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Pressure equipment
Welds
Technical requirements and control method
This standard stipulate technical requirements about welding, heat treatment, control
method on welds of pressure equipment
1. General requirements
1.1 Allowed to use all kinds of welding methods such as: oxy-acetylene welding, electric
arc welding, electro slag welding, gas metal arc welding, etc to weld pressured parts
of equipment.
Welding process, method of examination shall be stipulated in the technical
documents of designing organization.
1.2 Only welders with certified qualification for hydraulic equipment welding are allowed
to weld the pressured parts of pressure equipment.
1.3 Each welder is allowed to only perform the works stated in the qualification records.
1.4 Weld the parts of pressure equipment only after checking and ensure that fabrication
and assembling meet the technical requirements.
1.5 Tack welding rod and welding rod shall be made of the same material.
2. Technical requirements
2.1 Before welding, the edge of welds and the surrounding metal parts shall be cleaned
until seeing shining light. The minimum cleaned width is 10mm from each side.
2.2 The slag of previous pass shall be removed before welding the next pass.
2.3If the surrounding temperature is lower than 0oC, any pressured parts shall not be
welded for fabrication no matter what kind of steel it is made of and with any depth.
2.4 When butt welding carbon steel pipes of different diameter, allow to expand the
small pipes but not exceeding 3% of internal diameter if the small pipe diameter is up
to 83mm and its thickness is up to 6mm
2.6 Welding technology shall ensure that stress in the welds do not exceed the permitted
value.
Table 1
1. Manual welding
- Single butt weld without backing 0.70
- Single butt weld with backing 0.90
- Double butt weld 0.95
2. Automatic welding
- Single butt weld without backing 0.80
- Double butt weld 1.00
-Curve, misalignment;
b. On metalographic testing:
-Without crack in the melted metal as well as areas of basic metal which is thermally
affected;
-Without fracture in the composition which reduce resiliency and flexibility of metal.
c. On hydraulic testing
2.9 The result of the tensile test, calculated by average sum of the test samples, should
not be lower than minimum durability of equivalent calculation, in which no sample
is lower than 10% of the minimum durability.
2.10 The result of the bend test shall not be lower than numeric value stated in the table
2.
For those parts are made of other materials excluding from the table 2, value of the
bend angle shall be stipulated by the designing organization
Table 2
Permitted Bending angle (radius)
Electrical welding, resistance Oxy-acetylene
welding, electro slag welding if welding if the wall
Kinds of steel
the thickness of welded parts thickness not
(mm) exceeding 12mm
Up to 20 Over 20
Carbon steel 100 100 70
Alloy steel with low mangan and
80 60 50
silic-mangan
Alloy steel with low chrome-
molybdenum and chrome- 50 40 30
molybdenum -vanadium
Alloy steel with high chrome 50 40 30
Alloy steel with high chrome-
100 100 30
molybdenum
2.11 The resistance numeric value against strike of the weld metal shall not be lower
than the stipulated numeric value in the table 3
Table 3
The smallest Resistance value against strike of the weld
Environment temperature
For all kinds of steel except For austenite steel
on test, oC
austenite steel
20 49.05 68.67
Lower than 0 19.62 29.43
-Welding carbon steel with 0.27% of carbon in volume with 35mm upwards in thickness
-When welding carbon steel with over 0.27% carbon regardless of thickness, the
designer shall stipulate.
b. Regulation of heat treatment and method of heat treatment are stipulated by the
designer
c. Heat treatment is allowed for each weld separately or with pressured parts, but heat
treatment shall be done before checking the weld quality.
3.1.1 Manufacturer, assembler, repairer shall check the quality of weld done by them
for the pressured parts.
3.1.2 The quality of weld shall be checked by one, some or all of the following methods,
depending on type of welds and working specifications of equipment
3.1.3 Beside methods specified in article 3.1.2, welds must be examined by other
methods if regulated by manufacturing technical requirements.
3.2 Surface test
3.2.1 Surface test and measurement shall be made on two sides of weld’s length.
When it is impossible to examined inside surface, only outside surface is enough.
