GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

ADVANCED FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

Lecture Room: xxxx, CIVN XXXX

SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI)

PREREQUISITES

• Applied Mathematics

• Structural Analysis

• Soil Mechanics

• Statics

• Fluid Mechanics

• Strength of Materials

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 REFERENCE BOOKS

• Selvadurai, A.P.S (1979). Elastic Analysis of Soil Foundation

Interaction. Elsevier scientific Publishing Company, New York
USA.
• Das, B.M. (1999). Principles of Foundation Engineering
PWS Publishing, USA.

• Arora, K.R. (2003). Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.

Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi, India.

• Kramer, S.L. (2003). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering.

Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd Indian Branch, New Delhi
India.

• Som, N.N and Das, S.C.(2003). Theory and Practice of Foundation

Design. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi India.

• Budhu, M. (2010). Soil Mechanics and Foundation. John Wiley &

Sons Inc Publishers, USA.

• Bengt, H. F. (2016). Basic Foundation Design Electronic Edition,

www.Fellenius.net, 451P.
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 DETAILED COURSE PLAN
Lectures for bridging program
• Introduction (-1 Lecture)

• Soil exploration ( -3 Lectures)

• Shallow foundations ( 11 Lectures)

Lectures for Maters program

• Deep foundations ( -7 Lectures)

• Retaining structures and Reinforced earth (-10 Lectures)

• Soil foundation interaction (- 8 Lectures)

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SOIL EXPLORATION
Module-1, Lecture -1
• Geotechnical Engineering: is a branch of civil engineering that is
concerned with design, analysis and construction of foundations, slope,
retaining structures, embarkments tunnels, levees, wharves, Landfills,
rail tracks, runways and other systems that are supported by soil. This
course covers different aspects of geotechnical engineering structures
such as: Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
Retaining wall structures
Reinforced retaining wall
Seismic design of retaining wall
Soil structure interaction (SSI)
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 Common Terminologies
• Footing: is a portion of the foundation structure that transmits loads
directly to the soil.
• Foundation: is the part of structure which is in direct contact with and
transmits loads to the ground.
• Foundation soil: it is the upper part of the earth mass carrying the load
of the structure.
• Bearing capacity: is the most extreme normal contact pressure
between the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear
failure in the soil.
• Gross pressure intensity (q): is the total pressure at the base of the
footing due to the weight of the superstructure, self-weight of the footing
and the weight of the earth fill.
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Common Terminologies Continues

• Net pressure intensity (qn): is the excess pressure after the
construction of the structure and the original overburden pressure.
𝐪𝐧 = 𝐪 − 𝛔
̅ = 𝐪 − 𝛄𝐃 (𝟏)
Where: 𝛾= unit weight of soil above the foundation
• Ultimate bearing capacity (qf): is the minimum gross pressure intensity
at the base of the foundation at which the soil fails in shear.
• Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf): is the minimum net pressure
intensity causing shear failure of the soil.
Thus, ultimate bearing capacity and net ultimate capacity can be
correlated by the following equation:
𝐪𝐟 = 𝐪𝐧𝐟 + 𝛔̅ (𝟐)
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 Common Terminologies Continues
• Effective surcharge at the base level of the foundation(𝛔̅ ) : is the
intensity of the vertical pressure at the base level of the foundation,
computed assuming total unit weight for the portion of the soil above
water table and submerged unit weight for the portion below the water
table.
• Net safe bearing capacity (qns): is the net ultimate bearing capacity
divided by a factor of safety F.
𝐪𝐧𝐟
𝐪𝐧𝐬 = (𝟑)
𝐅

Common Terminologies Continues

• Safe Bearing capacity: the maximum pressure which the soil can carry
safely without risk of shear failure. Thus, it is equal to net safe bearing
capacity plus original overburden pressure:
𝐪𝐧𝐟
𝐪𝐬 = 𝐪𝐧𝐬 + 𝛄𝐃 = + 𝛄𝐃 (𝟒)
𝐅
Note: sometime the safe bearing capacity is also referred as the ultimate
bearing capacity i.e. 𝒒𝒇 = 𝒒𝑭𝒔
• Safe bearing pressure: is the intensity of loading that will cause a
permissible settlement of specified settlement for the structure.
• Allowable bearing capacity or pressure (qa): is the net loading
intensity at which neither the soil fails in shear nor there is excessive
settlement detrimental to the structure.
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 Factors Required for Foundation Design

• Local building codes.

• Footing depth and spacing.

• The geological condition of the soil.

• Net versus gross soil pressure: design soil pressures.

• The behaviour of soil that will provide support for the foundation.

• Load that is coming on the foundation from the structural elements.

