STATISTICĂ ECONOMICĂ Curs În Tehnologie ID-IFR

DIANA CRĂCIUNAŞ
STATISTICĂ ECONOMICĂ
Curs în tehnologie ID-IFR
© Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine, 2014
http://www.edituraromaniademaine.ro/
Editură recunoscută de Ministerul Educaţiei, Cercetării, Tineretului
şi Sportului prin Consiliul Naţional al Cercetării Ştiinţifice
din Învăţământul Superior (COD 171)
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

Statistică economică/ autor: Diana Crăciunaş - Bucureşti, Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine,
2014
ISBN 978-973-163-689-4
Reproducerea integrală sau fragmentară, prin orice formă

şi prin orice mijloace tehnice,
este strict interzisă şi se pedepseşte conform legii.
Răspunderea pentru conţinutul şi originalitatea textului revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor.

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET
FACULTATEA DE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAR CONTABIL BUCUREŞTI

PROGRAMUL DE STUDII UNIVERSITARE DE LICENŢĂ:
MANAGEMENT
Conf. univ. dr. DIANA CRĂCIUNAŞ
STATISTICĂ
ECONOMICĂ
Curs în tehnologie ID-IFR
Realizator curs în tehnologie ID-IFR

Conf. univ. dr. DIANA CRĂCIUNAŞ
EDITURA FUNDAŢIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE

Bucureşti, 2014

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±H[SULP LQIOXHQ DIDFWRUXOXLFDQWLWDWLYIDVXSUDOXL [

5HOD LDGLQWUHLQGLFL ,[ = ,[([ ) ∗ ,[(JI )

ÌQVWDWLVWLF LQGLFLLVHIRORVHVFVXEIRUP GHVLVWHPHvQYHGHUHD
FDUDFWHUL] ULLHYROX LHLvQWLPSúLVSD LXDIHQRPHQHORUVRFLDOHFRQRPLFH

6LVWHPHFRQFUHWHGHLQGLFL

,QGLFLL VH IRORVHVF VXE IRUP GH VLVWHP SHQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD
HYROX LHLvQWLPSúLVSD LXDIHQRPHQHORUVRFLDOHFRQRPLFH
3ULQWUHFHOHPDLX]XDOHVLVWHPHGHLQGLFLVXQW
• LQGLFLL YDORULL YROXPXOXL IL]LF úL SUH XULORU SURGXVHORU VDX
P UIXULORU
• LQGLFLLSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL
• LQGLFLLVDODULXOXLPHGLXHWF

,QGLFLLYDORULLYROXPXOXLIL]LFúLSUH XULORU

&XQRDúWHUHDPRGLILF ULLSUH XULORUDFDQWLW LORUSURGXVHYkQGXWH
VDX FRQVXPDWH úL D YDORULL FRQVWLWXLH R FHULQ SULQFLSDO D DQDOL]HORU
SULYLQG PRGLILFDUHD SURGXF LHL D FRQVXPXOXL FDUDFWHUL]DUHD QLYHOXOXL
LQIOD LHL
$QDOL]D VH ED]HD] SH IDSWXO F YDORDUHD FD LQGLFDWRU FRPSOH[
SRDWHILH[SULPDW vQIXQF LHGHFDQWLWDWHDGHSURGXVHTúLGHSUH S
9 S×T
XQGHS±SUH XOIDFWRUFDOLWDWLYT±FDQWLWDWHDIDFWRUFDQWLWDWLY

,QGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOL
Y ST
• ,QGLFLLYDORULL LY = =
Y S T
S ST
• ,QGLFLLSUH XULORU LS = VDXLY(S ) =
S S T
T ST
• ,QGLFLLYROXPXOXLIL]LF LT = VDXLY(T ) =
T S T
5HOD LDGLQWUHLQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOL LY = LY(S ) ⋅ LY(T )
/D QLYHOXO LQGLYLGXDO DO XQLW LORU FH FRPSXQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD VH
SRWFDOFXODúLPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
GY = Y − Y = S T − S T
GYS = ST − S T = T (S − S )
GYT = S T − S T = S (T − T )
5HOD LDGLQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
GY = GYS + GYT
3HQWUX R DQDOL] FRPSOH[ OD QLYHO VLQWHWLF HYROX LD JHQHUDO D
YDORULL FDQWLW LORU YkQGXWH D SUH XULORU SHQWUX SURGXVHOH YkQGXWH VH
DQDOL]HD] FXDMXWRUXOLQGLFLORUVLQWHWLFL

