems Product Form Grades Limitations Remarks Packaging
Used Treatment Techniques Limit Gravity water Size
preventative in the
All types of lost active, pills across
All formation Fine, medium, Coarser grades can
Nut Plug SCOMI Nut Shell Particles Nut shells circulation, and high All mud systems loss zones, sweeps screen up Granular material N/A 50 lb/sx
types coarse be screened out
filtration squeezes to help clean bit and
hole.
preventative in the
All types of lost active, pills across
All formation Fine, medium, Coarser grades can
Nut Plug M-I SWACO Nut Shell Particles Nut shells circulation, and high All mud systems loss zones, sweeps screen up Granular material N/A 50 lb/sx
types coarse be screened out
filtration squeezes to help clean bit and
hole.
preventative in the
All types of lost active, pills across
All formation Fine, medium, Coarser grades can
Nutshells Gumpro Nut Shell Particles Nut shells circulation, and high All mud systems loss zones, sweeps screen up Granular material N/A 50 lb/sx
types coarse be screened out
filtration squeezes to help clean bit and
hole.
Wide
Porous and 50 lb/sx, 55
Temporarily seal lost Acid soluble range of
Opta-Carb KMC/SCOMI Sized CaCO3; Acid Soluble Granular All mud systems fractured 2.8 lb/sx, 110
circulation zones CaCO3 particle
production zones lb/sx
size.
Has extrememly
Wide high
International Porous and 2 ppb for seepage and range from compressive
Chemically inert, inorganic Forms a seal and Check Environmental
Perfect Seal Drilling Granular All mud systems fractured 10-15 ppb for partial Not removed 1000oF 1.5 #6 mesh to stength & 40 lb/sx
granular material prevent lost circulation regulations
Products, Inc. formations to complete losses #120 mesh cannot be
screens squeezed into
the formation
Perfsal is
spotted ahead
Gelled brine
of Bridgesal to
In gravel packing where Porous and wash is
Blend of polymer and sized Used in Bridgesal 3 sx / barrel of fresh fill perfs. The
Perfsal TBC-Brinadd Granular perforations need to be fractured circulated to Free flowing powder 50 lb/sx
salt systems water or brine. volume should
temporarily sealed. production zones clean & open the
be limited to
perforation
minimize the
coarse salt.
Formation Recommended Removal Temperature Specific pH in Particle
Name Company Description Type Applications Mud Systems Product Form Grades Limitations Remarks Packaging
Used Treatment Techniques Limit Gravity water Size
D50 for
: Plugsal
of 75,
Sized and treated salt. It Porous and Plugsal-X
Temporarily seal lost Saturated salt 25-50 ppb tobe added Water soluble Mud must be salt
Plugsal TBC-Brinadd has a wide distribution of Granular fractured 2.18 Free flowing crystals of 450 and Plugsal, X, X-C 50 lb/sx
circulation zones mud to a bridgesal system salt saturated
finely divided particles production zones plugsal-
X-C of
3100
microns
Cross-linkable Polymer
Plug with sized LCMs (flake,
Polymesh KMC/SCOMI fiber, granular, etc.) with Blend
accelerator or retarder.
These are non-acid soluble.
-20 >
Fine > 60
Angular material produced Effective in
mesh 14 > May water-wet solids Resists physical
by grinding, sizing and All types of lost fractured and 50% soluble in Blend of different Fine, medium,
Ruf-Plug Kelco-Rotary Blend All mud systems Medium > in Invert emulsion breakdown upon 50 lb/sx
blending the hard woody circulation unconsolidated 15% HCl materials coarse
40mesh 4 mud. impact.
ring portion of corn cobs formations.
> Coarse >
40 mesh
Wide
Porous and 50 lb/sx, 55
Temporarily seal lost Acid soluble range of
SAFE-CARB M-I SWACO Sized CaCO3; Acid Soluble Granular All mud systems fractured 2.8 lb/sx, 110
circulation zones CaCO3 particle
production zones lb/sx
size.
vugular and
High Fluid loss squeeze - moderate to severe squeeze across a thief granular white
Solu-Squeeze Baker Hughes Blend All mud systems fractured N/A N/A 2.5 - 2.8 N/A mixed mixed N/A N/A N/A
Blend of sized CaCO3 losses zone material
formations
100% < 40
Loss circulation
mesh(635)
Resilient, angular, dual- prevention in porous Porous, depleted As slug (15-100
Black, angular 56% > 85 Fine, medium,
Steel Seal Baroid composition carbon & Angular and fractured zones. All mud systems and fractured ppb) or added to the N/A N/A 1.75 N/A N/A N/A 50 lb/sx
material mesh (300) coarse
graphite material Also for torque & drag formations system (2-8 ppb)
95% > 200
reduction in WBM
mesh (127)
Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbon/ Porous and fractured Porous and
D50 of 250 Check Environmental
Stop-Loss Conoco carboneceous material of Blend formations, depleted All mud systems fractured 40-100 ppb pills 2.2 Black porous powder 50 lb/sx
microns regulations
both granular & fibrous sands formations
shape
Non-
combustible,
Porous and fractured
Interlocking mineral wool non-fermenting,
formations, depleted Porous and 90% soluble in
Rockwool fiber that provides a strong non-polluting,
StrataWool Fiber sands; General lost All mud systems fractured 1 to 5 ppb to be added 10% HCl in 80 1800oF 2.6 7-8 Powder
Industries framework for a durable non-toxic,
circularion cases, formations min.
mud cake non-corrosive,
drilling and workovers
odorless
inorganic.
This is a
Acid soluble (95%) Porous and fractured Porous and Acid soluble
15-25 ppb treatments, systematic
Thermatek Baroid Crosslink Polymer Gel with Blend formations, depleted All mud systems fractured (95%) in 15-28% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
mixes below the BHA approach to lost
Retarder and accelerator sands formations hydrochloric acid
circulation.
Micronized fiber
Porous and fractured
particulates for seepage
formations, depleted Porous and
loss control and differential Fine, medium,
Truseal Petrochem Fiber sands; General lost All mud systems fractured
sticking preventative for coarse
circularion cases, formations
fracture zones and porous
drilling and workovers
sands & limestone
95% wet
Micronized, surface 6 to 10 ppb for whole Light tan to brown Supplement
Venture Porous, depleted washes
Ven-Fyber 201 modified, cellulose Fiber Prevent seepage losses Oil mud mainly mud and up to 150 1.54 3-7 finely divided emulsifier in 40 lb/sx
Chemicals, Inc. formations through
derivative ppb as pills powder OBM
100 mesh
Dark brown to
Blend of organic fibers of Porous and fractured Porous and As slug (20-50 ppb) or
Venture Water mud light tan fluffy, 5/16" Will be screened
Ven-Pak wide variety of types and Fiber formations, depleted fractured added to the system 0.41 25 lb/sx
Chemicals, Inc. systems voluminous fibrous grind out at shakers.
sizes of particles sands formations (3-20 ppb)
solid
preventative in the
All types of lost active, pills across
Baroid and All formation Fine, medium, Coarser grades can
Walnut Nut Shell Particles Nut shells circulation, and high All mud systems loss zones, sweeps screen up N/A N/A Granular material N/A N/A 50 lb/sx
Baker Hughes types coarse be screened out
filtration squeezes to help clean bit and
hole.
Cross-linkable Polymer
Plug with sized LCMs (flake,
X-Link Baker Hughes fiber, granular, etc.) with Blend
accelerator or retarder.
These are non-acid soluble.
Appendix 2: Nominal* Particle Sizes of LCM
a Cross-Linkable Product
OptiBridge User Guide and Applications After the optimum blend option is selected, the
The primary application of OptiBridge is output provides the optimum portions of the
designing a tighter and less damaging seal recommended bridging agents for the given
over a formation or screen. The first step in pore size, fracture width or screen.
the process of forming an optimum seal is The secondary application of OptiBridge is
defining the pore size, fracture width or screen generating the PSD data for a blend of selected
type from a screen-type dropdown to be bridging agents or fluids. Again, these blends
sealed with a tight filter cake with minimum are based on the PSD and concentration of each
invasion damage. The maximum or average selected bridging agent or fluid.
A3-1 - Screen capture of the OptiBridge software
Appendix 4: Opti-Stress Design of Particulate Blends for
Wellbore Strengthening
What is Opti-Stress based on information from offset wells. Among
the many sources of uncertainties are data
Opti-Stress* is a practical software tool for use obtained from logging and well testing analyses
in designing effective wellbore strengthening. of offsets. For example, it may be impossible
The proprietary software comprises two to determine exactly the maximum horizontal
basic building blocks: a reasonably accurate stress in the well. It could range, for example.,
prediction of fracture width; the appropriate from 5,400 to 5,600 psi, but an exact value
blending of granular wellbore strengthening within this range is unknown. The uncertainty
materials (WSM) to plug the predicted fracture in the input variables is shown in the top left
width. The primary challenges in predicting corner (section I-1) of Fig. A-4-1.
fracture width surround the uncertainties of
rock properties and down-hole conditions, along One method of addressing these uncertainties
with difficulties in modeling. Once the fracture is to employ a Monte Carlo simulation, which
width is predicted, the wide variety of both is a computational method that repeatedly and
standard and locally-sourced WSM requires the randomly samples possible input values and
blending algorithms and design software is computes results based on these samplings. The
flexible and adaptive. output provides a broader spectrum of possible
outcomes and can rank the inputs that most
The software is built on a spreadsheet affect the output, also known as a sensitivity
framework that promotes usability and analysis. Each input with uncertainty is
simplicity. The closed-form solution for quantified by transforming it into a statistical
predicting fracture aperture allows Monte Carlo distribution that relates to the possible range
simulations to be implemented, permitting and distribution of values. The larger the
more than 10,000 simulations in less than a samplings, the more accurate the prediction.
minute. Users can customize choices for WSM Generally, a typical simulation consists of
loss by uploading PSD and other properties into several thousand iterations. Each input value
the program database. can be modeled by a “most likely,” which reflects
a minimum and a maximum value with an
Opti-Stress User Guide appropriate distribution. These can be based on
Figure A-4-1 is a snapshot of the software, the results of logging analysis, laboratory or well
illustrating the two basic building blocks. testing, or other databases. The Monte Carlo
simulation samples each of these distributions,
Fracture Width Prediction performs fracture-width calculations, and
generates a fracture width distribution.
This discussion addresses fracture aperture for a
wellbore of any deviation and orientation under The primary output from the simulation is the
anisotropic stress conditions. The closed-form probability or risk of results, such as the P10,
solution for the fracture aperture is based on P50 and P90 values of fracture aperture (plot I-2
linear fracture mechanics. The model depends in Fig. A-4-1), thus indicating the probability of
on well deviation and orientation, fracture having apertures less than the corresponding
length, wellbore radius, in-situ stresses (SV, SH values. The sensitivity analysis fills a
and Sh), bottom hole pressure and rock elastic complementary role by ranking the importance
properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio). and relevance of the inputs in determining the
variation in the output. The sensitivity graph in
However, the inputs required for fracture Fig. A-4-1 (Section I-3) highlights the importance
aperture prediction can include considerable of minimizing the uncertainty in the minimum
uncertainties, especially when the inputs are
horizontal stress inherent from leak-off or other the optimum P90 blend. A seal formed at the
tests. In this example, uncertainty in the rock entrance of the aperture, along with fracture
properties of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s filling and Sealing with the finer fractions,
ratio is shown to have little impact on final provide the ideal fracture sealing. Section II of
results. the figure also shows the bridging quality of the
final blend and product coverage.
Formulation of WSM
The three plots marked as Section III in the
Conventional WSM blends based on the Ideal
figure illustrate the cumulative PSD of a WSM
Packing Theory (IPT) often ignore the presence
blend that provides an effective sealing pressure
of barite in the drilling fluid. Barite particles
for a sample fracture width distribution P10,
can fill the voids between larger WSM and form
P50, and P90 values of 361, 583, and 731
an effective seal behind the plug and close to
microns, respectively. By switching PSD files and
the wellbore wall. Experimental data suggest
WSM choices, the tool can be used to objectively
the PSD of the finer fractions of the WSM affect
compare concentration requirements for various
fluid-loss characteristics and seal pressure
types of WSM, such as Calcium Carbonate, sized
integrity (Kaageson-Loe et al. 2008). This data
synthetic graphite, or crushed nutshells.
highlights the importance of optimizing the
WSM blend design by utilizing the barite
Finally, an inversion technique is used to
already present in the mud. Barite loading in
generate the gain in net fracture pressure as a
weighted mud is much higher than the WSM
result of a successful wellbore-strengthening
concentration used in wellbore-strengthening
application. Assuming a fracture can be
applications. More information can be found in
bridged and sealed as perfectly as possible, the
the OptiBridge discussion (Appendix 3).
tool generates the net fracture pressure for the
P10, P50, and P90 fracture widths as shown in
Typical wellbore-strengthening applications
Fig. A-4-1 Section III.
use some combination of (a) sized synthetic
graphite, (b) crushed, sized marble (CaCO3) Opti-Stress Benefits
and (c) crushed nutshells (Growcock et al.