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Soil Classifications
• Grain -size distribution (GSD)
Generally determined by:
- Sieve analysis (for coarse-grained soil)
- Hydrometer analysis for fine-grained soil

Fig. 1: Grain -size distribution (GSD)

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 Grain Size Analysis
𝐷60
𝐶𝑢 = Coefficient of uniformity ( ⁄𝐷 ) (5)
10

(𝐷 )2
𝐶𝑐 = Coefficient of curvature ( 30 ⁄(𝐷 ) × (𝐷 )) (6)
10 60

For well graded soil

𝐶𝑢 > 6 for sands
> for gravel
𝐶𝑐 must lie between 1 and 3
If the investigated soil does not satisfy this conditions, then soil is either
For poorly- graded soil
Gap graded soil

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Further Soil Classification Tests

• X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Test.
- For determination of soils mineralogical composition

• X- Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Test

- For determination of chemical compositions

• Free swell index Test

- For determination of swelling potential

• Zero swelling Test

- For determination of swelling pressure

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 Atterberg Limit Test

Fig.2: Atterberg limit curve

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- From Fig.2, soil generally has four different states i.e. Solid, Semisolid, Plastic,
and Liquid states.

- As water content increases, the soil state moves from solid to liquid state.

- The junction between semisolid state and plastic state is know as Plastic limit
(PL).

- The junction between plastic state and liquid state is known as liquid limit (LL).

- The different between the liquid limit and plastic limit is called plasticity index
(PI) i.e. PI(%) = LL-PL
If the moisture content in the soil begins to dry up, it continue to decrease until till
it reaches to the junction between semisolid and solid state. Then the soil volume
will remain constant triggering what is known as shrinkage.
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 Geotechnical Properties
Hydraulic conductivity

Fig.3: Typical hydraulic conductivity setup

- Change in hydraulic level is the different in height of water level

between pipe A and pipe B (∆ℎ).
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• In the laboratory hydraulic conductivity can be determined by:

- Constant head method (more suitable for coarse grained soil).
- Falling head method (suitable for soils such as fine, sands and silts).

Table.1: Typical Hydraulic conductivity values for various soils

Types of Soil Hydraulic conductivity (cm/sec)
Medium – Coarse gravel >10-1
Coarse – Fine sand 10-1 – 10-3
Fine sand, Silty sand 10-3 – 10-5
Silt, Clayey silt, Silty clay 10-5 – 10-6
Clay 10-7 or less

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 Effective Stress
Effective stress can be defined as: σ′ = σ − u (7)
Where: σ′ = vertical effective stress
σ = vertical total stress
u = pore-water pressure
for dry soil, u = 0, σ′ = σ
Thus, total stress and effective can be calculated from a soil medium
following the equation generated from Fig. 4

Fig. 4: Conceptual effective stress on soil medium

σ′ = σ − u = (ℎ1 𝛾 + ℎ2 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) − ℎ2 𝛾𝑤
= ℎ1 𝛾 + ℎ2 (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )
= ℎ1 𝛾 + ℎ2 𝛾 ′ (8)
Where: 𝛾 ′ = submerged unit weight of the soil = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 )
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 Consolidation
Soil voids are filled with water and air, through compaction air is removed from
the soil void. Whereas, by consolidation water is removed.

Fig. 5: Typical consolidation curve

From consolidation test we can determine:

(𝑒1 − 𝑒2 )
Compression Index, 𝐶𝑐 = ⁄(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃 ) (9)
2 1

According Skempton (1944), 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) (10)

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Compression Index, 𝐶𝑐 is necessary for the design of foundation basically for

foundation settlement.
Settlement in fine soil is a time dependent phenomenon, whereas in coarse
soil settlement occurs immediately.
Consolidation settlement is an important property for fine grain soil in
foundation design. The process is to apply series of load on a wet soil sample
and determine the amount of voids ratio. As the applied load/pressure
increases, the void ratio decreases. Void ratio is plotted in a normal scale and
the pressure is plotted on a logarithmic scale. The cure above is the loading
curve and the one below is the unloading curve, e 1 is the void ratio
corresponding to P1, e2 is the void ratio corresponding to P2 and the
compression index, 𝐶𝑐 is the slope of the above curve.
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 Overconsolidated Soil
If the natural pressure or the current pressure which is applied to the soil is less
than the pressure which was previously subjected to the soil, or if the soil
experienced more pressure that is currently applied on it, then that soil is said
to be over consolidated soil. If 𝑃0 < 𝑃𝑐 the soil is categorized as
overconsolidated

If the present effective overburden pressure (𝑃 = 𝑃0 ) is equal to the

preconsolidated pressure 𝑃𝑐 (Maximum past effective overburden pressure),
then the soil is said to be normally consolidated.
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Example of overconsolidated soil is landslide:

Before landslide, there are more stresses at a certain point, After landslide
some soil are removed and wash away , the stress currently at that location is
less than the previous stress. This condition is called over consolidated soil.

