[INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNOLOGY]
In vitro study on production of bioethanol from
Lantana camara leaves
Dr. Kavitha.S. Raj1, Chirom Aarti2, Atul Damani3,
Suraj Begoor4 ,D.R.Jayashree5
Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
PIN-560054, Bengaluru (India)
Abstract:-Alternative fuel is an important issue all over the
world due to the efforts on reducing global warming. The
use of bio-ethanol can reduce our dependence on fossil
fuels. The main objective of the present investigation was to
evaluate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on Lantana
camara for improved yield of reducing sugar and bioethanol
production. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a noxious
weed which has imposed a great threat to land productivity,
grazing livestock, biodiversity and consequently to the
overall ecology.The study showed that the weed reduced the
population of beneficial microbes that is required for the
fertility of the soil. Attempts to manage this weed using
mechanical, chemical and biological means have met with
limited success. Alternatively, luxuriant growth and vigorous
survival make this weed of potential economic value for
utilization of its abundantly available biomass into value
added products such as ethanol. Production of bioethanol
was estimated by gas chromatography in control and treated
samples with Aspergillus niger crude extract to be 40.4% and
56.4%,respectively. But there was no sufficient production of
bioethanol from samples treated with amylase. Structural
changes of Lantana camara before and after enzymatic
pretreatment were further investigated through Fourier
transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Different
functional groups were observed in the control and treated
samples through FT-IR interpretation that might lead to an
enhanced production of the ethanol in the treated samples.
Key words- Bio-ethanol, FT-IR Spectroscopy, Lantana
camara, amylase,Aspergillus niger
INTRODUCTION:
The present world energy scenario is focused at
nonconventional sources. There is a continuous search for
renewable sources of fuels due to the rate of depletion of
fossils. Nowadays, majority of the world’s energy needs are
supplied through petrochemicals sources. All these sources are
finite and at current usage rates will be consumed shortly. The
high energy demand in the industrialized world as well as the
pollution problems caused due to the use of fossil fuels make
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Volume-3,Issue-6, June- 2015
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
it increasingly necessary to develop a new renewable energy
source. The biofuels are produced from biomass. The biofuels
may be in solid (vegetables wastes, and a fraction of the urban
and industrial wastes), liquid (bioalcohols and biodiesel) or
gaseous (biogas and hydrogen) form. The first generation
biofuels are produced from cereal crops (e.g. wheat, maize),
oil crops (e.g. rape, palm oil) and sugar crops. Biodiesel is a
first generation biofuel. Other first generation biofuels are
bioethanol, biogas and straight vegetable oils. Second
generation biofuels are produced from lignocellulosic
materials. The syngas produced by gasification of biomass is
used as precursor of second generation biofuels like Biomass
to liquid (BTL), Bio Dimethyl ether / Methanol, Biosynthetic
Natural Gas and bio hydrogen. Bio oil, produced by pyrolysis
of biomass, and cellulosic ethanol are also second generation
biofuels. The developing countries are the ones who can
benefit more from this emerging business of export of raw
material and biodiesel. Malaysia, Thailand, Colombia,
Uruguay and Ghana are developing countries improving the
biodiesel export (Johnston and Holloway, 2006). The term
biofuel is used to define fuels that are obtainable from plants
or animals. Being a renewable source, it is gaining attention
all over the world today. Biofuel is defined as fuel comprising
of monoalkyl esters of long fatty acids derived from vegetable
oils or animal fats (Junfeng et al., 2010). These fuels could be
either in the form of vegetable oils or animal fats that have
been transformed by chemical or natural processes for use in
powering various engines. Biofuels are obtained from
renewable energy sources such as biological materials from
living organisms and can also be obtained from biodegrade
waste. Hence, the term biomass is used to describe the sources
of biofuels. These are wastes from plants and animals that are
capable of being used as fuels in their original form or with
little modification. These wastes can also be used in
production of fibers and chemicals that are essential to our
daily lives. The term biofuel is not the same with fuels from
fossils, the major difference between biofuels and fossil fuel is
in their carbon content and the amount of emission they give
off when burnt (Marshall et al., 1995).
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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
The technological advances in recent years are promising to