2009). The choice of WSM blend for a given This practical software is a fast and user-friendly
fracture width strongly depends on the PSD tool for wellbore strengthening applications.
of the WSM. Providing the PSD for the given The incorporated Monte Carlo simulation also
WSM are available, the software tool is flexible permits the user to estimate the probability of
enough to use locally-sourced products. Figure a certain-sized fracture given the uncertainties
A-4-1 (Section II) shows the available WSM of the various parameters that affect fracture
used for this example simulation, along with growth. It helps to comparatively evaluate the
the inputs required to specify the presence and effect of each input parameter on the final
type of barite in the drilling fluid. The user can result.
select from a collection of PSD files that can be
customized to suit individual needs and WSM The tool generates results that allow for either
availability. a conservative P10 or more aggressive P90
value. In addition, it considers the variety of
Monte Carlo simulation generates P10, P50, local WSM sources and is flexible, adaptive
and P90 fracture widths that indicate the and incorporates barite and drilling solids into
probabilities of fracture widths less than those the blending algorithm. Doing so provides an
calculated values. The blending algorithm (Fig. accurate estimation for both weighted and
A-4-1- Section II) generates the optimum WSM non-weighted fluids. Moreover, the successful
blend required to plug and seal a fracture width application of this wellbore strengthening
for each probabilistic value. The choice of WSM technique also generates a probabilistic
for P10 and P50 fracture widths are a sub-set of estimation of the net fracture pressure gain.
Fig A-4-1. Screen capture of the wellbore strengthening design software. (Colored rectangles
are superimposed for demonstration purposes only and distinguish software sections based on
discussions in text: orange for Section I, blue for Section II, and green for Section III).
Appendix 5: FASware – Design of Form-A Pills
Introduction
1. The proprietary Excel-based FASware* software is integrated in the ECCP software suite under
System Toolbox module.
2. The software representes the package of programs covering the formulation, mixing, spotting
and squeezing procedures for different cross linking pills i.e. Form-A-Set, Form-A-Set AK, Form-A-
Set AKX, and Form-A-Plug II.
2. If the Decision Electronic Form is run, answer each question by clicking Yes or No.
Decision Worksheet
“Form-A” products
mixing tables
3. From either the Main Page or the Decision Electronic Form (if it was run) click on the
appropriate field for the chosen “Form-A” product.
Note: Form-A-Set, Form-A-Set AK and Form-A-Set AKX have the same mixing table format. However,
Form-A-Plug II has a different mixing table format and requires an additional set up.
Example: If the Form-A-Set AK is the recommended product for that particular application, click
on the either Form-A-Set AK (only for 47 lb/sx) or Form-A-Set AK (only for 25 lb/sx) Check first with
the warehouse or the inventory to see whether 47 lb/sx or 25 lb/sx is available. After clicking the
“Mixing Formulation,” the following page will be displayed.
The program comes with the
standard products packing.
Do not change this numbers
unless necessary. The most
likely number to be changed
is Weight Material (the pre-set
value is 100 lb/sx).
5. In order to run the Form-A-Plug II Mixing Formulation, make sure the Excel version running on
your computer has the SOLVER function installed and active.
Step 3: Click on Add-ins
Step 5: Check on
Solver Add-ins and
then click OK.
The Solver Add-
Ins will be on
Data-Analysis
Tab.
When the SOLVER function has been installed, from the Main Page (FAS-ware.xls) click on Form-A-
Plug II Mixing Formulation (orange-colored field). The page below will be displayed.
After selecting the appropriate density range, the page below will be displayed.
The green-colored fields represent
Input the required data in the calculated values for mixing either 1
orange-colored fields: bbl, the desired volume as defined on
• Form-A-Plug II slurry weight the step 5, or 1 bbl equivalent (350 ml
• Weight Material SG – Pilot Test Formulation).
• BHT
Step 1: Click
on Solver
Step 2: Click
Step 2: Click ononSolve
Solve
Step 3: Click OK
Step 3: Click OK
Troubleshooting Guide for Solver add-ins
Step 3: Un-Check
Solver Add-Ins and
click OK
Step 4: Repeat Step 1
and 2 then Check Solver
Add-Ins and click OK
This work sheet can be used to calculate volume and pumping schedule for all type of pills and is
not limited to only the “Form-A” product.
7. After running the Mixing Chart and Volume Calculation and Pumping Schedule, click on
Spotting & Squeezing Procedures (at the bottom of the Mixing Formulation sequence of the
chart). The program will hyper-link a template word document for each individual “Form-A”
product.
8. Fill in the blanks the Spotting & Squeezing Procedures with the information provided by the
Mixing Chart. The document should be tailored in order to match each specific application (rig
mixing equipment details and pits lay-out, operator company logo, etc.)
9. Input the required data in the Price List before running the Total Cost Evaluation.
Input the unit cost
(USD) in the orange-
colored fields. The
program comes
with the standard
packaging for the
Form-A and all the
related products.
Click on the Total Cost Evaluation tab and the screen below will be displayed.
Use the pull-down menu for The green-colored field will display
selecting the appropriate products the Total Cost (USD) for the Form-A
for each pill (i.e., Form-A pill, pill and associated sweeps/spacers.
surfactant sweep, high-viscosity
spacer)
Saving the files
1. At the end of each work session, save the file (Excel or Word) with the “save as” function and
choose a file name different than the original template file name; these individual files can be
saved in the computer hard drive.
2. It is recommended to create a folder in the computer hard drive where to save all the work
sessions related to different runs/wells.
Appendix 6: LCM Guidelines for Downhole Tools
Introduction on 10.0 lb/gal NaCl brine mixed with different
concentrations of either NutPlug Fine or NutPlug
High-concentration LCM drilling fluid systems Medium. The exact concentrations are based on
are considered harsh drilling environments for the size of the tool being tested.
MWD and steerable tools. Accordingly, nearly all
of the MWD suppliers provide a maximum LCM The MWD tested can be either a collar or probe-
concentration in their specification bulletins based tool. Collar- based tools have proven less
for each tool. Most MWD manufacturers have susceptible to blockage or turbine jams, as they
designed a test method for specifying the have been modified with filter screens over
maximum amount of LCM allowed to pass the turbine power section of the transmitter
through a tool. immediately above mud Seal. Also, the rotor
blades have been cut back to allow for more
For these tests, NutPlug is the commonly clearance between the rotor and the inside
accepted standard for measuring the capacity of the turbine housing. With Schlumberger’s
of an LCM to pass through a particular MWD PowerSteering and similar steerable tools, the
tool. NutPlug is ground walnut or pecan hulls internal components are isolated from the
used for treatment of lost circulation or as a drilling fluid and, as such, the use of LCM is not a
granular type lubricant to reduce torque and limiting factor in their performance.
drag. NutPlug is available in Fine (D90 = 880 µm),
medium (D90 = 1800 µm) and Coarse (D90 = 3700 At the time of this writing, a brief search of
µm) particle sizes. Typical treatments are from 5 MWD and steerable tool bulletins revealed
to 15 kg/m3 for preventative measures and from all major MWD service companies report
15 to 75 kg/m3 for more severe losses. the maximum LCM concentration for their
respective tools as 100 kg/m3 NutPlug Fine
The testing system consists of a test tool of to 180 kg/m3 NutPlug Medium. Table A-6-1
a pre-determined size incorporated in a flow presents examples of the LCM limitations of
loop where a triplex pump provides different MWD and steerable tools.
flow rates. The standard tests are performed
Table A-6-1 - Example of MWD and steerable tool specification
Fig. A-6-1 – OptiBridge Output, showing D90 ~ 3 x D50 of Recommended LCM Blend
Table A-6-3 - Summary of M-I SWACO products that can be used with MWD tools
LCM D90
Product Name Product Description
< 1500 µm
OptiSeal i Graphitic material & ground nut shells Yes
OptiSeal ii Graphitic material & calcium carbonate Yes
OptiSeal iii CaCO3, graphitic & cellulosic material Yes
OptiSeal iv Calcium carbonate Yes
Nut Plug Ground Pecan or Walnut shells Yes
Safe-Carb (CaCO3) Sized calcium carbonate Yes
G-Seal, G-Seal Plus,
Blends of graphite, industrial carbons Yes
C-Seal, C-Seal F
M-I Seal Blended LCM Yes
VinSeal, M-I-X II, Yes
Cellulosic fibers
M-I Cedar Fiber
Form-A-Squeeze High solids, high fluid loss squeeze Uncrosslinked,
Form-A-Set Yes
Cross-linked polymer plug
Form-A-Set ak
Form-a-plug ii Borate salt cross-linked polymer plug
Versapac Oil-based shear activated plug
Note: Always visually inspect the LCM and check it with MWD operators; if in doubt, discuss it with the
M-I SWACO project engineer and MWD-tool supplier.
Set, Form-A-Plug II, VersaPac, and Gunk. Operational Guidelines
• Hard plugs have a much higher compressive Pre-planning can reduce any MWD tool
strength. Examples are barite plugs, cement. problems significantly at the wellsite. It is
important to determine ahead of time the
• Since their mechanism of plugging is
compatibility between the MWD tool and
different than that for conventional LCM
LCM or mud additives to be used. .As such, it is
materials that rely on both bridging and
recommended that the Drilling Fluids Project
plugging, most of these plugs do not contain
Engineer review planned services with MWD
large particles.
personnel before tools or chemicals are delivered
However; for a Diesel Oil-Bentonite and/or to the wellsite.
Cement Gunk Squeeze, it is advisable to plan to
POH and install large nozzles and lay down the The following procedures should be reviewed
MWD/mud motor prior to tagging the loss zone. and followed prior to and during all MWD jobs:
This will enable pumping of the Gunk. Also, it is
important to note that a Reverse Gunk Pill is not
• Visually inspect the LCM to determine its
compatible with MWD tools.
compatibility i.e. size and length of particles,
stringiness, and determine the likelihood of
LCM Concentration
the “balling-up” when mixing.
The amount of the LCM added to a mud system
• Ensure the LCM is being added to the hopper
is a function of the material type. Calculating
properly. At least one hour circulation
the amount of LCM by volume rather than
through the hopper may be required to
by weight is more efficient for preventing
provide homogeneous slurry.
MWD plugging, as the lower the density of the
material the more time required to Settle as the • The use of oil-wetting agents will aid mixing
slurry is pumped through the tool. Typically, of LCM when used with OBM/ SBM and
all MWD tools successfully can handle 5 vol% should minimize the chances of the LCM
of LCM (i.e. up to 150 kg/m3 each of Safe-Carb “balling-up”.
or G-Seal) in the whole mud. Actually, most
MWD tools can handle as much as 10 vol % • Always run uphole filter screens. These
intermittently. Hence, the recommended screens will prevent any large particles from
maximum combined concentration for a single being pumped downhole and will plug off
pill is 10 to 12 vol% granular LCM.. if LCM is not being mixed properly into the
system.
Cumulative PSD
ActivePit2/120107/0115hrs
ActivePit2/120107/0115hrs
ActivePit2/120107/2030hrs
ActivePit2/120107/2030hrs
100%
(of material > smallest sieve in stack)
Enter Bulk Density Factor to
be used in the cell Above.
Enter sample size in the
90% header (blue lettering) for
each sample analysed. Enter
experimental data (visual ml)
80% in the Green-shaded cells at
right. Depress the red macro
button to update that data set.
70%
60%
LBS/BBL
LBS/BBL
LBS/BBL
LBS/BBL
100.0 ml
100.0 ml
100.0 ml
100.0 ml
50% (µm)Sieve Opening
Sieve Size No. (US Mesh) Theoretical Sieve Opening ASTME II
18 1000 1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
40% 20 841 850 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
25 ActivePit2/120107/0115hrs 707 710 0.0 1.2 4.6 0.0 1 3.9
30 595 600 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
30% 35 500 500 0.0 1.2 4.6 0.0 2.6 10.0
ActivePit2/120107/0115hrs
40 420 425 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
45 354 355 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
20% 50 ActivePit2/120107/2030hrs 297 300 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
60 250 250 0.0 3.2 12.3 0.0 4 15.4
70 210 212 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10% 80 ActivePit2/120107/2030hrs 177 180 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100 149 150 0.0 3 11.6 0.0 4.9 18.9
120 125 125 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0% 140 5 105 106 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
170
Microns 88 90 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100 1000
200 74 75 13 50.1 0.0 13.5 52.0 0.0
Daily Activity December 1, 2007 This fluid contains LPM 50.1 ppb 33.1 ppb 52.0 ppb 48.1 ppb
Larger than 75 microns 150 microns 75 microns 150 microns
microns ppb microns ppb microns ppb microns ppb
Conc of material larger than 75 50.1 710 4.6 75 52.0 710 3.9
Conc of material larger than 0 0.0 500 9.2 0 0.0 500 13.9
Text autowraps, centers vertically, and aligns to the left…just keep typing Conc of material larger than 0 0.0 250 21.6 0 0.0 250 29.3
Conc of material larger than 0 0.0 150 33.1 0 0.0 150 48.1
Conc of material larger than 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Conc of material larger than 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Fig. A-7-2. Example of Wet Sieve Analysis output from BP Tubular Bells #3
analyzing 60 kg/m3 G-Seal Plus in a clean NAF. crank centrifuge to “compact” the material
recovered by the screen before visually
G-Seal Plus has been measured to have a bulk estimating volume on the scribed tube.
density of 1.1 g/cc in the RHELIANT base Previous estimates of the bulk density of the
fluid after compaction with the hand crank material recovered by Wet Sieve Analysis
centrifuge. We can verify that number during suggested it have a mean value of 1.1 g/cc.
this test. However, most of this work was done with
G-Seal and G-Seal Plus, which have an SG of
First we must determine how much product we about 2.0. Not all of the LCM used in wellbore
should expect to recover with a given sieve size. strengthening applications is G-Seal or G-Seal
Plus. Most likely it will be a blend of materials
If the sample of G-Seal Plus has a D50 ~ 200 with SG that varies from as low as 1.4 (NutPlug)
μm, 50% of the product in the treated fluid is to as high as 2.6 (Safe-Carb). Consequently, the
expected to be larger than a 200-micron sieve; average bulk density obtained for a particular
therefore, 30 kg/m3 of the 60 kg/m3 dosage wellbore strengthening application may be
should be retained on the screen. If the bulk significantly different from 1.1 g/cc.