Fig. 6: Typical consolidation curve

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 Overconsolidated Soil Continues
From Fig.6 point ‘O’ which the smallest radius of curvature is identified, line

(OA) is drawn and it is parallel to x-axis, the line (OB) is drawn such that line

‘OB’ is tangent to ‘O’. Then another line is drawn such that it bisects angle

AOB. The steep portion of the loading curve is extended, a point is identify

where extended line of the loading curve intercept with the bisected line ‘C’.

The pressure corresponding to that point is called overconsolidated pressure

of maximum past effective overburden pressure.

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How to calculate consolidation settlement

Fig. 7: Normally consolidated clay and overconsolidated clay

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 For Normally Consolidated Clay

Settlement S,=(𝐶𝑐 ⁄(1 + 𝑒𝑜 )) 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔((𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃)⁄𝑃0 ) (11)

Overconsolidated clay

Case-1:𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 < 𝑃𝑐

Settlement S,=(𝐶𝑠 ⁄(1 + 𝑒𝑜 )) 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔((𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃)⁄𝑃0 ) (12)

Case-2:𝑃𝑜 < 𝑃𝑐 < 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃

Settlement S,=(𝐶𝑠 ⁄(1 + 𝑒𝑜 )) 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔((𝑃𝑐 ⁄𝑃0 )(𝐶𝑐 ⁄(1 + 𝑒𝑜 ))𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔((𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃)⁄𝑃𝑐 )

(13)

Where:

𝐶𝑠 = swelling index

𝐶𝑠 = compression index

𝑒0 = initial void ratio

H= thickness of soil layer

𝑃0 = initial applied stress

∆𝑃= addition stress do to applied external load on the foundation

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 Shear Strength

The shear strength, 𝜏𝑓 of a soil in terms of total stress is:

𝜏𝑓 = 𝐶 + 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ (14)

Where:

𝜎= total normal stress on plane of shearing

𝐶= cohesion or apparent cohesion

∅= angle of internal friction

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Shear Strength

Fig. 8: Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion (Total stress)

If the Mohr circle intercepts the failure envelop, failure will occur.

𝜏𝑓 is the maximum shear stress a soil can take without failure, under
normal stress (𝜎).
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 In terms of effective stress

𝝉𝒇 = 𝑪′ + 𝝈′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅′ (15)

Fig. 9: Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion (Effective stress)

𝜏𝑓 is the maximum shear stress a soil can take without failure, under
normal effective stress (𝜎 ′ ).
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Determination of Shear strength parameters (𝝈′ , 𝑪′ )

Shear strength parameters can be measured in geotechnical laboratory
through: Direct shear test (generally for sands)

• Triaxial tests (conducted on sands and clays)

-Consolidated-drained test (CD test)
-Consolidated-undrained test (CU test)
-Unconsolidated- undrained (UU test)
-Unconfined compression test
The shear strength of saturated clays (∅′ =0)
𝑞𝑢
𝜏𝑓 = 𝐶𝑢 = ⁄2 (16)
-Consolidated-drained test (CD test)
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 Stress-Strain Relationship During Shearing

Fig. 10: Consolidated soil response using direct shear method

Fig. 11: Consolidated soil response using triaxial method

The same behaviour or response of soil stress-strain will occur when both
the direct and triaxial testing methods are used
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 Weight- Volume Relationship

Fig. 11: Phase diagram

Porosity (n) is generally cannot be < 1

Void ratio (e) is can be > 1

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Weight- Volume Relationship Continues

The unit weight of the soil at any water content or any degree of saturation
can be written as:

𝛾 = (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒 )𝛾𝑤 ⁄(1 + 𝑒)

Where:

𝐺𝑠 =specific gravity of the soil

𝛾𝑤 = unit weight of water (9.81KN/m3)

𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝛾𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 ⁄(1 + 𝑤)

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 ⁄(1 + 𝑒) for saturated soil, S= 1

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 Relative Density

In granular soils, the degree of compaction in the field can be measured by

relative density (Dr %)

𝐷𝑟 (%) = (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒) × 100⁄(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

Where:

𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 = void ratio of the soil in the loosest state.

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = void ratio of the soil in the densest state.

𝑒= insitu void ratio

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 ⁄(1 + 𝑒) for saturated soil, S= 1

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