,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOYDORULL ,∑
Y
• VHSRDWHFDOFXODDVWIHO
,∑
Y ∑Y ∑ST
= =
∑Y ∑S T
FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DIHUHQW ∆∑ ∑ S T −∑ S T
Y
=
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DULWPHWLF SRQGHUDW DLQGLFLORULQGLYLGXDOLDLYDORULLLYDWXQFLFkQG
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,∑
Y ∑L S T
Y

=
∑S T
LDUPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DIHUHQW ∆∑ ∑L S T − ∑ S T

Y
=
Y

3UH XULOH úL FDQWLW LOH VXQW GH RELFHL QHvQVXPDELOH 3HQWUX
VLQWHWL]DUHDPRGLILF ULLODQLYHOXOvQWUHJLLXQLW LDWkWDSUH XULORUFkW
úL D FDQWLW LORU YkQGXWH VH YRU XWLOL]D LQGLFLL YDORULL FRQVLGHUkQG
FRQVWDQW XQ IDFWRU úL YDULDELO QXPDL IDFWRUXO D F UXL PRGLILFDUH QH
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• ,QGLFHOH VLQWHWLF DO YROXPXOXL IL]LF ,∑
Y (T )
FDUH H[SULP
PRGLILFDUHDPHGLHDFDOLW LLYkQGXWHÌQSUDFWLF LQGLFHOHYROXPXOXL
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,∑
Y (T )
=
∑S T

∑S T

LDUPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DIHUHQW ∆∑
Y (T )
= ∑ S T − ∑ S T
,QGLFHOH VLQWHWLF DO YROXPXOXL IL]LF VH PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD FD R
PHGLHDULWPHWLF SRQGHUDW DLQGLFLORULQGLYLGXDOLDLYROXPXOXLIL]LFLT
,∑ =
Y (T ) ∑L S TT

∑S T

LDU PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW DIHUHQW
∆∑
Y (T )
= ∑ LT S T − ∑ S T
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOSUH XULORU ,∑
Y(S )

([SULP PRGLILFDUHD PHGLH D SUH XULORU úL VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FD
LQGLFHGHWLS/DVSH\UHV
,∑
Y(S )
=
∑ST

∑S T

FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DIHUHQW ∆∑
Y(S )
= ∑ ST − ∑ S T
2EVHUYD LH $FHVW LQGLFH HVWH XWLOL]DW SHQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFHOXL
SUH XULORUGHFRQVXP
,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOSUH XULORUPDLSRDWHILFDOFXODWFDXQLQGLFHGHWLS
3DDVFKH
,∑
Y(S )
=
∑ST

∑S T

FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DIHUHQW
∆∑
Y(S )
= ∑ ST − ∑ S T
2EVHUYD LH$FHVWLQGLFHHVWHXWLOL]DWSHQWUXFDOFXOXOSUH XULORU
FX ULGLFDWD DOH SURGXVHORULQGXVWULDOHVDXSHQWUXSUH XULOHSURGXVXOXL
LQWHUQEUXW3,%
,QGLFHOH VLQWHWLF DO SUH XULORU SRDWH IL FDOFXODW FD R PHGLH
DUPRQLF SRQGHUDW DLQGLFLORULQGLYLGXDOLDLSUH XULORULS
, ∑
Y(S )
=
∑ST

∑L S T
S

FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW ∆∑
Y(S )
= ∑ ST − ∑ ST
LS
'HRDUHFH LQGLFHOH YDORULL WRWDOH UHSUH]LQW UH]XOWDWXO YDULD LHL
UDSRUWXOXL GH FRPELQDUH D IDFWRULORU LQWHQVLYL úL H[WHQVLYL FH
GHWHUPLQ XQ DQVDPEOX GH PDQLIHVW UL vQWUH FHL WUHL LQGLFL H[LVW
UHOD LD
, ∑ ∑ Y ( S ) + , ∑ Y (T )
Y
= ,
ùLUHOD LDGLQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
∆∑ ∑ Y ( S ) + ∆∑ Y (T )
Y
= ∆