produce ethanol at low cost from lignocellulosic biomass. The
production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass (corn
stover, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice hull,
corn cob, oat hull, corn fiber, woodchips and cotton stalk;
energy crops such as switch grass and Alfa Alfa, and various
weeds such as Saccharum spontaneum, Lantana camara,
Eichhornia crassipes etc.) has become one of the best
alternatives, because these sources have widespread
abundance and the cost of their procurement is relatively
cheap. Since ethanol is produced from plants that harness the
power of the sun, ethanol is also considered a renewable fuel.
Therefore, ethanol has many advantages as an automotive
fuel.
Several important characteristics of Lantana camara such as
easy availability, high cellulose content and no competition
with the food chain makes it an ideal substrate for bioethanol
production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of the leaf:
Lantana camara leaves were collected locally from an open
field which is 7 kms far from the college premises. The leaves
were plucked at early morning hours and the moistured leaves
were kept in zip-lock covers.
Fresh weight:
The leaves in the zip-lock cover were washed and fresh weight
was noted down in grams (gm).
Dry weight:
The leaves were covered by brown paper and kept in hot air
oven overnight at 60°C. The dried leaves were grinded to
powder and its weight was noted down (in gm).
Processing of the sample:
Pre-treatment of the leaf samples were done to ease the
production of bio-ethanol from Lantana camara.
Pre-treatment of the sample:
The powdered leaf samples were preformed in Erlenmeyer
flask containing 25 gms of sample with 0.2 M Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) and kept for 2 h of incubation at room
temperature. Further the samples were neutralized with 10%
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
Acid hydrolysis:
The pre-treated samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis at
different concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) of
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concentrated H2SO4 creating a block designs of replicas based
on the given treatments.
The suspension was mixed well for 2 h, incubated at room
temperature for 24 h and autoclaved at 15 lb for 20 minutes.
The pH of the samples was checked and the soluble and
insoluble fractions were separated by two layers of muslin
cloth.
Enzyme hydrolysis
Enzymatic treatment was performed in Erlenmeyer flask
containing 12.5 gms of substrate, and required amount of
enzymes. The samples were kept for incubation overnight at
50°C. DNS method of Miller was performed to estimate the
reducing sugar in the samples. Aspergillus crude enzyme was
produced from Aspergillus niger. Spores of A. niger were
inoculated into pre-soaked, roasted, powdered and autoclaved
wheat bran, incubated at 30°C for 72 h. Fermented matter is
then mixed with 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH- 6.9) using a
shaker incubator at 150 rpm for 30 minutes. Aspergillus crude
was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The clear filtrate
of Aspergillus crude was used.
Extraction of Amylase
Amylase was extracted from sweet potato by peeling off the
skin and making a paste out of it by adding cold 20 mM of
NaPo4. The tubes were centrifuged and vortex it for an hour
followed by filtering it by Whatman no.1 filter paper. The
filtrate was then centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 mins at 4°C.
The supernatant was used as enzyme substrate. Bacillus
subtilis, obtained from the culture bank of M.S.Ramaiah
College Biotechnology, were inoculated with the Nutrient
Broth containing 1% of enzyme (amylase) substrate. The broth
culture was kept in rotatory shaker overnight at 37˚C. The
supernatant was collected by centrifuging the overnight grown
bacterial culture at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The enzyme
estimation was determined through DNS method. One
millilitre of enzyme extract was added to test tubes containing
1.0 ml of 1.0 % soluble starch solution, pH 7.0. Starch was not
added to Blank test tube. The mixture was incubated at 60ºC
for 10 min. After the incubation, 1.0 ml of DNS reagent was
added to each of the tubes. The tubes were placed in boiling
water for 5 min and cooled to room temperature. The contents
of tubes were diluted up to 10 ml with distilled water. The
optical density (OD) of reaction mixture was determined at
540 nm using a spectrophotometer.
Bio-ethanol fermentation
Suspension culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was
inoculated in 50 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing solution of
Lantana camara. Yeast extract was added as an additive for
enhanced growth. The fermentation was carried out at 42°C
for 3 days. Ethanol was estimated by Gas Chromatography
(GC) in Bangalore Test House, Bangalore.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
analysis of the samples
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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

