Chapter 16.

deWits Open book Assignment

1-How does a Gram stain help to classify bacteria? (See page 217 in your textbook.)
Ans.
According to their need for oxygen, their shape and their Gram staining properties.
2.What are the four most common multidrug-resistant organisms? (See page 218 in your
textbook.)
Ans.
MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus)
VRE (Enterococcus)
ESBL (E.coli or Klebsiella Pneumoniae)
Clostridium Difficile
3.Describe the characteristics that affect virulence. (See page 220 in your textbook.)
Ans.
Characteristic that affect virulence are
⁃ The ability to adhere to mucosal surface or call
⁃ Penetrate mucous membranes
⁃ To multiply in the body
⁃ secret harmful enzymes or toxins
⁃ To resist the phagocytosis ( to destroy the WBC)
⁃ To bind with iron ( essential to bacteria growth)
4.What is the most effective means for destroying viruses and all other kinds of
microorganisms? (See page 220 in your textbook.)
Ans.
-By exposing them to a high temperature for a specific amount of time (250 degree Fahrenheit
20-30min)
-IF using a steam sterilizer the temperature should be (320 degree Fahrenheit and 90mins-
3hours)
5.dentify the modes of transfer of pathogens and explain how the mode of transmission can be
interrupted. (See page 220 in your textbook.)
Ans.
Reservoir are places were the microorganism can be found i.e is food , water
Port exit is the wound where the microorganism’s is transfer then
Mode of transmission is the body where the microorganism’s move through to
Port of entry which is the respiratory track, uritary track ,
Host which is the body (wound) and
Infectious agents which are the fungi, virus etc
this chain of transmission can be broke by cutting off any chain of transmission, say cutting off
port of entry.
6.What are the factors that can place the older adult at higher risk of infection? (See page 221
in your textbook.)
Ans.
-inadequate hygiene
-impaired mobility
-weak immune system due to age
-Poor Nutrition
-chromic illness
7.After the body first defends itself from the invasion of pathogens, what second line of
defense helps destroy these organisms? (See page 224 in your textbook.)
Ans.
The help fo WBC
The gastric secretion of HCL help destroy ingested pathogens by elimination through urinary
system by flushing.
8.Summarize the basic purposes of the inflammatory response. (See page 224 in your
textbook.)
Ans.
Neutralize the harmful agent, by limiting their spread, and also prepare the damage tissues for
repair.
9.How does medical asepsis differ from surgical asepsis? (See page 226 in your textbook.)
Ans.
Medical asepsis is a practice of reducing the number of microorganisms present while surgical
asepsis is a practice of preparing and handling material in a way to reduce the number of
microorganism’s to avoid Pts contamination.
10.List the items that are included as personal protective equipment (PPE). (See page 231 in
your textbook.)
-Gloves , Masks, Gown, protective eyewear, shoe and hair coverings.