3.2.2 Weld’s surface and metal closed two sides of weld must be cleaned before
examining. It required to be cleaned with 20mm in width.
3.3 Destructive test
3.3.1 Destructive test shall be done to check weld’s durability and endurance.
Destructive test must includes:
Tensile test,
Bend test (for pile, press test can be taken instead of bend test)
Impact test,
3.3.2 Beside three kinds of test mentioned in article 3.3.1, depending on requirements
on manufacturing, technique and operating, other destructive tests may be added
such as hardness test, charpy notch test
3.3.3 Tensile test must be taken according to Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5403-1991.
It is not compulsory to taken tensile test for horizontal weld, which was 100%,
examined by ultrasonic test.
3.3.4 Bend test (press test) must be taken according to requirement of Vietnamese
standard TCVN 5401-1991.
Pressure bend test can replace for pipe with diameter lower than 100mm and the
edge’s thickness lower than 12mm.
3.3.5 Impact test must be taken according to Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5402-1991.
3.3.6 Test piece’s dimension for destructive test is in accordance with Vietnamese
Standard TCVN 5400-1991.
3.3.7 Quantity of welds for test in comparison with same kind welds of one welder is:
1% for carbon steel or low alloy steel.
2% for austenite alloy steel but not less than one weld joint for each welder.
3.3.8 Dimension of patch, pipe for test must be enough for cutting required test pieces.
3.3.9 From weld or test piece should be taken:
02 tensile test pieces
02 bend test pieces (or press test)
03 impact test pieces
3.3.10 Weld product and weld in plate (pipe) for test must be done by one welder in the
same conditions.
3.3.11 Weld test piece (product) will not be accepted if with any kind of test, one result
showing figure on bend angle and durability is above 10% lower than regulated
figure
3.3.12 When result of any kind of test does not meet the requirement, the second test
should be done at that kind of test with doubled number of test samples from one
plate (or pipe) examined by the old welder.
3.3.13 Welding Sample (product) shall be removed if result of one of the second sample
is not satisfactory.
3.4.1 Welds shall be examined by Ultrasonic testing and radiographic testing to detect
the inside defects which cannot be visually recognized.
3.4.4 The quantity of welds examined by ultrasonic or radiographic shall not be smaller
than quantity stated in table 4
3.4.7 Allowed to replace the method of ultrasonic and radiographic defect detect by
other non destructive method if approved by steam boiler inspector
Weld at parts with working temperature higher than 150oC and pressure higher than
40at
Welds at parts with working pressure higher than 50at at any temperature
Nozzles (if ultrasonic testing and radiographic testing are impossible) with working
pressure higher than 40at.
Longitudinal stiffening and stiffening on the pipe.
3.5.3 The method of taking specimens, size, and shape of test pieces shall be in
accordance with the technical requirements stipulated in the current standards.
3.5.4 When the result of metalographic testing is not satisfactory, there shall be the
second test on 2 specimens from the product weld. The weld is considered as
unsatisfactory if the 2nd testing do not meet requirement.
3.5.5 Those welds which meet requirement on ultrasonic testing or radiographic testing
but the metalographic testing is not satisfactory, 100% of welds shall be
examined by the non-destructive methods already used.
3.6.2 Pressure of hydraulic testing must be in accordance with the value in the table 5.
Working pressure P,
Equipment Testing pressure, Kg/cm2
Kg/cm2
Container (except cast P up to 5 2P but not smaller than
container), steam boiler 2kg/cm2
Container (except cast P over 5 1.5P but not smaller than
container), steam boiler 10kg/cm2
Heat exchanger (1) (1) According to testing
pressure calculation of
steam boiler
Water Warmer (2) (2) According to testing
pressure calculation of
steam boiler
Connecting pipes, heat Not depending on pressure 2P but not smaller than
receiving pipes when 3kg/cm2
testing each pipe
Cast container ‘’ 1.5P but not smaller than
3kg/cm2
(1) Pressure P is working pressure of steam boiler when go out of the heat exchanger.
(2) Closed water warmer: Pressure P is working pressure of the water warmer.
Unclosed water warmer: Pressure P is working pressure of the steam boiler.