FT-IR analysis was performed in Bangalore Test House, cm-1 are representative for C–N stretch and N–H wag. (Fig- 4
Bangalore. The control and treated samples (by A. niger and and 5) demonstrates the FT-IR spectra of treated samples.
Amylase) were ground into fine powder using mortar and Strong absorption bands from 3400.19 cm-1 to 2110.97 cm-1
pestle. About 100 µl of the samples were mixed with 300 mg are representative for O-H stretch, H-bonded and –C=C-
of KBr and pressed into a pellet. The samples pellets were stretch. Strong peak at 1645.45 cm-1 and 1406.31 cm-1 are due
placed into the sample holder and FT-IR spectra were to –C=C– stretch and C–C stretch. Peak values at 1081.44 cm-
recorded in the range of 4000-450 cm-1in FT-IR spectroscopy. 1
and 1045.46 cm-1 are due to C–N stretch. Absorption bands
RESULTS from 878.79 cm-1 to 771.67 cm-1 are representative for C–H
Production of Bioethanol from noxious weed, Lantana and C–Cl stretch.
camara
Leaf collection and drying
Lantana camara leaves were collected (Plate 1 and were dried
(Plate 2) in open place to remove its moisture content.
Grinding of leaves
The dried leaves of the weed were grinded into powder form
in clean mixer and were kept in bottle for further experiments
(Plate 3).
Acid hydrolysis of pre-treated sample
Acid hydrolysis of pre-treated sample was done at different
concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) of concentrated H 2SO4
creating a block designs of replicas based on the given Plate 1- Lantana camara leaves
treatments (Plate 4). pH values of the samples were checked
(Table-1). DNS method of Miller was performed to estimate
the reducing sugar in the samples. The clear filtrate of
Aspergillus crude was used for acid hydrolysis process.
Optical density determination was done at 540 nm. Sample 3
was showing maximum absorbance with 0.32. On the other
hand sample 4 was showing lowest optical density (Table – 2,
Plate 5 and Fig.- 1). Amylase was used as another enzyme.
The optical density (OD) of reaction mixture was determined
at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer. The maximum and
minimum absorbance value was shown by sample 4 and
sample 1 respectively (Plate 6, Table- 3 and Fig.- 2).
Estimation of Bioethanol by Gas chromatography
Production of bioethanol in control and treated samples were Plate 2- Dried leaves of Lantana camara
estimated by Gas chromatography. The total percentage of
bioethanol production in the control sample was estimated as
40.4%. On the other hand the sample treated with Aspergillus
niger was showing enhanced production of bioethanol
(56.4%). There was not sufficient production of bioethanol
when the sample was treated with amylase. The total
percentage of amylase production was found to be 27.2%
when the sample was treated with amylase (Table- 4).
5.1.5. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
analysis of the samples
The results for FT-IR analysis for the functional groups
present in the control sample are listed in (Fig -3). In the
spectra of Control sample, absorption peaks were observed at
3400.75 cm-1 and 2987.91 cm-1due to O–H stretch, H–bonded
and C–H stretching of acid. Strong peaks at 2102.70 cm-1,
Plate 3 - Powdered leaves of Lantana camara
1638.26 cm-1 and 1406.27cm-1 are due to –C≡C– stretch, N–H
bend and C–C stretching. Peaks from 1045.43 cm-1 to 771.26
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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