In addition, not only can the LCM blend vary, but LCM Performance Tests
also each screen cut is likely to have a different
proportion of each LCM. Consequently, the bulk Permeability Plugging Tests are the only
density obtained from each screen cut may be standard performance tests recommended
significantly different from 1.1 g/cc. Although for LCM, and these are only applicable for
an average bulk density usually suffices for simulating Sealing or plugging of formations
the purpose of trend analysis, if there is some that are not fractured. These tests are run using
issue about the absolute concentrations of LCM one of three types of Permeability Plugging
obtained from the Wet Sieve Analysis, it may Apparatus (PPA), and all employ as the filter
be necessary to measure a bulk density of the medium permeable Aloxite (Al2O3) disks that
material coming off each screen and use each possess fixed average pore entry diameters. For
of those values in the calculation of the LCM performance tests designed to simulate Sealing
concentrations. and/or plugging of fractured formations, Slot
Tests are a popular choice. Common apparati
In the example with 60 kg/m3 G-Seal Plus, we used for Slot Tests include Production Screen
expected to recover 2.6% v/v using a 200-μm Testers, modified HTHP Fluid Loss cells and
sieve. If however, the measured value was 2% modified PPA.
v/v, the Bulk Density that should be used in the
calculations is: Trends in the results will demonstrate not only
how well the treated fluid or pill can Seal or
10 / (0.02 x 350) = 1.43 plug openings similar to those encountered
downhole, but also provide some guidance
To adjust the factor used in the calculation about the character of the filter cake that is
provided in this Procedure to convert the formed atop the bridging plug. These trends
observed volume % to kg/m3: can also indicate the extent of LCM depletion or
degradation during a drilling operation.
New factor = (1.43 x 350) / 100 = 5.0
Equipment Specifications
Thus, instead of % v/v x 3.85 = lb/bbl, the The Permeability Plugging Apparatus (PPA) is
conversion to be used is % v/v x 5.0 = lb/bbl, the preferred apparatus for running Slot Tests. It
which in this case gives 2 x 5.0 = 10 lb/bbl, the was originally designed for use with permeable
expected amount of recovered G-Seal Plus. In Aloxite disks, and, by inference, particles no
terms of kg/m3, the conversion is % v/v x 14.25 larger than a couple hundred microns. For
instead of % v/v x 11.0. testing of slotted media, several modifications
to the apparatus are required. First, the exit
An even better method is to mix a sample of the valve must be replaced to allow particles several
LCM blend into base fluid. Calculate the D50 of hundred microns in size to pass through; for this
the blend with OptiBridge and run the 200-mesh purpose, the connecting tube must be replaced
screen test as described above and compare the with one that is 5 to 12 mm ID and the needle
amount recovered with what is expected. This valve replaced with a ball valve having an orifice
will provide a fairly median bulk density figure of several mm.
to use in the Wet Sieve Analysis calculations.
The filter medium consists of a ¼” to 1” thick
Finally, the client may request use of bulk stainless steel disk through which a 1” long slot
densities for material captured by each screen. with a width approximating the maximum
This is best done by running calibration natural or induced fracture width that might be
tests using the standard dry weight method expected, e.g. 500 μm. It is also possible to use a
described earlier, wherein the material captured permeable filter medium like Aloxite and carve
by each screen is washed with a powerful a slot into it with a Dremmel tool or other device
volatile solvent and then air dried. that can produce a slot of the required width.
It is helpful to add a Catch Vessel to the outlet temperature and very little by pressure, though
of the ball valve to accommodate sudden surges viscosity (which is affected by temperature and
of flow through the exit of the PPA cell; this can pressure) can be expected to affect Spurt Loss.
be a low-pressure steel cell, baffled to minimize However, the role of the Performance Tests is
splashing and vented away from the operator to trend analysis. Since this test procedure needs
permit operation at ambient pressure. Finally, to be simple, quick and minimally disruptive of
it is helpful to replace the PPA hand pump with other tasks, it is recommended that the PPT be
a syringe pump capable of providing the high run at ambient temperature with 1000 psi inlet
flow rate of mud that often accompanies such pressure and no back pressure.
tests. An advantage of this modification is
that the pump provides digital output of the If a PPA is not available, an HTHP Fluid Loss
pressure, total flow and flow rate. Tester can be used, using a cell that can
accommodate the slotted disks and modifying
Fig. A-7-3. Schematic of Modified PPA Slot Tester Fig. A-7-4. Photograph of Modified PPA Slot Tester
Permeability
Plugging Cell in
Heater Jacket
Syringe
Pump
Catch
Vessel
A schematic and photograph of the modified the Tester in the manner described above for the
PPA are shown in Figs. A-7-3 and A-7-4. PPA. In both types of test cells, the fluid is static,
Permeability Plugging Tests (PPTs) can be carried but the PPA can be run at higher pressure and
out as described in the API Recommended temperature than the modified HTHP fluid loss
Procedures 13 A and B, using the procedure test cell. The PPA test cell is used in an inverted
that is appropriate for the type of fluid (WBM configuration, so that flow of fluid is directed
or NAF) and the type of cell. The results should upward and, if particle suspension is not
be reported as described in the API procedure, sufficient, bridging particles will tend to settle
which essentially provides the Spurt Loss when away from the disk. Under these circumstances,
the fluid loss is extrapolated to 0 time: the PPA yields an erroneous high spurt loss,
whereas the HTHP Fluid Loss test cell generates
PPT Value = 2 x EV30 an erroneous low spurt loss. However, if settling
Spurt Loss = 2 x [EV7.5 - (EV30 - EV7.5)] is not an issue, for the same ΔP both devices
Static Filtration Rate, RS = 2 x [(EV30 - EV7.5)] / yield similar trends in bridging results. See API
2.739 RP 13l, 6th edition, May 2000.
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications
C-Seal and C-Seal Fine are designed to bridge and seal permeable formations, reducing
the risks of differential sticking and lost circulation, and decreasing the coefficient of
friction (CoF).
The recommended treatment for seepage losses (< 10 bbl/hr or 1.6 m3/hr) is 15 to 20 lb/
bbl (43 to 57 kg/m3) in spotted pills. Their relatively small size and chemical inertness,
also allows C-Seal and C-Seal Fine to be incorporated into the entire system at a total
concentration of 5 to 20 lb/bbl (15 to 58 kg/m3).
The recommended treatment for partial losses (10 to 100 bbl/hr or 1.6 to 16 m3/hr) is 20
to 50 lb/bbl (57 to 143 kg/m3) in spotted pills. Both materials can be used in combination
with other lost circulation materials to control partial-to-severe losses. Fractured
carbonates, conglomerates and other very high-permeability formations may require
additional pills in tandem with lost circulation materials of appropriate particle size
distribution. Alternatively, either or both products can be incorporated into the entire
system at a total concentration of 10 to 30 lb/bbl (29 to 85 kg/m3).
Torque and drag may be reduced by incorporating C-Seal and/or C-Seal Fine sweeps
into the active system up to a total concentration of 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3). Initial
treatments for the active system may be added at 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3) increments while
monitoring torque and drag.
C-Seal/C-Seal Fine may require additional wetting agent when used in an oil- or
synthetic-based drilling fluid system.
Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0307.1103.R1 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
Form-A-Blok
Applications
Form-A-Blok additive can be used in water-based or non-aqueous drilling fluids (NAF) for wellbore strengthening applications and to
cure losses extending from partial to a wide range of severe lost circulation scenarios, at temperatures up to at least 350°F (177°C).
The recommended concentration of Form-A-Blok additive is 40 lb/bbl (114 kg/m3), for fluid densities up to 16lb/gal (1.92 SG) in freshwater,
seawater or base oil/synthetic (NAF) systems. Fluid densities of 16lb/gal or higher require less Form-A-Blok; 30lb/bbl (86 kg/m3) for water-
based pills and 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3) for NAF-based pills. While Form-A-Blok additive can be mixed with oil or synthetic base fluids, mixing
a water based pill will provide the maximum strength. The slurry can be weighted with barite, calcium carbonate or heavy brine. It is
recommended to continuously agitate the pill until pumped and to pull pump screens prior to pumping.
Density, lb/gal (s.g) Fresh-water, bbl Form-A-Blok, lb/bbl M-I BAR*, lb/bbl Thinner, lb/bbl
9 (1.08) 0.94 40 11 -
10 (1.20) 0.90 40 66 -
12 (1.44) 0.82 40 176 -
14 (1.68) 0.75 40 286 -
16 (1.92) 0.67 30 396
As needed
18 (2.16) 0.59 30 506
Density, lb/gal (s.g) NAF, bbl sg 0.8l Form-A-Blok, lb/bbl M-I BAR, lb/bbl Thinner, lb/bbll
8 (0.96) 0.91 40 40 -
10 (1.20) 0.84 40 144 -
12 (1.44) 0.77 40 247 -
14 (1.68) 0.70 40 351 -
16 (1.92) 0.65 20 455
As needed
18 (2.16) 0.57 20 558
Advantages
■■ Quick-acting plug for wellbore strengthening and lost circulation applications
■■ Single-sack system, though higher densities may require the addition of a thinner
■■ Compatible with freshwater, seawater, brines and NAF
■■ Temperature stable to at least 350˚F (~177°C)
■■ High-performance, High-shear strength pill
■■ Can be mixed as a pill at densities of up to 18.0 lb/gal (2.16 SG)
■■ Easy to mix and pump with standard rig equipment
■■ Does not require an activator or retarder
■■ Does not depend on time or temperature to form a rigid plug
■■ Can be pre-mixed well in advance of pumping provided pill is agitated continuously
Limitations
Approximately 35% acid soluble
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices
regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
Applications
Form-A-Plug ACC accelerator is used together with a Form-A-Plug II pill to reduce the set-up time of the lost circulation slurry. It should be
added to the lost circulation slurry immediately before pumping the mixture down the well. The accelerator will create a chemical reaction
with the Form-A-Plug pill to form a rigid cross-linked gel structure. It is important to carefully control the product concentrations and mixing
conditions in order to ensure that the reaction proceeds as expected. The formulation can be adjusted for density by adding barite or other
appropriate weighting materials up to 18 lb/gal (2.16 s.g.).
Recommended concentrations are 3.5-10.5 lb/bbl (10-30 kg/m3) depending on the temperature and the desired setting time. Pilot testing is
recommended before use to estimate the time to create a well-set plug. Refer to the Form-A-Plug II additive technical bulletin or utilize the M-I
SWACO software, Fasware, for specific pill design.
Advantages
■■ Increases the set rate for low-temperature applications
■■ Creates a firmer plug in a shorter time at a given temperature
Limitations
■■ Pilot testing is essential to obtain optimum formulation
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Applications
Form-A-Plug II fluid-loss-control plug is the main additive used to form an acid-soluble, lost-circulation plug, which can be used in any
application where a squeeze plug would be beneficial. It is particularly advantageous in areas where loss of whole mud is prevalent. Form-A-
Plug II product can be used to stop losses occurring with any water-base and non-aqueous-base fluid system. Form-A-Plug II plug is used for
suspension, fluid-loss control and crosslinking in the lost-circulation plug.
Form-A-Plug II material can be used in combination with Form-A-Plug Acc accelerator and Form-A-Plug Ret retarder. Together they will make a
chemical reaction to form a rigid crosslinked gel structure. It is therefore important to carefully control the product concentrations and mixing
conditions in order to ensure that the reaction proceeds as expected.
The formulation can be adjusted for density by adding barite or other appropriate weighting materials up to 18 lb/bbl (2.16 s.g.). Pilot testing is
recommended before use to estimate the time to create a well-set plug. Recommended Form-A-Plug II material concentrations are 60 to 100
lb/bbl (170 to 285 kg/m3) depending on the final slurry density.
The plug should be pumped to the annulus at the depth of loss. The drillstring is then pulled above the Form-A-Plug II plug. The plug can be
squeezed into the loss zone. Be careful not to leave the plug in the pipe even if the losses have stopped or slowed. Do not shut down pumping
while the plug is in the drillstring.
Advantages
■■ Provides suspension, fluid-loss control and crosslinking
■■ Forms a rigid gel structure
Form-A-Plug II Ret
■■Form-A-Plug Ret retarder is a grade of soluble magnesium chloride which delays the crosslinking reaction in the Form-A-Plug II lost-
circulation plug to avoid premature setting during the mixing stage
■■ Form-A-Plug Ret retarder should be added to the drill water before adding Form-A-Plug II material and/or Form-A-Plug Acc accelerator
■■ Pilot testing is recommended before use to estimate the time to create a well-set plug
Form-A-Plug II Acc
■■ Form-A-Plug Acc accelerator is a blend of inorganic compounds designed for pH and salinity adjustment necessary to control the
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Applications
Form-A-Plug RET agent is used in Form-A-Plug II pills to increase the set-up time of the lost circulation slurry. It should be added to the
drill water before adding Form-A-Plug II and/or Form-A-Plug* ACC agent.
Form-A-Plug RET retarder will delay chemical reaction which forms a rigid cross-linked gel structure. It is therefore important to carefully
control the product concentrations and mixing conditions in order to ensure that the reaction proceeds as expected. The formulation
can be adjusted for density up to 2.16 s.g. (18 lb/gal) by adding barite or other appropriate weighting materials. Barite may also act as a
retarder.
Recommended concentrations are 3.5-17.5 lb/bbl (10-50 kg/m3) depending on the temperature and the desired setting time. Pilot testing is
recommended before mixing to estimate the time to create a well-set plug.
Advantages
■■ Delays cross-linking to avoid premature setting during mixing and displacement
Limitations
■■ Must be added to the drill water before the Form-A-Plug II additive
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Specific gravity���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1.4
pH (2% solution)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������< 2
Applications
Form-A-Set ACC accelerator is used to reduce the setting time of the Form-A-Set family of products. It is used when ambient
temperatures or make-up water are below 60° F (16° C). To avoid over-treatment, caution must be exercised when adding the
accelerator. The treatment level of Form-A-Set ACC accelerator is proportional to the volume of water in the slurry. Typically 0.3 lb/bbl of
water (0.9 kg/m3 of water) is used. Pilot testing is recommended.
