Annotated Bibliography

By: Courtney Morrow

Date: October 24, 2019

**Baldwin, Steve, and Paul Cooper. "How should ADHD be Treated?" Psychologist, vol. 13, no. 12, 2000,
pp. 598. ProQuest,

This article discusses how Steve Baldwin thinks that drugs should have never been used in the
treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. The article explains that is November 1998,
the federal government of the United States of America reported there was no evidence to
support the proposition that ADHD was a biological brain dysfunction. In the absence of a
biological basis for hyperactivity disorders, there is no clinical rationale for drugging children and
teenagers with amphetamines. When children are given amphetamines, this is for purposes of
social control. Misrepresenting social control as a clinal intervention is health fascism. There are
no reliable scientific criteria for an ADHD diagnoses. Judgements are made by parents, teachers,
and medical personnel using unreliable, as well as invalid checklist. Many of the researchers in
the MTA study were funded by the drug industry. All the evidence from 45 years of research
with methylphenidate has confirmed toxicity, its potential for outright addiction and the high
probability of irreversible side-effects when prescribed to infants, juveniles, and teenagers.

Becker, Andreas, et al. "Relationship between Quality of Life and Psychopathological Profile: Data from
an Observational Study in Children with ADHD." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 20,
2011, pp. 267-75. ProQuest

This study covers the relationship between the quality of life and psycholpathologial profile. It
covers how ADHD significantly affects the quality of life in not only the quality of life in not only
children, but their parents and families as well. The open-label OBSEER study evaluated the
effectiveness and tolerability of Equasym XL, a modified-release methylphenidate used to help
in the routine care of children and adolescents age 6-17 years old with ADHD. They analyze the
relationship between psychopathology and parent/patient in 721 referred children. Adolescents
with ADHD not receiving medication at baseline reported lower quality of life than those already
on medication. Over the past few years clinical work and research on quality of life has become
increasingly important in improving both physical and mental health in children.

Buitelaar, Jan, and Rossella Medori. "Treating Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder Beyond Symptom
Control Alone in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Potential Benefits of Long-Acting
Stimulants." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 4, 2010, pp. 325-40. ProQuest,

This article is about the potential benefits of long-term stimulants in children that are being
treated for ADHD. ADHD is one of the most common neuropsychiatric conditions of childhood.
They discuss that ADHD may have an important impact on health-related quality of life for
children as well as the impact on the parent’s emotional health. The main targets of ADHD
treatment has been focused on reducing the severity of symptoms during school days and
improving academic performance. The article also discusses that the treatment of ADHD should
 also reach beyond symptom control to address the issue of social problems and to support the
children in reaching their full developmental potential. This article focuses on the importance
and benefits to child development of ADHD symptom control beyond the school day. Also,
explains a good breakdown of what exactly ADHD is as well as the effects it is having on or
youth.

**Connor, Daniel F., M.D. "Problems of Overdiagnosis and Overprescribing in ADHD." Psychiatric Times,
vol. 28, no. 8, 2011, pp. 14-18. ProQuest,

This study goes over how the public perceives that children and adults with a medical disorder
should look and act sick, whereas many of the core ADHD symptoms are seen in lively, willful,
and exuberant persons. The general perceptions are that medications prescriptions is that
medications prescribed to treat illness are supposed to act differently in sick persons than in
healthy individuals and that stimulants work the same way in children and adults to enhance
sustained vigilance whether they have a diagnosis of ADHD or not. The definition of ADHD
seems to change frequently. If the definition of ADHD keeps changing, is it a genuine medical
disorder? Stimulants that are overprescribed is not generally supported by the current scientific
research controversy over overprescribing includes fears of stimulant abuse and diversion,
limited payer resources, to support evidence-based standards of ADHD evaluation and
treatment. This article reviews what is known about the prevalence of ADHD stimulant
prescribing rates in children and adolescents in the United States.

Dejong, Neal A., Christianna S. Williams, and Kathleen C. Thomas. "Parent-Reported Health
Consequences and Relationship to Expenditures in Children with ADHD." Maternal and Child
Health Journal, vol. 20, no. 4, 2016, pp. 915-924. ProQuest,

This report done for the Maternal and Child Health was done to describe a parent report of
special needs for children with ADHD. The children with special health care needs and to assess
the association between responses to screener items and annual mental health, the total health
expenditures in children. Their study is on children ages 4-17 years old with previous diagnoses
of ADHD. They use the OLS and two part regression to model the relationship between the
screener items and mental health as well as total health expenditures. This study suggest that
the screener used can be useful and an efficient standardized tool at the point of care for
identifying children that may need more resources and for targeting intensive interventions. A
lot of the report is going over the total health expenditures as well as the different types of
screening used to diagnose ADHD.

Haber, Julian S., and Baughman,Fred A.,,Jr. "The Great Debate: Does ADHD Actually Exist?" Nutrition
Health Review, no. 83, 2002, pp. 10-11+. ProQuest

Julian Haber and Fred Baughman debate over the existence of attention deficit with
hyperactivity disorder. Haber argues that it does not exist, but it is in fact over diagnosed.
Baughman on the other hand argues that there is no concrete evidence to prove its existence.
Haber explains that there are many models of ADHD and that is has been around for as far back
as the 1930s or 1940s, but it was referred to as “minimal brain injury” which consisted of
learning disabilities, problems with attention span and impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The
 explosion of ADHD occurred between the years of 1990 and 2000 because corporations, not just
drug companies but also non-traditional companies were pushing it.

Hall, Alex S., and Arlinn G. Gushee. "Medication Interventions for ADHD Youth: A Primer for School and
Mental Health Counselors." Journal of Mental Health Counseling, vol. 24, no. 2, 2002, pp. 140-
153. ProQuest,

Alex Hall and Arlinn Gushee cover the medical aspect of treating ADHD youth that will ultimately
help counselors be more informed about the different types of medication available, what their
side effects are as well as the advantages and disadvantages for the use. They also cover the
long-term and short-term consequences with the use of medial interventions alone. They
believe counselors need to know about medications and their side effects and about situations
when drugs are the sole intervention regarding ADHD. Their hope for the article is that
counselors can known their own views on the topic of ADHD and be able to communicate their
reasons for agreeing or disagreeing with the use of medication to help youth ADHD manage
their academics as well as their personal lives. They make it a point to mention that they do not
advocate the use or nonuse of medication. They simple advocate becoming informed so mental
health counselors can partner with school counselors to help ADHD youth live fuller lives.

Rose, Steven. "Journal: Letter: ADHD: A Real Brain Disorder Or further Medicalising of Childhood?" The
Guardian, Dec 31, 2014, pp. 30. ProQuest

This is an article in a journal covering that educational psychologists are alarmed about the over-
prescribing of hyperactivity drugs to very young children. They talk abut the underlying question
that how is a “disorder”, which barley existed in the UK in the 1980s is widespread in the United
States is so popular it is affecting 5% of our nation’s children. The national institute for health
and care excellence guidelines do not question that ADHD is a “real” brain disorder but rather a
convenient way of labeling a child who is boisterous and disruptive in class. The number of
children with “minimal brain dysfunction” in the 80s ranged from 1-100 to 1-500. Early 90s was
about 2000 cases a year. Today that figure is over 600,000. This report asks a very important
question, does the fault lie in our children’s brains or a manifestation of a medicalizing culture.