Plate 4 – Experimental set up

Plate 6 - Enzyme hydrolysis by amylase

Plate 5 - Enzyme hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger crude

Enzyme hydrolysis by A. niger crude

Optical density at 540 nm

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Test tube Sample
1 1.09 0.31
2 1.33 0.29
3 1.38 0.32
4 1.41 0.28
5 1.46

Fig.1. Optical density value of enzyme hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger crude

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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

Enzyme hydrolysis by amylase

OD at 540 nm
1
5
0.5 4
3
0 2
Test tube Sample 1

Test tube Sample

1 0.36 0.01
2 0.54 0.02
3 0.88 0.03
4 0.94 0.04
5 0.95

Fig. 2- Optical density value of enzyme hydrolysis by amylase

Fig.3 FT-IR analysis of control sample

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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

Fig.4 FT-IR analysis of A. niger treated sample compared to control

Fig.5 FT-IR analysis of amylase treated sample compared to control

Table-1- pH values of the samples

pH values

BLOCK I T2 = 6.5 T3 = 5 T4 = 4 T5 = 3 T1 = 7

BLOCK II T1 = 7 T2 = 7 T3 = 5 T4 = 3 T5 = 3

BLOCK III T5 = 3 T1 = 8 T2 = 7.5 T3 = 7.5 T4 = 5

BLOCK IV T4 = 3 T5 = 3 T1 = 7 T2 = 7 T3 = 3

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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

Table –2 Optical density determination (at 540 nm) of enzyme hydrolysis by A. niger

Blank 1 2 3 4 5 Sample Sample Sample Sample

1 2 3 4

OD 0.0 1.09 1.33 1.38 1.41 1.46 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.28

values

Table- 3. Optical density determination (at 540 nm) of enzyme hydrolysis by amylase

Blank 1 2 3 4 5 Sample Sample Sample Sample

1 2 3 4

OD 0.0 0.36 0.54 0.88 0.94 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

values

Table 4 :Shows Percentage of bioethanol production from control and treated samples

S.No. Samples Bioethanol produced

1 Control 40.4%

2 Aspergillus niger treated 56.4%

3 Amylase treated 27.2%

DISCUSSION emissions that pose a health hazard. The petroleum industry

The limited fossil fuel resources along with the need to reduce
Green House Gas emissions were a major impulse to the
development of alternative fuels. As a result, increased
attention has been given to biofuels, such as biodiesel and
biofuel that can be used as an alternative fuel in compression–
ignition engines. Ethanol is an established alternative fuel
from renewable resources [Mussatto et al., 2010]. Today it is
mainly produced from sugar or starchy biomass, limiting the
environmental benefit [Farrell at al., 2006] and posing a
competition for the raw materials with food industry. In the
last decade research efforts have mounted to replace this 1st
generation ethanol by the 2nd generation ethanol made from
lignocellulosic feedstocks, including pretreatment, enzymatic
hydrolysis, sugar fermentation and process design. Ethanol is
one of the best tools to fight vehicular pollution, contains 35%
oxygen that helps complete combustion of fuel and thus
reduces harmful tailpipe emissions. It also reduces particulate
looks very committed to the use of ethanol as fuel, as it is
expected to benefit sugarcane farmers as well as the oil
industry in the long run. Ethanol can also be produced from
wheat, corn, beet, sweet sorghum etc. In January 2003, the
government of India launched a program to mandate the
blending of 5% ethanol in gasoline. In the first phase of the
project, ethanol- blended petrol is being supplied through
retail outlets in nine States and four Union Territories. These
states are Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The four
Union Territories include Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli, Daman and Diu and Pondicherry. Petrol blended with
5 per cent ethanol would be supplied by petrol pumps all over
the country under the second phase towards the end of the
year. Nibedita et al (2012) classified four major agro wastes
as the most favorable feed stocks for bioethanol production
due to their availability throughout the year. Ramesh et al