Form-A-Set ACC accelerator rapidly reacts with the slurry to form a rigid, cross-linked gel structure. It is important to carefully control
the product concentrations and mixing conditions to ensure the reaction proceeds as expected. To ensure full polymer hydration, the
Form-A-Set product should be fully mixed into water before adding Form-A-Set ACC accelerator. It is recommended that the accelerator
be diluted in 5 to 10 gal (20-40 l) of water before adding to guarantee it is well dispersed. Because it reacts quickly, Form-A-Set ACC
accelerator should be added to the lost circulation slurry immediately before pumping the mixture down the well.
Advantages
■■ Reduces setting times
■■ Creates a firmer plug in a shorter time at a given temperature
Limitations
Can cause “flash” setting of the slurry if temperature is greater than 85° F (30° C)
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flames. Store away from incompatibles.
Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2010 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved.* Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0618.1010.R2 (E)
Form-A-Set Ak
Applications
Form-A-Set AK fluid-loss-control plug can be used to stop partial and matrix losses in any water, oil or synthetic-base drilling fluid system.
Form-A-Set AK can be mixed in freshwater, seawater or saltwater up to saturation, though mixing in saltwater will retard set times. Form-A-Set
AK can be used in any application where a squeeze plug is beneficial and needs a smaller particle-size distribution of bridging material than
does Form-A-Set. The smaller particles enhance the ability of the material to penetrate a porous or fractured zone.
Form-A-Set AK lost-circulation material does not contain a crosslinking agent, thus allowing for more control than the Form-A-Set product. The
plug can be mixed and stored on location as a contingency, significantly reducing response time.
Once losses are encountered, the plug is activated by adding Form-A-Set XL crosslinker (see enclosed tables for mixing concentration).
The Form-A-Set AK plug subsequently is spotted across and above the loss zone, and squeezed into place. Depending on the loss rate and
whether the losses are to fractures, vugs, etc., sufficient Form-A-Set AK should be applied to completely cover the expected loss zone, along
with a 100% excess to squeeze into the borehole breech.
Retarder/Accelerator
Form-A-Set Ret retarder should be used with applications above 105°F (38°C) or when pill temperature exceeds 105 °F (38°C) when mixing.
Form-A-Set Ret must be added to the plug before adding Form-A-Set XL crosslinking agent. If the plug is to be used immediately, Form-A-Set Ret
may be added to the water prior to the addition of Form-A-Set AK. Otherwise, it should be mixed into the plug just before adding Form-A-Set XL.
Use FASware* to determine the Form-A-Set Ret required. Table 1 provides the typical concentrations. For best results, pilot test for sufficient
retarder concentration.
Form-A-Set ACC accelerator crosslinks and speeds up the setting of the plug. It is used when placement temperatures are below 60°F (15.6°C).
To avoid over treatment, exercise caution when adding the accelerator. Use 0.3 lb/bbl (0.9 kg/m3) Form-A-Set ACC accelerator, proportional to
the water volume. Form-A-Set ACC accelerator should be added after adding Form-A-Set XL. Diluting the Form-A-Set ACC in 5 to 10 gal (20-40 L)
of water makes it easier to blend in the Form-A-Set XL.
1. Fill the pit with 0.93 bbl (0.93 m3) of fresh water for each barrel (cubic meter) of pill.
2. Add 1.4 lb/bbl (0.7 kg/m3), one-half of the total Duo-Vis
3. Add 23 lb/bbl (11.6 kg/m3) Form-A-Set AK material
4. Add the remaining Duo-Vis biopolymer
5. If the plug is to be held for more than 1 day, treat with 0.1 gal/bbl (2 L/m3) 25% glutaraldehyde biocide and 0.1 lb/bbl (3 kg/m3) X-Cide 207
or other isothiazalone product. Failure to include biocides can affect performance of the plug. If biocides are unavailable, consider using
Form-A-Set AKX.
6. When ready to pump, add Form-A-Set Ret if required.
7. Add Form-A-Set XL and mix 5 min. If needed, add Form-A-Set ACC after Form-A-Set XL.
When used in a non-aqueous drilling fluid, pump approximately 20 to 30 bbl (3 to 5 m3) of viscous water or water-based mud as spacers in front
of and behind the pill. A 2 lb/bbl (5.7 kg/m3) Duo-Vis slurry weighted up to the same density makes a good spacer. Aqueous fluids may require
spacers if they have high pH or are otherwise incompatible.
Depending on loss rate, spot the pill across and above the loss zone while pulling out of the hole to a safe location. Keep the pill below the bit
to avoid it mixing with wellbore fluids. This pill crosslinks and sets up as a flexible plug. Even if losses have stopped, it is important not to leave
any pill in the pipe. Do not stop pumping while the pill is in the drillstring. It is important to pump at least 10 bbl (2 m3) of spacer or water-based
mud to clear the drillstring.
Watch for any sign of the pill reaching the loss zone, such as increased pressure or improved return flow. To begin squeezing, pull above the
pill and close the annular preventer. Typically two-thirds to three-quarters of the pill is squeezed away. If pressure is noted, hold for at least
three hours to obtain a firm set of the pill.
As shown in Table 1, for the formation temperature of 190° F (88° C), the Form-A-Set RET concentration should be 10 lb/bbl (29 kg/m3). Using
the Mixing Concentrations in Table 2, the formulation and mixing order is as follows:
Advantages
• Form-A-Set AK additive contains only the polymer and lost-circulation material. It can be mixed and stored on location before losses are
encountered to reduce response time. Proper biocidal treatments are required.
• Because of its increased polymer loading and the smaller size of the fibrous material, the Form-A-Set AK fluid loss control plug has a much
firmer set than the conventional Form-A-Set plug
• Because of the firmer set, Form-A-Set AK plug has a wider range of applications. These applications range from matrix to partial losses of
20-100 bbl/hr (3 to 16 m3/hr).
• The material also can be used to shut off water in non-productive zones and in gravel consolidation
Limitations
• Static conditions are required for the pill to completely set up, so Form-A-Set AKX is best used to cure matrix and partial losses or as part of
a tandem pill to cure severe losses
• A Form-A-Set AK plug does not degrade in the well bore even at extended times. It is not acid soluble and caution should be exercised when
it is used in or near the production zone
• Pilot testing is recommended to assure set time/temperature under field conditions, especially when made up in brine. Contact Technical
Services for procedures.
• Lab testing for set time and thermal stability is recommended when temperatures exceed 250° F (120° C)
• Pilot/lab testing is recommended when density exceeds 16.0 lb/gal (1.9 s.g.)
• For all plugs to be held for 24 hours or longer, include 0.1 lb/bbl (0.3 kg/m3) of X-Cide 207 or other isothiazalone biocide and 0.1 gal/bbl (2 l/m3)
25% glutaraldehyde biocide
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS).
Form-A-Set Ret retarder is packaged in 5 gal (18.9 l) cans containing 55-lb (24.6 kg) of product.
Form-A-Set ACC accelerator is packaged in 1 qt (0.946 l) containers containing 3-lb (1.4-kg) of product.
Form-A-Set XL crosslinker is packaged in a 50-lb (22.7 kg) sack enclosed in a 12 gal (45.4 l) cardboard can.
Store these products in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices
regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2010 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved.* Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0611.1010.R2 (E)
Form-A-Set Ret
Applications
Form-A-Set Ret retarder delays the setting time of the Form-A-Set family of cross-linked pills. It is used where the pills must be mixed in
hot water or spotted at high downhole temperatures.
Since Form-A-Set contains a crosslinking additive, it is essential that Form-A-Set Ret retarder be added to the water before adding Form-
A-Set. When using Form-A-Set products, such as Form-A-Set AK and Form-A-Set AKX that do not contain a crosslinker, Form-A-Set Ret
must be added before Form-A-Set XL.
The following table should be used as a guide to the concentrations needed for higher bottomhole temperatures. It is important to pilot
test the formulation to assure adequate retarder is available.
Advantages
■■ Allows Form-A-Set products to set in four hours under a wide range of temperatures
■■ Mixes easily
Limitations
■■ Required in all applications where bottomhole temperatures exceed 80° F (27° C)
■■ May be required when mixing at temperatures above 80° F (27° C) or when set times must be delayed beyond four hours
■■ May biodegrade when added too far in advance
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2010 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved.* Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0616.1010.R2 (E)
Form-A-Squeeze
Solubility in water.................................................................................................................................................................................................................Slight
Odor ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................None
Applications
Form-A-Squeeze lost-circulation (LC) plug can be used to stop losses occurring in any water-base and non-aqueous base fluid and can be
easily mixed in freshwater, seawater or base oil/synthetic. It was designed to be used as:
• Preventive LC material for seepage losses, up to 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3) in the whole active system
The recommended concentration of Form-A-Squeeze slurry is 80 lb/bbl (228 kg/m³) in either water or base oil/synthetic. The slurry can be
weighted to the desired density with barite or calcium carbonate.
The slurry should be pumped to the annulus, covering at least 50% in excess of the loss zone. The drill string is then pulled slowly 90 ft (27 m)
above the pill. The slurry should be gently squeezed in the range of 100-300 psi (6.9 to 20.7 bar) to the maximum of anticipated mud weight
required for the interval, holding the pressure for 10 to 20 min.
.
G-Seal
ADvantages
■■ Effective bridging and sealing agent
G-Seal* graphite is a coarse-sized plugging
for a wide range of formations and agent used in water-, oil- or synthetic-based
severity of losses
■■ Controls seepage losses, thereby drilling fluids to bridge and seal permeable and
reducing the possibility of differential
sticking
fractured formations.
■■ Decreases the CoF to reduce torque When drilling depleted zones exposed to high differential pressures, the bridging and
and drag in all mud systems plugging capabilities of G-Seal additive can reduce the potential for stuck pipe. G-Seal
is chemically inert and thermally stable, and will not affect rheological properties when
■■ Inert material with no adverse effects
used at recommended concentrations. It can lower the potential for lost circulation
on mud rheology and compatible with
and reduce torque and drag in many drilling applications.
all mud systems
■■ Temperature-stable to more than 500° F Typical Physical Properties
(260° C) Physical appearance.........................................................................Dark gray-to-black powder
■■ One-sack product that is easily mixed
Specific gravity...................................................................................................................... 2.19-2.26
and dispersed into any fluid system
■■ May be used in combination with Solubility in water @ 68° F (20° C).................................................................................... Insoluble
other additives, particularly lost
Median Particle Size (d50)**........................................................................................ 300 – 350 µm
circulation materials.
Applications
Limitations G-Seal additive is designed to be used in any type of drilling fluid to bridge and seal
■■ Can be removed from the circulating permeable and fractured formations, thus controlling lost circulation and reducing the
system by shale shakers and other possibility of differential sticking. G-Seal can also be used to decrease the coefficient
solids-control equipment. Requires of friction (CoF) of drilling fluids.
close monitoring of the shale shakers.
The recommended treatment for seepage losses (< 10 bbl/hr or 1.6 m3/hr) is 15 to 20
■■ Non-acid-soluble material may not be
lb/bbl (43 to 57 kg/m3) in spotted pills or sweeps. G-Seal can be incorporated into the
suited for open-hole completions in
entire system at a total concentration of 5 to 10 lb/bbl (14 to 29 kg/m3). However, this
which acid solubility is required.
may require using coarser shaker screens. If changing screens is impractical, pills
returning to the surface can be diverted to a standby pit, reconditioned and re-used as
spots or sweeps.
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications (Cont)
The recommended treatment for partial losses (10 to 100 bbl/hr or 1.6 to 16 m3/hr) is 20
to 50 lb/bbl (57 to 143 kg/m3) in spotted pills. Very high permeability formations such as
fractured carbonates and conglomerates may require additional pills in combination
with other lost circulation materials of appropriate particle size distribution.
Torque and drag may be reduced by incorporating G-Seal spots and sweeps into the
active system up to a total concentration of 10 lb/bbl (29 kg/m3). Initial treatments for the
active system may be applied in 2 lb/bbl (5.7 kg/m3) increments while monitoring torque
and drag.
G-Seal may require additional wetting agent when used in an oil- or synthetic-based
mud system.
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Follow safe warehousing
practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0765.1103.R4 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
G-Seal Plus
G-Seal Plus Coarse
Advantages
■■ Effective bridging and sealing agent
G-Seal*Plus and G-Seal Plus Coarse* graphite/
for a wide range of formations and industrial carbon blends are sized plugging
severity of losses
■■ Increases fracture propagation agents used to bridge and seal porous and
pressures of test samples exposed to
non-aqueous fluids
fractured formations in water-, oil-, and
■■ Reduces the possibility of differential synthetic-based drilling fluid systems.
sticking by controlling seepage losses
When used to drill depleted zones with high differential pressures, the products’
■■ Reduces torque and drag in all mud bridging and plugging capabilities reduce differential-pressure sticking tendencies.
systems by decreasing the coefficient Both products also can be used to control seepage, partial and severe lost circulation,
of friction (CoF) as well as reduce torque and drag. G-Seal Plus and G-Seal Plus Coarse blends are
■■ Inert material with no significant chemically inert and will not affect the rheological properties of drilling fluid systems
effects on mud rheology; compatible when used at the recommended concentrations.
with all mud systems
Typical Physical Properties
■■ One-sack product with no other Physical appearance.................................................................................. Gray-to-black powder
additive requirements; easily mixed
and dispersed into the system Specific gravity........................................................................................................................ 1.9 - 2.1
■■ Its particle size distribution makes it
Solubility in water @ 20°C.................................................................................................. Insoluble
easy to maintain in the entire
circulating system
Median Particle Size
■■ Can be pumped easily through down- Product Name Recommended Test Procedure
d50 (μm)**
hole tools at concentrations up to 100
G-Seal Plus 200 - 500 Dry sieve analysis
lb/bbl (285 kg/m3)
G-Seal Plus Coarse 600 - 1000 Dry sieve analysis
■■ Temperature-stable to >500° F (260° C)
Limitations
■■ Can be removed from the circulating
system by shale shakers and solids
control equipment. Requires close
monitoring of the shale shakers.