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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
(2010) studied lantana camara (red sage) contains 61.1%
(w/w) holocellulose and can serve as a low-cost feedstock for
bioethanol production. Acid hydrolysis (3.0%, v/v H2SO4,
120°C for 45 min) of L. camara produced 187.14 mg/g total
sugars along with fermentation inhibitors such as phenolics
(8.2 mg/g), furfurals (5.1 mg/g) and hydroxyl methyl furfurals
(6.7 mg/g). Sequential application of over liming (pH 10.0)
and activated charcoal (1.5%, w/v) adsorption was used to
remove these toxic compounds from the acid hydrolysate. The
acid pretreated biomass of L. camara was further delignified
through combined pretreatment of sodium sulphite (5.0% w/v)
and sodium chlorite (3.0% w/v), which resulted in about
87.2% lignin removal. The enzymatic hydrolysis of delignified
cellulosic substrate showed 80.0% saccharification after 28 h
incubation at 50°C and pH 5.0. Fermentation of acid and
enzymatic hydro lysates with Pichia stipitis and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave rise to 5.16 and 17.7 g/L of
ethanol with corresponding yields of 0.32 and 0.48 g/g after
24 and 16 h, respectively.
Sujit et al (2009) found a new and cheap carbohydrate
sources for production of bioethanol. In this context, the
production of ethanol from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.)
flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in solid-state
fermentation. The moisture level of 70%, pH of 6.0 and
temperature of 30°C were found optimum for maximum
ethanol concentration (225.0 ± 4.0 g/kg flower) obtained from
mahula flowers after 72 h of fermentation. Concomitant with
highest ethanol concentration, the maximum ethanol
productivity (3.13 g/kg flower/h), yeast biomass (18.5 x 108
CFU/g flower), the ethanol yield (58.44 g/100 g sugar
consumed) and the fermentation efficiency (77.1%) were also
obtained at these parametric levels. Swain et al (2007) takes
interest to find alternate bio resources for production of
ethanol, apart from cane/sugar beet molasses and starchy crops
like sweet sorghum, cassava and sweet potato.
Amrita et al (2011) produced economically feasible cellulosic
ethanol. Ethanol yield and enzyme efficiency has to be
improved by optimizing all unit processes (pretreatments,
saccharification and ethanol fermentation). Most of the
pretreatments focused on low temperature pretreatment to
avoid degradation of hemicellulose and to improve the pentose
yield. Impregnation by various chemical reagents such as
sulfuric acid and application of microwave have been tried to
lower pretreatment temperatures while maintaining high
enzymatic digestibility. For saccharification, the accessible
surface area and enzyme, reuses were key parameters. With
regard to surface area, xylanase addition was effective. To
prevent deactivation of cellulase by binding to non-productive
sites, the addition of surfactants was the efficient method.
Among various reagents, PEG 6000 exhibited best
performance. Cofermentation of glucose and xylose was key
factor in improving ethanol yield. Fed-batch and co
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immobilization have been found to be the ideal option for co-
fermentation steps.
Ying Guo et al (2008) produced ethanol from kitchen waste
in this study. The process consists of freshness preservation of
the waste, saccharification of the sugars in the waste,
continuous ethanol fermentation of the saccharified liquid and
anaerobic treatment of the saccharification residue and the
stillage. Spraying lactic acid bacteria (LCB) on the kitchen
waste kept the waste fresh for over 1 week. High glucose
recovery (85.5%) from LCB-sprayed waste was achieved after
saccharification using Nagase N-40 glucoamylase. The
resulting saccharified liquid was used directly for ethanol
fermentation, without the addition of any nutrients. High
ethanol productivity (24.0 g l-1 h-1) was obtained when the
flocculating yeast strain KF-7 was used in a continuous
ethanol fermentation process at a dilution rate of 0.8h-1. The
saccharification residue was mixed with stillage and treated in
a thermophilic anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor
(CSTR); a VTS loading rate of 6 g l-1 d-1 with 72% VTS
digestion efficiency was achieved. Using this process, 30.9 g
ethanol, and 65.2 l biogas with 50% methane, was produced
from 1 kg of kitchen waste containing 118.0 g total sugar.
Thus, energy in kitchen waste can be converted to ethanol and
methane, which can then be used as fuels, while
simultaneously treating kitchen waste.
Linde et al (2008) obtained slurries from process streams in a
starch-to-ethanol plant, Agroetanol AB in Norrkoing, Sweden.
It was used to assess the potential increase in bioethanol yield
if heat treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were
applied to the residual starch-free cellulose and hemicellulose
fractions. The effects of different pretreatment conditions on
flour (the raw material), the stream after saccharification of
starch, before fermentation, and after fermentation were
studied. The conditions resulting in the highest concentration
of glucose and xylose in all streams were heat treatment at
130°C for 40 min with 1% H2SO4. Mass-balance calculations
over the fermentation showed that approximately 64%, 54%,
75% and 67% of the glucan, xylan, galactan and arabinan,
respectively, in the flour remained water insoluble in the
process stream after fermentation without any additional
treatment. Utilizing only the starch in the flour would
theoretically yield 425 L ethanol per ton flour. By applying
heat pretreatment to the water-insoluble material prior to
enzymatic hydrolysis, the ethanol yield could be increased by
59 L per ton flour, i.e. a 14% increase compared with starch-
only utilization, assuming fermentation of the additional
pentose and hexose sugars liberated. In the present
investigation, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-
IR) analysis of the control and treated samples clearly indicate
the presence of different functional groups. Presence of
bioethanol in treated and control sample was clearly estimated
by Gas chromatography.
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Volume-3,Issue-6, June-2015
Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
Though several studies have been done to produce biodiesel
and bioethanol from various sources but still there are fewer
reports on the production of fuels from cheap and waste
sources. In recent years it has been investigated that, instead
of traditional feed stocks (starch crops), cellulosic biomass,
including forest and industrial residues, agriculture waste and
municipal waste, could be used as an ideally inexpensive and
sufficient amount of sugar for production of ethanol by
fermentation. Ethanol is comes into traditional fuel for
transportation in last decades. Ethanol is less polluting and
clean burning fuel. The present investigation highlights the use
of Lantana camara weeds for the production of bioethanol.
The ethanol production was estimated by Gas
chromatography. Aspergillus niger treated sample was
producing more amount of bioethanol compared to amylase
treated sample. Production of bioethanol from A. niger treated
sample was more than that of control sample. Enzymatic
hydrolysis may be the most potent alternative process for
saccharification of complex polymer. Different types of
functional groups were determined in control and enzyme
treated samples by FT-IR Spectroscopy. The results obtained
in the present investigation are indicative of improved
conversion efficiency for prospective production of
bioethanol. FTIR reports also revealed the effectiveness of
enzymatic pretreatment for efficient saccharification and
fermentation of Lantana camara.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
Demand for transportation fuels across the globe is increasing.
This demand is abnormally affecting the developing counties.
As the energy source is shrinking so the demand for
transportation fuel may be mitigated by bioethanol in the
present scenario. Hence, bioethanol production from plant
sources biomass holds tremendous potential in terms of
meeting energy needs, and providing environmental benefits.
Apart from bioethanol, a wide range of chemicals and value
added products such as fermentable sugars, solvents and drink
softeners can be produced from the biomass. The reduction in
cost of ethanol production can be achieved by reducing the
cost of raw material. Research should be continued to isolate
enzymes from the natural resources using biotechnological
tools. Combination of strategies such as genomics,
biodiversity studies, systems biology and metabolic
engineering hold promising potential to improve biofuel yields
and the establishment of renewable, non-polluting energy
sources in the future. While multiple research efforts are still
progressing, an efficient combination of the most advanced
systems analysis and economical techniques should emerge as
the option of choice in an attempt to achieve optimal biodiesel
and biofuel production.
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Paper Title:- In vitro study on production of bioethanol from Lantana camara leaves
ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585
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