■■ Non-acid-soluble material may not be
suited for open-hole completions
where acid solubility is required.
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications
G-Seal Plus and G-Seal Plus Coarse are carbon-based blends designed to stop losses
in porous and fractured formations while drilling with non-aqueous fluids. They also
are effective in water-based fluids, reducing the possibility of differential sticking and
lost circulation, as well as minimizing torque and drag by decreasing the coefficient of
friction (CoF).
Both of these products, when used alone or in blends with other lost circulation
materials, facilitate fracture bridging, effectively dissipating fracture energy and
preventing fracture propagation. The products deform under compression, thus
providing resistance to fracture re-opening.
The recommended treatment for seepage losses (up to 10 bbl/hr or 1.6 m3/hr) is 15 to 20
lb/bbl (43 to 57 kg/m3) of G-Seal Plus / G-Seal Plus Coarse in spotted pills. The pills can be
incorporated into the entire system for a total concentration of 10 to 20 lb/bbl (29 to 58
kg/m3), but close monitoring of the shakers is required.
The recommended treatment for partial losses (10 to 100 bbl/hr or 1.6 to 16 m3/hr) is 20
to 50 lb/bbl (57 to 143 kg/m3) of G-Seal Plus / G-Seal Plus Coarse in spotted pills. Very
high-permeability formations such as fractured carbonates and conglomerates may
require higher concentrations of G-Seal Plus or G-Seal Plus Coarse in conjunction with
other lost circulation materials of varied appropriate size distribution.
G-Seal Plus / G-Seal Plus Coarse can also be used dry-blended with cement to effectively
seal off induced fractures and inhibit further propagation while cementing casing.
Torque and drag may be reduced by incorporating sweeps of G-Seal Plus or G-Seal
Plus Coarse into the active system up to a total concentration of 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3).
Initial treatments for the active system may be added in 4-lb/bbl (11.4-kg/m3) increments
while monitoring torque and drag.
G-Seal Plus or G-Seal Plus Coarse may require additional wetting agent when used in an
oil- or synthetic-based drilling fluid system.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product P.O. Box 42842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice. Houston, Texas 77242-2842
www.miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C. Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
FPB.0772.1103.R1 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
G-Seal HRG
G-Seal HRG Fine
ADvantages
■■ Effective bridging and sealing agent
G-Seal*HRG and its finer grade alternative
for a wide range of formations and G-Seal HRG Fine* are high-resiliency graphites
severity of losses
■■ Improved performance in comparison that provide enhanced bridging and sealing of
to G-Seal materials induced fractures.
■■ Controls seepage losses, thereby
reducing the possibility of differential Owing to their higher resiliency, G-Seal HRG and G-Seal HRG Fine deliver more
sticking deformability than conventional G-Seal, making them suitable for either replacing or
supplementing G-Seal. Both grades of the product are compatible with water-, oil- and
■■ Decreases the CoF to reduce torque
synthetic-based drilling fluid systems and are effective bridging and sealing materials
and drag in all mud systems
for natural or induced fractures and for drilling permeable formations. The bridging
■■ Inert material with no adverse effects ability of these products makes them effective additives when drilling depleted zones,
on mud rheology and compatible with where high differential pressure increases sticking tendency. They also can be used
all mud systems to control seepage in partial-to-severe lost circulation zones. G-Seal HRG additives are
■■ One-sack product with no other completely inert and do not affect the rheological properties of the fluid. They have
additive requirements; easy to mix and the capacity to increase lubricity, thereby reducing torque and drag. Furthermore, in
disperse into the system Permeability Plugging Tests (PPT) and sand bed laboratory studies, G-Seal HRG has
■■ Temperature-stable to more than 500° F been shown to exhibit lower spurt and total filtrate loss values.
(260° C)
Typical Physical Properties
Physical appearance.........................................................................Dark gray-to-black powder
Limitations
■■ Can be removed from the circulating Solubility in water @ 20° C (68° F).................................................................................... Insoluble
system by shale shakers and other
solids-control equipment. Requires Specific gravity (lb/gal)................................................................2.19 - 2.26 sg (18.2 - 18.8 lb/gal)
close monitoring of the shale shakers.
Non-acid-soluble material may not be
Median Particle Size
■■ Product Name Recommended Test Procedure
suitable for open hole completions.
d50 (μm)**
G-Seal HRG 450 - 550 Dry sieve analysis
G-Seal HRG Fine 25 - 55 Laser light scattering
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications
G-Seal HRG and G-Seal HRG Fine are designed to bridge and seal fractures, particularly
drilling-induced fractures and permeable formations. This makes them effective for
controlling lost circulation and increasing lubricity while reducing the possibility of
differential sticking.
The recommended treatment for seepage losses (< 10 bbl/hr or 1.6 m3/hr) is 15 to 20
lb/bbl (43 to 57 kg/m3) of G-Seal HRG/G-Seal HRG Fine in spotted pills or sweeps. The
pills can be incorporated into the entire system for a total concentration of 5 to 10 lb/
bbl (14 to 29 kg/m3). However, when the pill returns to the surface, the shaker screens
must be monitored for losses and changed if necessary. If changing shaker screens
is impractical, once the pill returns to surface, it can be diverted to a standby pit,
reconditioned and re-used as a spot or sweep.
The recommended treatment for partial losses (10 to 100 bbl/hr or 1.5 to 15 m3/hr) is
20 to 50 lb/bbl (57 to 143 kg/m3) of G-Seal HRG/G-Seal HRG Fine in spotted pills. Highly
permeable formations such as fractured carbonates and conglomerates may require
additional pills in conjunction with lost circulation materials of various sizes. The
product(s) also can be incorporated into the entire system for a total concentration of 5
to 25 lb/bbl (29 to 70 kg/m3).
Torque and drag can be reduced by incorporating G-Seal HRG/G-Seal HRG Fine spots
and sweeps into the active system up to a total concentration of 10 lb/bbl (29 kg/m3).
Initial treatments for the active system may be applied in 2 lb/bbl (5.7 kg/m3) increments
while monitoring torque and drag.
G-Seal HRG/G-Seal HRG Fine may require additional wetting agent when used in an oil-
or synthetic-based drilling fluid system.
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from
incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding,
shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.0771.1103.R1 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
I-BOSS Strengthening While Drilling
The suite of integrated solutions
that prevents lost circulation
D R I L L I N G
S O L U T I O N S
Onsite particle-size LPM recovery
distribution and
performance
Custom-designed
LPM blend
Particulate-based LPM
Chemistry-based LPM
Features Benefits
• Flexible solution can be tailored • Reduced downhole fluid loss
for specific wells • Lower NPT
• Computer optimization • Potential to drill difficult plays
• Rigsite testing apparatus • Brown field applications
• Applicable for permeable matrices • Reduced stuck pipe incidences
• Novel solution for shale • Potentially saves one or more
application casing strings
• Ability to recover bridging
particles
• Real-time, in-line particle-size
measurement
Going up against fragile formations?
You need the I-BOSS strategy.
Wellbore instability and the resulting While conventional treatments Operators can construct wellbores
lost circulation continue to be the cost- can decrease drilling-fluid losses, in zones with low fracture gradients,
liest problems encountered during increasingly challenging drilling resulting in significantly reduced
wellbore construction. Historically, environments severely limit the rate drilling costs, less non-productive
standard remedial treatments for of success of these measures. This is time and, possibly, the elimination
stemming losses in drilling-induced especially true if losses are inevitable, of an entire casing string.
fractures have not been that successful such as: drilling mature fields,
largely because they are reactionary in extended-reach wells, complex well I-BOSS strategies
nature. Other strengthening methods, configurations, zones with narrow When opting to drill above the fracture-
including casing and cementing, are pore-pressure/fracture-gradient initiation pressure, operators have a
effective but very expensive. drilling windows and deepwater variety of techniques available, and
wells when drilling through fragile I-BOSS solutions draw from the most
or depleted zones above the target. effective of these for your application:
and employs services, chemicals and bore fluid and/or pressure with casing
for any given drilling problem, the fully controlled manner, as well as
track incidents.
tives at the rig for maintenance of ance and second, reduced con-
Planning
Before beginning an I-BOSS project, the
M-I SWACO* specialist gathers informa-
tion about the proposed well and uses
M-I SWACO laboratory equipment, Stress Field
procedures and software to determine
the exact particulate needed:
– Cylindrical fracture cell drilling begins and while the well ground marble for use with
is in progress. OPTI-STRESS software
Drilling and monitoring • Specially formulated loss-prevention • Three types of wellbore-strengthening
Throughout the well-construction materials: pills based on advanced chemical
process, M-I SWACO uses proprietary – G-SEAL PLUS* — Graphitic coke blend design:
software, products, testing equipment – High-compressive-strength
– VINSEAL* — A granular cellulosic
and procedures to identify the most dewatering pill
LPM material that is preferentially
cost-effective solution for your well.
oil wet. For use in invert emulsions – Oil-setting-gel chemistry for
As drilling progresses, real-time sam-
as both a proppant and sealant. shales and permeable formations
pling, monitoring and adjustments
– OPTISEAL — Proprietary blend of
keep the wellbore-strengthening
Loss-Prevention Material (LPM) all
process optimized for the drilling
I-BOSS Technology: Success stories from around the world
Offshore Gulf of Mexico The operating company has adopted The M-I SWACO I-BOSS strategy of
the technique on all wells, having drilled inducing and plugging fractures to
11 to date. There has been an overall strengthen the wellbore got the well
70% reduction in fluid losses, and up through 7,200 ft (2,194.6 m) of treacherous
to 600 psi (41.4 bar) strengthening formations with no major hole problems.
has been measured. Fluid losses were held to about 400 bbl vs.
the 6,000-bbl losses experienced on offset
Offshore Gulf of Mexico wells. Pulling out of and running in the
I-BOSS STRATEGY SAVES hole were trouble free, fluid properties
OPERATOR $1,950,000 and hole cleaning remained consistently
good, and torque and stick-slip remained
ON A SINGLE WELL within limits.
Mud losses and wellbore stability while
drilling offset wells in this area were iden- Offshore Gulf of Mexico
tified as major challenges to drilling a sand
section above the salt in this 30,000+ ft I-BOSS LPM STRATEGY
(9,144+ m) well. This 2,600 ft+ (792+ m),
18- x 21-in. interval was drilled with
SAVES OPERATOR
no mud losses or downtime related 17,000-BBL FLUID LOSS
to hole stability. After the operator experienced a 14,000-bbl
More than 19,000 ft (5,791 m) were fluid loss while trying to drill through
drilled using 20-mesh screens, which depleted sands on a deepwater injector SPECIALIZED ADDITIVE-
greatly reduced cost in materials and rig well, a sidetrack was the next option.
time. A total cost for the LPM in the sections
RECOVERY SYSTEM SAVES
Using a single-LPM approach, the sidetrack
that were strengthened was approximately lost an additional 17,000 bbl of fluid; the MONEY, DELIVERS RESULTS
$700,000. Downhole mud losses in those sidetrack was plugged and abandoned. For this operator, it was important to
sections on previous wells had amounted M-I SWACO recommended a blended maintain the proper concentrations of
to approximately $2,650,000, for a net cost LPM (graphite, cellulose and carbonate) M-I SWACO G-SEAL* additive, G-SEAL PLUS
savings of $1,950,000 in materials alone. on a second sidetrack. This hole was graphite/industrial carbon blend and
drilled, cased and cemented, experiencing VINSEAL* fiber in the drilling-fluid system.
North Sea only minimal fluid loss. The operator With an ordinary solids-control system,
reached the objective and was able to >70% of these necessary additives would
inject at the target rates with no problems. be removed, increasing the cost of opera-
tion and drastically reducing the desired
North Sea level of fluid-loss prevention.
M-I SWACO recommended the patented1
MANAGED PARTICLE-SIZE RECOVERY SYSTEM
(MPSRS) technology to increase the Lost-
I-BOSS STRATEGY ADOPTED Circulation Material (LCM) percentage in
FOR 11 ADDITIONAL WELLS, the drilling fluids. The MPSRS unit was on
location for 40 days and ran continuously
FOLLOWING SUCCESS during the 7 days it took to drill the two
A high-risk zone threatened the success- I-BOSS WELLBORE intervals. The unit recovered 141,907 lb
ful drilling of the 12∏-in. hole section and (64,368 kg) of material. Laboratory analy-
the running and cementing of a 97⁄8-in.
STRENGTHENING sis showed that the recovered material
liner in this well. REDUCES FLUID consisted of 55% G-SEAL, G-SEAL PLUS and
Upon identifying the high-risk zone, LOSSES BY 94% 45% VINSEAL additives and clay. The
drilling stopped and 50 lb/bbl (142.5 kg/m3) recovery unit also allowed for a much
On this well, the operator expected to lose
of LPM was circulated in with only 30-mesh higher continuous concentration of LCM
more than 6,000 bbl of fluid while drilling
top screens. Then 50 tons (54.4 metric tons) in the drilling fluid than would be obtain-
through intermittent overpressured shale
of LPM were added for the 2,000-bbl circu- able without the recovery unit, bringing
and depleted-sand sections. To stabilize
lating system. The well was drilled to TD the added value of drilling troublesome
the shales, a drilling-fluid weight of
of the 12∏-in. hole section with no losses. formations with the optimal amount
11.3 lb/gal (1.36 kg/L) had to be used,
Casing was run and cemented with of LCM.
putting the sand sections at risk.
full returns to surface.
P.O. Box 42842
Houston, Texas 77242-2842
Tel: 281·561·1300
Fax: 281·561·1441
www.miswaco.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.com
Technology Centers:
HOUSTON, TEXAS
Tel: 281·561·1300 · Fax: 281·561·1441
ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND
Tel: 44·1224·334634 · Fax: 44·1224·334650
STAVANGER, NORWAY
Tel: 47·51·577300 · Fax: 47·51·576503
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no
guarantees or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use
of this data. All product warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms
of Sale. Nothing in this document is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
Lube-100* lubricant reduces torque, drag and the potential for differential
sticking by reducing the coefficient of friction of water-base muds.
It can also provide additional wellbore stability and inhibition, reduce bit-balling and improve high-temperature filtration control. Lube-100
lubricant is only slightly water soluble under most conditions but is readily dispersible in water-base muds. It is acceptable for most
situations specifying a low-toxicity lubricant.
Applications
Lube-100 lubricant should be specified for those situations where torque, drag and/or the potential for differential sticking are likely,
such as when drilling highly deviated or high-differential-pressure wells. This additive is especially useful for preventing the "stick-slip”
condition in directional drilling when using the "slide" method without rotation.
Normal concentrations of Lube-100 lubricant range from 2 to 4% or 7 to 17.5 lb/bbl (20 to 50 kg/m3), depending on the mud density, desired
reduction in coefficient of friction and the mud system. After the initial treatment, periodic treatments should be made to maintain the
desired concentration. Higher concentrations may be needed for pills and special applications. Treatment levels and product usage will
depend on the rate of penetration, solids-control equipment and dilution rates. Due to the potential for an increase in viscosity when
added to lightly-treated, high-bentonite systems or to systems with high solids, heavy treatments of Lube-100 lubricant should be added
slowly. If high viscosity occurs, circulation time and temperature cycling will restore the fluid to near-original conditions. While Lube-
100 lubricant does not affect the rheology of most mud systems, pilot testing is recommended as a precautionary measure for all initial
applications and large treatments.
Lube-100 lubricant should be added slowly, directly to the mud system wherever there is good agitation or through the mixing hopper.
One suggested application method consists of maintaining a small, constant stream, added directly into the suction pit.
Lube-100 lubricant does not "grease," is resistant to contamination and is compatible with common water-base mud additives. Because
the product has very low foaming potential, it will not cause foaming problems in the mud system. For offshore applications with Lube-
100 lubricant concentrations approaching 4%, the LC50 should be monitored closely.
Advantages
■■ Highly effective down hole lubricant for reducing torque and drag
■■ Reduces the potential for, and the severity of, differential sticking
■■ Ideal for minimizing the "stick-slip" condition when "sliding" in directional drilling
■■ Resists contamination and is compatible with other water-base additives
■■ Chemically stable down hole under pressure and at temperatures of more than 450° F (232° C)
■■ Reduces the tendency for bit and stabilizer balling when drilling gumbo clays
■■ Can improve wellbore stability and inhibition, and help obtain more gauge holes
■■ Helps improve high-temperature filtration control
■■ Helps maximize rate of penetration
■■ Environmentally acceptable for offshore use
■■ Does not sheen
Limitations
■■ May cause high viscosity when added to non-dispersed, lightly-treated bentonite or high-solids fluids
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Lube-100 lubricant is a low toxicity product. For offshore applications with Lube-100 lubricant concentrations approaching 4%, the LC50
should be closely monitored.
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flames. Store away from incompatibles.
Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
E N V I R O N M E N T A L
S O L U T I O N S
Features and Benefits
• Dual modes of elliptical motion: • Standard spray bar assists con- • Front controls, automation options
progressive and balanced1 veyance of heavy and/or sticky and fume hood for highest degree
• Efficiency operating mode for solids on scalping deck during of discharge regulation
increased fluid recovery, discard various formations • Meets highest standard of
dryness and screen life • Resists damage caused by discard dryness
• High-capacity operating mode generator voltage fluctuations
Screen Technology
for increased capacity and Flexibility/Customization Options • Composite screen technology
conveyance rate
• Modular bolting provisions for increases effective open area,
• VIBRATORY MOTION DRIVE* in installation allow flexible shaker improves process capacity,
two modes (6.3 and 7.2 G’s) configurations (mud cleaners, and maximizes screen life
produces a drier cuttings dual shaker, loss-prevention- • Lightweight screens (<15 lb
discharge and results in material recovery for wellbore- [<6.8 kg]) for easier handling
improved separation efficiency strengthening applications)
• Integral gasket to withstand fluids
• VIBRATORY MOTION DRIVE allows • Inlet and outlet locations can be at elevated temperatures
operating modes to be switched configured to exactly match the
while shaker is in motion • Compatible with all drilling fluids
BEM-650 shaker, BEM-600* shaker
• Fluid distribution designed to and other similar-sized shakers • Self-latching for fast and easy
utilize all available screen area, screen changes with no tools
• Feeder can be easily configured
regardless of drilling conditions into a variety of connection • Pre-tensioned screens allow for
• Modular platform to accom- points for installations with more efficient screen changes
modate a variety of features limited space • Front loading for improved
• Footprint matches the operator safety
Flow Distribution
M-I SWACO* BEM-650* shaker • Integral drip lip for proper solids
• Three effluent ports allow
• Available in common power- discharge without contacting
processed fluid to discharge
supply configurations to shaker basket
through skid rear or sides
meet all applicable global Screen-Clamping System
electrical standards Controls
• Pneumatic actuators rated for
• Deck-adjustment system • Remote starting and
operation at 90 psi (6.2 bar)
capable of adjustment while monitoring features
and compatible at elevated
processing fluid • Easy-to-use pneumohydraulic temperatures for a variety
• Unique feeder assembly that deck-angle adjustment1 for of drilling fluids
presents fluid to the scalping reduced mud loss from screens.
• Patent-pending screen bed
screens as a uniform, low-impact Fluid is a water/low-toxicity
with sloped bottom to prevent
curtain. Feeder can be easily con- antifreeze mixture.
solids buildup and facilitate
figured into a variety of connec- • M-I SWACO can design and supply easy cleanup
tion points for installations with customized automation systems
limited space. to control and monitor multiple
• Fume-extraction hood reduces MD-3 shale shakers and other
operator exposure to vapors asso- related equipment
ciated with drilling fluids and pre- • Stainless steel electrical control
vents fluid splashing outside the box is accessible from the typical
shaker boundaries operator interface and includes a
• Heavy-gauge carbon-steel con- remote starting interface
struction and 316-L stainless steel • The pneumatic control, mounted
on high-wear areas reduces main- on the front of the shaker, pro-
tenance costs and helps to ensure vides an operator interface to
long service life control the deck-adjustment
• State-of-the art motion generators and screen-clamping systems
are oilfield proven and require Environmental Protection
minimal maintenance
• Reduced carbon footprint
• Built to Health/Safety/
Environment (HSE)-driven
specifications
1Patent pending
When expectations are high
and space is tight, this is the only
shale shaker that makes sense
ឣ A P P L I C A T I O N S
Changing drilling conditions require The front controls have been
Global drilling projects where more immediate, flexible solids-control designed for operational ease and
effective fluids/solids separation is solutions. Environmental require- safety, while the low operational
required and shaker footprint must ments demand up-to-the-minute noise levels and minimum mainte-
be kept to a minimum. conformance with ever stricter criteria. nance requirements further increase
Rig space, especially offshore but worker safety. The shaker’s footprint
ឣ P R O B L E M S
also onshore, is at an all-time pre- matches the popular M-I SWACO
Even with rig space at a premium, mium as more and more technology BEM-650 shaker to simplify retrofitting
maximum solids control is needed
crowds the working environment. into existing shaker houses.
more than ever, particularly in
The M-I SWACO MD-3 shale shaker Movement of fluid and cuttings
deepwater where shale formations
present a multitude of drilling and lets you meet all of these challenges over all three decks maximizes use
wellbore-stability challenges. — small footprint, the most effective of the screen area for high fluid
solids-control options and the ability capacity. The ability to adjust the
ឣ S O L U T I O N S to adapt quickly to changing drill- deck angle as conditions change is
The M-I SWACO MD-3 shale ing conditions — with a compact, just one of many other features that
shaker provides three decks of high-performance solution. set the MD-3 shale shaker apart.
automated, effective solids control Backing up the powerful capabilities
in a small-footprint unit. A high-spec shaker of the M-I SWACO MD-3 shaker is a
global infrastructure that helps you to
ឣ E C O N O M I C S
for high-spec rigs get the spare parts, screens and other
Solid engineering and more efficient, In addition to meeting the most solids-removal and waste-handling
effective solids removal translates to stringent criteria for discard dryness, technology you require, wherever
lower waste volumes and higher feed the MD-3 shale shaker is designed your project is located.
rates, increasing project upside and with many “standard” features that
reducing downtime for shaker repairs. are considered special-order by
other manufacturers.
Compact shaker, expanded
ឣ E N V I R O N M E N T A L We consider the shaker’s flexibility capability, worldwide solutions
By producing drier cuttings and signif- to meet your project needs the key The modular, multi-deck MD-3 shaker
icantly reduced cuttings volumes, the to reliability and productivity. is just one example of the M-I SWACO
MD-3 triple-deck shaker reduces your Automation and a fume hood are approach to understanding and solv-
project’s environmental footprint and standard for high-spec applications ing your solids-control problems.
the associated coats. but can be removed to accommodate Going far beyond the capabilities
“basic” shaker needs. The MD-3 of an equipment supplier, we are
shaker can be configured to process problem solvers with a group of
high volumes of fluid or to recover specialists dedicated to increasing
Loss-Prevention Material (LPM) in your overall productivity.
wellbore-strengthening operations. For more information about
For unmatched adaptability, stan- the MD-3 shaker or any of the
dard MD-3 shaker versions are avail- other products and services
able to operate with international within our ENVIRONMENTAL
power supplies (230, 400, 460, 575 SOLUTIONS* offerings, contact
and 690 volts) while meeting regional your M-I SWACO representative.
hazardous-area specifications (UL, CE,
ATEX and NORSOK).
Composite, lightweight screen choices with
self-latching mechanism and integrated seal.
Compatible with all drilling fluids.
Screen-clamping actuators
designed with continuous
toggle to allow installation
from discharge end of shaker
Standard capabilities,
not just options
We’ve designed the standard MD-3 shale
shaker with the following significant
enhancements, but we do offer options
to enhance onsite performance:
• Dual modes of elliptical motion:
progressive and balanced1
• Efficiency operating mode for
increased fluids recovery, discard
dryness and screen life
• High-capacity operating mode for
increased capacity and conveyance rate
• A scalping deck that can be adjusted
for optimum performance and reduced
installation footprint
• Highest level certifications and
multiple voltage/cycle configurations
• Screen-deck angle can be adjusted
while processing fluid to match
changing drilling conditions
• Unique feeder assembly that presents
fluid to the scalping screens as a
Patented deck-
uniform, low-impact curtain
adjustment system • Screen bed with sloped bottom pre-
vents solids buildup and cleans easily1
• Latest lightweight composite
screen design includes a latching
mechanism to minimize time for
full screen changeouts1
1,262
25 88.6 (3,205) Inspection covers
(64) (2,249) Recommended 10 (254)
20 12 screen removal 4 places
(51) (32)
37
(940)
Approx.
C of G
69.6 70.3
(1,768) (1,786)
77.4
(1,967)
2.5
Typ
(64)
Ø 11 (27) 101.7
6 places (2,584)
Motion
Enclosure, pilot box generators Pneumatic controls,
UL/ATEX rated deck adjustment
and screen clamping
Deck angle
indicator
(2 places) Ø 15 (38) Typ
67.7
(1,720) 60.2
Approx. (1,530)
64.7 51.5
overall 45.4 (1,644) (1,308)
height at (1,154)
0° 32.9 Approx.
(835) Weir inlet
Approx. height
C of G 13.8 (351)
24.4 29.8
(621) (756) Hydraulic 55.8
reservoir (1,416)
33.6 (854) 37.3
(anti-freeze/
Approx. Discharge gate (948)
water)
C of G (4 required) 74.6
56.2 29.8 (1,895)
(1,427) 88.2 (756)
A (2,240) A Optional
rear discharge
92.6
(2,351)
Direction of flow
M-I Cedar Fiber* cellulose is shredded cedar wood used to prevent and/or
regain lost circulation.
M-I Cedar Fiber additive has a fibrous shape, and is an effective material for regaining circulation when seepage or major loss zones are
encountered. It may be used as a preventative additive if losses are anticipated. M-I Cedar Fiber material can be used to treat the entire
system or used in concentrated slugs or batches.
Applications
Additions of M-I Cedar Fiber product will help to prevent lost circulation when added before entering a thief zone. If seepage or severe
losses occur, the use of M-I Cedar Fiber fluid-loss-control product will help to regain full returns.
M-I Cedar Fiber product should be used with various sizes of granular and flake material to provide a wide variation in particle shape
when loss circulation is M-I Cedar Fiber lost circulation- control product may be used to treat the whole system or spotted as a pill across
the loss zone. It also can be used in high fluid-loss slurries or squeezes.
Suggested treating levels for minor losses are from 2 to 10 lb/bbl (6.0 to 28.0 kg/m3), and 5 to 25 lb/bbl (8.6 to 71.3 kg/m3) for losses
requiring higher concentrations.
M-I Cedar Fiber lost-circulation-control material can be added directly through the hopper in situations where good agitation is available.
Advantages
■■ Effective fibrous lost circulation additive
Limitations
■■ Only one size available
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described on the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Packaging and Storage
M-I Cedar Fiber product is packaged in 50 lb (22.7 kg) multiwall, paper sacks.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1307.1104.R1 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
M-I-X Ii
M-I-X II* cellulose fiber is a superior plugging agent used to bridge and
seal permeable formations in water-, oil- or synthetic-base mud systems.
Bridging and sealing permeable formations reduces the differential-pressure sticking tendencies which can cause high torque and
drag or stuck pipe. The product is particularly useful for preventing differentially-stuck pipe when drilling depleted zones where high
differential pressures exist. For added flexibility, M-I-X II fiber is available in fine (original), medium and coarse grades so that the
optimum particle size can be selected to bridge the pores and pore throats of permeable formations. M-I-X II fiber additions have
minimal effect on mud properties.
Applications
M-I-X II fiber is a superior bridging agent, field-proven to be highly effective when drilling high-permeability/ high-porosity zones
with high differential pressures. Each grind size has a specially selected particle size distribution optimized to seal a wide range of
formations.
M-I-X II fiber is designed to bridge and seal permeable formations, reducing the possibility of stuck pipe, controlling lost circulation and
providing filtration control. It is compatible with water-, oil- and synthetic-base mud systems.
The recommended treatment is 5 to 10 lb/bbl (14 to 29 kg/m3) to reduce differential sticking tendencies. After initial treatment, periodic
treatments should be used to maintain the desired concentration. Significant quantities of the medium and coarse grades will be
removed by fine- mesh shale shaker screens (100 mesh or finer).
Fine-grade M-I-X II fiber is recommended for most applications due to its special particle size distribution. Very high-permeability
formations, such as fractured carbonates and conglomerate zones, can require the medium or coarse products.
For see page losses, normal treatments are from 10 to 20 lb/bbl (29 to 57 kg/m3). Concentrations in the 20 to 35 lb/bbl (57 to 100 kg/m3)
range are recommended for more severe lost circulation. Pilot testing is recommended before adding high concentrations because the
material absorbs a small quantity of liquid when added to the mud system.
Applications (cont’d)
M-I-X II fiber should be added to the mud system through a mixing hopper into a pit with good agitation, such as the suction pit. It is
a one-sack product and does not require any additional additives. It is most effective when maintained at the desired concentration
throughout the circulating system. However, treatment methods such as frequent periodic additions, sweeps, batch- or slug-treatments
and pills have all been used successfully.
M-I-X II fiber is compatible with all mud systems and can be used in combination with other lost-circulation materials, including Nut
Plug, mica, sized calcium carbonate, gilsonite, etc.
M-I-X II fiber residue can be partially removed using standard treatments such as hydrochloric acid or alkaline hypochlorite solutions.
M-I-X II fiber is more than 55% acid soluble in 15% HCl at 212° F (100° C).
Advantages
■■ Effective bridging and sealing agent for a wide range of formations
■■ Offers unique particle sizes smaller than conventional lost-circulation materials yet larger than the solids found in most mud systems
■■ Available in fine (original), medium and coarse grades, allowing the most appropriate particle sizes to be used
■■ Inert material with minimum effect on mud properties
■■ One-sack product with no other additive requirements
■■ Compatible with all mud systems and other lost-circulation materials
■■ Easily mixed and dispersed into the mud system
■■ Easily passes through most shaker screens
Limitations
■■ Can be removed from the circulating system by shale shakers and solids-control equipment, especially when using the medium and
coarse grades with fine-mesh screens (<100 mesh), which requires close monitoring of shale shakers
■■ Biodegradable and can be subject to bacterial degradation. If fermentation is indicated, a biocide should be used at the recommended
maximum treatment level
■■ Absorbs a small quantity of liquid when added to a mud system and can elevate flow properties when used at very high
concentrations
■■ Treatments with additional wetting agent may be required in low stability or lightly treated oil-base muds because of the high surface
area of this slightly absorbing material
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Dust can form an explosive mixture in the air. Keep away from open flames or other sources of ignition.
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices
regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.com
©2007 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved.*Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1312.0701.R1 (E)
Mica
Applications
Mica is chemically inert in any drilling fluid systems and is unaffected by crude oils, acids or brines.
There are 3 grades of Mica; Mica Fine , Mica Medium and Mica Coarse.
Mica Fine may be added to the drilling fluid system as a preventative measure and will not adversely affect the drilling fluid.
Fine grade can be added up to a rate of 11.0 to 17.0 kg/m3 (3.85 to 6 lb/bbl) when a porous zone is anticipate. Medium and coarse grades
are used singularly or in combination with other lost circulation materials when severe lost circulation occurs.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.com
E-mail: questions@miswaco.com
©2007 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved.*Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1316.1104.R1 (E)
Nut Plug
ADvantages
■■ Inert additive, compatible in all types
Nut Plug* cellulose comprises ground walnut
and densities of fluids or pecan hulls and is used as a treatment for
■■
■■
Will not ferment
Unaffected by pH or temperature
lost circulation.
■■ Based on particle shape, size, and Nut Plug material is available in fine, medium, and coarse particle sizes, and may
compressive strength, it is a superior be used in all types and densities of fluid systems. Nut Plug may be also used as a
lost circulation additive granular-type lubricant to reduce torque and drag
Applications
Nut Plug cellulose is an effective lost circulation treating material.
Nut Plug hulls possess high compressive strength. They are available from two
sources: pecan and walnut with walnut hulls being the stronger of the two.
Treatment levels depend on the severity of the losses and type of formation where the
losses occur. Typical preventative treatment levels are 2 to 5 lb/bbl (6 to 14 kg/m3) for
moderate losses and 5 to 25 lb/bbl (14 to 71 kg/m3) for more severe losses. It may be
used to treat the entire system or added as a high-concentration pill. Nut Plug has a
granular shape, and can be used in a blend of various sizes (fine, medium, and coarse)
to prevent lost circulation or regain returns once losses begin. It also may be mixed
with particulates of other shapes and sizes to provide a wide variation in particle
properties for optimum control.
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications (Cont)
Nut Plug can be added to other special slurries, such as high-fluid-loss squeezes, to
assist in forming string bridging plugs.
Nut Plug also can be used to reduce the coefficient of friction (CoF).
Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1490.1103.R2 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
OptiSeal I, II, III & IV
ADvantages
■■ “One-sack blends” of specifically
The OptiSeal* product family consists of four
sized WSM for a wide range of blends of Lost Circulation Materials that can
formations and severity of losses
■■ Consistency of grind size, composition function as Wellbore Strengthening Materials
and physical properties (WSM).
■■ Essentially inert materials, that have a
minimum effect on fluid properties and The four WSM blends are designed to plug fracture apertures up to at least 1,200 μm,
compatible with all mud systems as well as provide fluid-loss control in moderate-to-high-permeability formations.
Laboratory testing has confirmed fracture sealing and fluid-loss-control performance.
■■ Hard, tough granular materials resist
degradation of particle size Typical Physical Properties
Physical appearance...................................................................................... White to gray or tan
Limitations
■■ Bypassed shaker screens or screens Specific gravity........................................................................................................................ 1.6 - 2.8
with larger openings allow drill
Solubility in water @ 68° F (20° C).................................................................................... Insoluble
cuttings to remain in circulation,
resulting in higher fluid rheology, wear Nominal Median Particle Size (d50)**....................................................................... 500 – 600 µm
on pump liners, and wear on LWD
tools and risk of plugging LWD tools.
OptiSeal I OptiSeal II OptiSeal III OptiSeal IV
■■ Continuous additions can generate
large volumes of waste material and Graphitic Graphitic Graphitic
more inventories required on the material material material
rigsite. Sized Marble
Ground Nut Shells Sized Marble Sized Marble &
■■ Non-acid-soluble material in the Cellulosic Material
OptiSeal I, II and III blends may not be
suited for openhole completions
Applications
where acid treatment is required.
The OptiSeal blends I, II, III and IV are designed as fracture sealing and Wellbore
■■ The OptiSeal I blend is not Strengthening Materials (WSM) for porous and fractured formations while drilling
recommended for use in operations with either aqueous or non-aqueous fluids. The OptiSeal I and II blends are designed
where WSM recovered from the specifically for water-based mud applications. The OptiSeal III blend is designed for
shaker screens is milled and Non-Aqueous Fluid (NAF) applications. The OptiSeal IV blend comprises acid-soluble
re-injected with slop and cuttings. marble for use in reservoir drill-influids. All four blends are designed for loss zones with
Components of the OptiSeal I blend maximum openings of at least 1,200 µm and can effectively reduce the potential for
can cause clogging of the cyclones differential sticking, lost circulation and torque and drag through improved sealing of
used to mill/crush the solids. problem zones.
** Nominal Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the
manufacturing and grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling
operation, it should be measured via Dry Sieve Analysis using samples that are representative of
those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications (Cont)
OptiSeal treatments can be applied to stop losses using squeeze treatments, or spot
applications. To prevent losses, OptiSeal can be added continuously to the circulating
drilling fluid or through regular, repetitive sweeps. The former constitutes the majority
of cases where lost circulation has occurred; the latter can be deployed when drilling
through a formation with a known history of losses.
Remedial Lost Circulation Treatments: The basis of design for the treatment is a low-
fluid-loss Wellbore Strengthening Material (WSM) formulation. The four OptiSeal
formulations are designed to plug fracture widths up to at least 1,200 μm in addition to
providing good fluid-loss control in moderate-to-high-permeability formations. Particle
Size Distribution (PSD) for the OptiSeal formulations is based on laboratory fracture
sealing tests. The blends can be slurrified at the rigsite from sacks/big bags. An
alternative is to pre-mix the WSM at a liquid mud plant in a high-volume, high-density
slurry before shipping to a rig. The WSM slurry uses the same base fluid as the drilling
fluid but is unweighted. The slurry provides greater flexibility, improved logistics and
reduced hazards associated with sacked materials. Typical final concentrations
range from 30 – 70 lb/bbl (85 – 200 kg/m3) depending on severity of losses.
Preventative Treatments: The basis of design for the treatment is continuous particle
addition to the circulating drilling fluid when drilling a formation known to have losses.
The main challenge is to maintain a required PSD and concentration in the drilling fluid.
This may be measured at the rigsite using Wet Sieve Analysis or Laser Reflectance.
Typical concentrations range from 12 to 20 lb/bbl (35 – 57 kg/m3). The method of
treatment will depend on length of interval to be drilled:
• When drilling short intervals, the WSM is added to the active pit or spotted at the bit.
When drilling ahead, the shaker screens are either bypassed entirely or all but the
top screens are removed. This allows the WSM to be directly recycled and retained
in the drilling fluid. Another option is to utilize a Managed Particle Size Recovery System*
(MPSRS) to recover the WSM while discarding drilled cuttings and fines.
• When drilling extended intervals (> 300 ft or 91.4 m), it is recommended to use a
MPSRS or MD-3 (triple deck) shaker to recover the WSM. By managing the particles
in circulation, the rheology of the fluid is more easily controlled, resulting in improved
Equivalent Circulating Density (ESD) management.
Toxicity and Handling
Bioassay information is available upon request.
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the
precautions described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Packaging and Storage
The OptiSeal I, II, III and IV additives are packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) multi-wall, paper sacks.
Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from
incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding,
shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1502.1103.R3 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
Polyswell
Applications
Polyswell copolymer is used to fill or seal fractures. As the material fully hydrates the fracture/void is sealed. This product can also be
spotted in caving zones to reduce caving problems.
Directly after placing the Polyswell pill, pull up above the problem zone to prevent sticking. Full hydration occurs in 20 to 30 min. Circulate
with mud and lost-circulation material (LCM) to fill the bridge.
Advantages
■■ POLYSWELL copolymer can be prehydrated before adding
■■ Because of its swelling capacity and variability in size, Polyswell additive can accumulate in a variety of fracture sizes
Method of Addition
Polyswell additive can be mixed in water or drilling mud with or without LCM. Add 1 to 3 lb (0.5 to 1.5 kg) per 4 gal (20 L) of water or mud
in a pail. (Lesser and greater amounts have been used.) Pump the mixture as soon as possible once the dry polymer beads are mixed.
When using Polyswell additive in core drilling, be sure the core tube has been pulled before pumping the solution downhole. Repeat as
necessary to stop fluid loss.
Limitations
Improper placement of the Polyswell additive can result in stuck drill rods.
Toxicity and Handling
Bioassay information is available upon request.
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS).
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
HPB.1605.0706.R3 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
Safe-Carb
Advantages
■■ Acid-soluble, product which minimizes
Safe-Carb* ground marble is a high-purity, acid-
formation damage soluble, calcium carbonate used as a bridging
■■
■■
Effective bridging agent
Numerical suffix provides a simple
and weighting agent in drilling, drill-in and
method of identifying the approximate workover/completion fluids.
d50 of the material
Safe-Carb usually is preferred over limestone since it generally is harder and purer
■■ High-hardness, ground marble resists
than limestone. Its higher purity provides nearly complete acid solubility. Safe-Carb is
particle-size degradation
available in eight standard grind sizes: Safe-Carb 2, 10, 20, 40, 250, 500, 600 and 750, and
■■ Essentially chemically inert and has special grind sizes of 1400 and 2500.
minimum effect on fluid properties
Typical Physical Properties
■■ Finer grades such as Safe-Carb 2, 10
Physical appearance.................................................................................................White powder
and 20 will pass through most fine-
mesh shaker screens Specific gravity..........................................................................................................................2.7–2.8
Solubility in water @ 212° F (100° C) .....................................................................0.0035 g/100 ml
Solubility in 15% HCl @ 76° F (24.4° C)................................................................................... ≥ 98%
Applications
Safe-Carb additives are acid-soluble calcium carbonate bridging and weighting agents
used to control fluid loss, lost circulation and density. They can be used in almost any
aqueous or non-aqueous drilling fluid, as well as the Flopro* NT, Fazepro*, VersaPro* and
Dipro* reservoir drilling fluids, and workover and completion fluids. They also are used
in Seal-N-Peel* applications to seal the inside of sand-control completion assemblies.
Safe-Carb 2 to Safe-Carb 40 are the grind sizes normally used for fluid loss control and to
minimize
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and grinding
process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be measured with the
appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative of those expected to be used in
that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston Technical Services upon request.
Applications (Cont)
seepage losses (< 10 bbl/hr or 1.6 m3/hr of whole fluid). Typically, the products are
used as blends to treat the entire drilling fluid at a total concentration of 10 to 50 lb/
bbl (29 to 143 kg/m³). The M-I SWACO Optibridge* proprietary engineering software is
recommended for selecting the optimum blend of Safe-Carb products to minimize lost
circulation in permeable or naturally fractured formations.
The amount of Safe-Carb required to increase the mud density can be calculated as follows:
Safe-Carb 250 to Safe-Carb 2500 grind sizes generally are used in lost circulation
situations requiring larger particle sizes. They often are used in lost circulation and
Seal-N Peel fluid loss pills at concentrations of 30 to 100 lb/bbl (86 to 285 kg/m³) to bridge
highly permeable zones, fractured zones and completions. In addition they may be used
to treat the entire circulating system to prevent losses; in that case, treatment levels in
the whole mud can range from 5 to 50 lb/bbl. Outside the reservoir, other lost circulation
materials may be used with the Safe-Carb products to provide tighter seals.
Safe-Carb products also can be added periodically for seepage control to limit losses
(lost circulation and leak-off) to high-permeability formations. They especially are
effective when drilling with high differential pressures caused by an overbalanced
condition or when drilling depleted zones. Treatments range from 2 to 10 sacks per hour
when used for prevention of lost circulation. For sealing depleted zones or induced
fractures, Safe-Carb is most effective when used in combination with G-Seal*, G-Seal
Plus or G-Seal Plus Coarse additives.
Additions of Safe-Carb products to an oil- or synthetic-based drilling fluid system may
also require additional oil-wetting agent.
Toxicity and Handling
Bioassay information is available upon request.
No claim of personal safety is intended nor implied by the use of the name “SAFE” in this
product. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing
the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Packaging and Storage
Safe-Carb 2, 10, 20, 40, 250, 500, 600, 750, 1400 and 2500 additives are packaged in 50 -lb
(22.7 kg), 25 kg (55 lb) and 50-kg (110-lb) multi-wall, paper sacks.
Store in dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from
incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-
wrapping and/or stacking.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.1900.1103.R3 (E) Litho in U.S. A.
Safe-Link
Applications
Safe-Link fluid-loss-control additive is designed to work in non-zinc, halide brines such as CaCl2, CaBr2, NaCl, seawater, NaBr, and KCl,
ranging from 8.6 to 15.1 lb/gal (1030 to 1809 kg/m3) to control wholesale loss of brine to the formation. Generally, Safe-Link fluid-loss-
control additive is stable to 250° F (121° C) for at least 48 hours exposure time. Due to the Safe-Link additive’s crosslinking mechanism,
differential pressure greater than 2,000 psi is not advisable.
Based on recommended treatment levels and recommended use, the fluid loss to moderately permeable formations (100 to 1000 mD) can
be reduced to < 2 bbl/day per 30 ft (9.1 m) interval.
Mixing Instructions - For a 60 ft, 7.5 in. (18.3 m, 19 cm) perforated interval, mix a 10 bbl pill as follows:
1. Add 2.5 to 3.5 lb/bbl (7.1 to 10.0 kg/m3) SAFE-VIS additive or 3 to 4 gal/bbl (0.071 to 0.095 m3/m3) Safe-Vis HDE additive to viscosify 260 gal
of brine.
2. Select the density of the viscosified brine prior to the addition of the Safe-Link additive so that the total pill density will be correct for
the target application.
3. Add 32 pails of Safe-Link additive (the contents of one standard pallet). Stir gently with a lightning mixer or paddle mixer to slurry the
Safe-Link additive into the viscosified brine. Do not over-shear the slurry; the slurry should be lumpy or stringy when pumped.
A 10 bbl pill is the minimum recommended treatment. For shorter intervals, use the same treatment. For longer intervals, use a
treatment of 0.5 pail per perforated foot (0.3 m). For variation in pipe diameter, increase or decrease the number of pails and pill volume
as appropriate.
Advantages
■■ Premixed liquid
■■ No special mixing equipment requirements
■■ Good to 250° F (121° C)
■■ Can be used at differential pressures up to 2000 psi
■■ Clean up with dilute acid
Limitations
■■ Not designed for higher temperatures than 250° F (121° C)
■■ For less severe fluid-loss applications, a Safe-Vis* (i.e., un-crosslinked) pill may suffice
■■ For more severe fluid-loss applications, even a Safe-Link pill may not be sufficient, and the user may have to resort to a solids-laden
(sized-carbonate) pill
Toxicity and Handling
Bioassay information is available upon request.
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Store in dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Keep away from heat, sparks and flames. Store away from incompatibles
In a previous study, preparation of a viable pelletized lost circulation material for water-based
mud was shown to be feasible. The resulting product, manufactured by Grinding and Sizing Co.,
was found to be readily dispersible in the fluid, and it was used sucessfully in the field.
Pelletized LCM was also prepared for use in non-aqueous fluids, but its dispersion in a typical
SBM fell short of expectations. In the study described below, another pelletized LCM for SBM
was created, this time with 5% NOVAWET as binder; this new product was found to be readily
dispersible in an SBM.
Test Objective
To determine how well the pellets disperse in a 14.0 ppg SBM and to monitor any changes in the
Electrical Stability of the mud.
Results
All three of the pellet formulations dispersed well after mixing 10 minutes at 4000 rpm on a
Hamilton Beach mixer. Each formulation exhibited some reduction in Electrical Stabilty.
Samples
• NOVAPLUS field mud from well OCS-G-18189 #1: the density was cut-back from 16.35
ppg to 13.94 ppg using a 50/50 blend of IO C16-18 and BIO-BASE 560 base fluids. The
resulting rheological properties follow in the Test Data section.
• Three types of LCM pellets in Ziploc bags:
1) Dated 10-4-00; 65% G-SEAL, 30% M-I-X II (Med), 5% NOVAWET
Assigned Lab Master Number – 20003199.
2) Dated 10-5-00; Seepage I – Synthetic, 5% NOVAWET
Assigned Lab Master Number – 20003199-01.
3) Dated 10-10-00; Seepage II – Synthetic, 5% NOVAWET
Assigned Lab Master Number – 20003199-02.
PA20001016.009WC Page 1 of 3
Test Data
600 rpm 35
300 rpm 20
200 rpm 14
100 rpm 9
6 rpm 3
3 rpm 3
PV, cP 15
YP, lb/100ft2 5
One barrel equivalent samples of the cut-back field mud were weighed into 1-Qt glass jars. The
initial Electrical Stability of the mud was determined at 69.5°F (room temperature) to be 719
volts. Each sample was stirred at 4000 rpm on a Hamilton Beach mixer. The LCM pellet
concentration was 35 ppb and mixing time was 10 minutes. After mixing was completed, the
Electrical Stability was determined. The mud sample was then poured over a 20-mesh sieve and
Dispersion percentages were estimated by visual observation.
1) G-SEAL / M-I-X II (M); ES = 358 volts. The pellets were 100% dispersed, with the
sample passing completely through the 20-mesh sieve.
2) Seepage I; ES = 648 volts. The pellets were approximately 99% dispersed. The 1%
remaining on the sieve were highly eroded pieces that crumbled easily when probed
with a spatula.
PA20001016.009WC Page 2 of 3
3) Seepage II; ES = 572 volts. The pellets were approximately 98% dispersed. The 2%
remaining on the sieve consisted of half very small, highly eroded pieces and half
very small, but less eroded pieces. All of the pieces crumbled easily when probed
with a spatula.
Another one barrel-equivalent sample of the cut-back field mud was stirred on a Hamilton Beach
mixer at 4000 rpm and treated with 35 ppb conventional LCM consisting of 14 ppb M-I-X II (F),
14 ppb M-I-X II (M) and 7 ppb M-I-X II (C). After mixing 10 minutes the Electrical Stability
was determined to be 638 volts.
Conclusions
The lost circulation material pellets specially prepared for synthetic-based drilling fluid appear to
disperse well under laboratory conditions with only a nominal effect on the Electrical Stability.
It is anticipated that the pellets will perform even better under wellsite conditions, where shear
and mixing energy and significantly greater.
PA20001016.009WC Page 3 of 3
Versapac
Applications
Versapac is a 100% organic polymer that allows for easy incorporation into an active invert emulsion system without adversely affecting
the rheological properties until thermally activated. Its primary applications are as an annular casing pack and barrier fluid.
Versapac should be introduced to the active mud system through a conventional mixing hopper. Full activation is achieved when the
treated fluid is pumped into the well where downhole temperatures will activate the product on demand.
Alternatively, Versapac-treated fluids can be processed by medium to high shear equipment. Activation temperature is typically in the
120 to 150° F (49 to 66° C) range. This processing temperature range, normally reached by using medium to high- shear equipment, is
sufficient to fully build Versapac’s rheology. For effective thixotropic development, typical levels range from 0.5 to 25 lb/bbl (1.4 to 14 kg/m3).
Pilot testing is suggested to determine the optimum loading level for any given system.
Advantages
■■ Thermally activated gelling agent that can be added directly to oil and synthetic-base systems
■■ Requires no new fluid and only a small treatment to the existing mud system
■■ Maximum formation stability, using oil-base mud as the annular fluid
■■ Minimal viscosity increases until temperature is applied
■■ Minimum impact on ECD and pumping requirements
■■ Gelled fluid column remains able to transmit hydrostatic pressure
Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions described in the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
ADvantages
■■ Minimal effects on mud rheology and
Vinseal* cellulose fiber is a unique lost
electrical stability when used at circulation material and plugging agent that
normal dosages
■■ Effective bridging and sealing agent can be used in all mud systems to bridge and
for a wide range of formations seal permeable formations.
■■ Available in Fine, Medium, and Coarse
grades for optimal performance Vinseal has minimal effects on rheology and electrical stability (ES), making it especially
ideal for use in oil- and synthetic-based mud systems. Vinseal helps reduce fluid loss,
■■ Easily mixed and dispersed into mud
enhance filter cake quality, and minimize differential-pressure sticking tendencies,
systems
particularly when drilling depleted zones. Vinseal is available in Fine, Medium, and Coarse
■■ Can be used in water-, oil-, and grades for optimal performance in bridging and sealing pores and pore throats of
synthetic-based mud systems permeable formations.
■■ One-sack product with no other
additive requirements Typical Physical Properties
Physical appearance...................................................................................Brownish red powder
■■ Compatible with all mud systems and
other lost-circulation materials Solubility in water................................................................................................................ Insoluble
■■ Fine-grade easily passes through most
shaker screens Median Particle Size
Grade Recommended Test Procedure
d50 (μm)**
Limitations Fine 50 - 90 Laser light scattering
■■ Can be removed from the circulating Medium 250 - 350 Dry sieve analysis
system by shale shakers and solids- Coarse 600 - 800 Dry sieve analysis
control equipment, especially when
using the Medium and Coarse grades Applications
with fine-mesh screens (< 100 mesh); Vinseal additive is a superior lost-circulation material and bridging agent. It is highly
requires close monitoring of shale effective when used for drilling high-permeability/high-porosity zones. The product is
shakers. available in three different grind sizes: Fine, Medium, and Coarse. Unlike conventional
fibrous lost-circulation materials, Vinseal does not adversely impact the electrical
stability of invert emulsion drilling fluids.
Vinseal additive is designed to bridge and seal permeable formations, reducing the
possibility of stuck pipe, controlling lost circulation, and providing filtration control. It
is compatible with water-, oil-, and synthetic-based mud systems. The recommended
whole mud treatment to control seepage loss in permeable formations ranges from 2 to
20 lb/bbl (6 to 57 kg/ m3). Concentrations in the range of 20 to 35 lb/bbl (57 to 100 kg/m3)
are recommended for more severe lost circulation.
** Median Particle Size (d50) is reported as a size range due to variations in the manufacturing and
grinding process. If a precise size distribution of a product is critical to a drilling operation, it should be
measured with the appropriate Recommended Test Procedure using samples that are representative
of those expected to be used in that operation. Nominal d10 and d90 values are available from Houston
Technical Services upon request.
Applications (Cont)
On the basis of its special particle size distribution, Vinseal Fine is recommended for
most applications. Very-high-permeability formations, such as fractured carbonates
and conglomerates, may require the Medium- or Coarse-grade products.
After the initial treatment, periodic treatments should be carried out to maintain the
desired concentration. Significant quantities of Vinseal Medium and Vinseal Coarse
additive will be removed by fine-mesh shale shaker screens (100 mesh or finer).
Vinseal should be added to the mud system through a mixing hopper in a suction or
other pit suitable for proper agitation. It also can be pumped as a pill to prevent or
control severe lost circulation.
Like any other product, pilot testing to determine compatibility with mud properties and
any resulting impact is recommended before adding high concentrations.
Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.
This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M-I SWACO makes no guarantees or
P.O. Box 42842
warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product Houston, Texas 77242-2842
warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document
is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.
www.miswaco.slb.com
Email: questions@miswaco.slb.com
©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.
FPB.2255.1103.R2 (E) Litho in U.S. A.