• ,QGLFHOHSUH XOXLPHGLX
3UH XO PHGLX VH VWDELOHúWH FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF SRQGHUDW D
YL
SUH XULORULQGLYLGXDOH$VWIHOGDF SUH XO SL = UH]XOW F SUH XO
TL
PHGLXYDIL
∑ YL = ∑ SL TL = S J T
S= ∑ L L
∑ TL ∑ TL
2EVHUYD LH 1LYHOXO úL GLQDPLFD SUH XOXL PHGLX VXQW
GHWHUPLQDWH GH SUH XULOH OD QLYHO GH XQLWDWH SL úL VWUXFWXUD YDORULL
TL
J LT =
∑ TL
'LQDPLFDSUH XOXLPHGLX
• ,QGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU YDULDELO FDUDFWHUL]HD] PRGLILFDUHD
SUH XOXLPHGLX
, S S
= =
∑ST ∑S T

=
∑S J T

∑T ∑T ∑S J
T
S
LDUPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW YDIL
∆S = ∑ S JT − ∑ S J T
,QGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU IL[ FDUDFWHUL]HD] LQIOXHQ D SUH XOXL
LQGLYLGXDODVXSUDSUH XOXLPHGLX
,S (S ) =
∑ST ∑S T

=
∑S J T

∑T ∑T ∑S J
T

∆S S = ∑ S JT − ∑ S JT
,QGLFHOH PRGLILF ULORU VWUXFWXUDOH FDUDFWHUL]HD] LQIOXHQ D
VWUXFWXULLDVXSUDSUH XOXLPHGLX
,S(J ) = =
T S ∑ S T ∑ S T = ∑ S JT
S ∑ T ∑ T ∑ S J T

S JT 
∆   = ∑ S JT − ∑ S J T

5HOD LDGLQWUHFHLWUHLLQGLFL
S S(S ) S (JT )
, = , ⋅ ,
5HOD LDGLQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
S S(S ) S(JT )
∆ = ∆ + ∆

,QGLFLLSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL

3URGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLHVWHRFDUDFWHULVWLF GHULYDW FXFDUDFWHU
GHP ULPHPHGLHFDUHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD] FXDMXWRUXOLQGLFLORUFDOFXOD L
FD UDSRUW vQWUH GRX PHGLL ÌQ GRPHQLXO FRPHU XOXL úL WXULVPXOXL
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL VH SRDWH FDOFXOD FD UDSRUW vQWUH YDORDUHD
GHVIDFHULORU VDX FHD D vQFDV ULORU GLQ DFWLYLWDWHD WXULVWLF úL QXP UXO
GHVDODULD L

9RPQRWDFX4 YDORDUHDYkQ] ULORUFXDP QXQWXO
7 QXP UPHGLXGHPXQFLWRUL
: SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL
: SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPHGLHDPXQFLL
3URGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLVHSRDWHFDOFXODFXUHOD LD
4L :L7L
:L = =
7L 7L
vQFDUHIDFWRUXOFRPSOH[HVWH 4L = :L 7L

IDFWRUXOFDOLWDWLYHVWH :L
IDFWRULFDQWLWDWLYL 4L 7L

,QGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOL
7
• ,QGLFHOHQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L L7 =
7
4
• ,QGLFHOHYDORULLGHVIDFHULLGHP UIXUL L4 =
4
:
• ,QGLFHOHSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL L: =
:
5HOD LDH[LVWHQW vQWUHFHLWUHLLQGLFL L4 = L: ⋅ L7

0RGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHDIHUHQWHXQHLXQLW LDFROHFWLYLW LL
• 0RGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DYDORULLGHVIDFHULORUGHP UIXUL
G4 = 4 − 4 = :7 − :7
• 0RGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL
G: = (: − : )7 = :7 − :7
• 0RGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L
G7 = (7 − 7 ): = 7: − 7:
5HOD LDH[LVWHQW vQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
G4 = G: + G7

,QGLFLLVLQWHWLFL
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOYDORULLGHVIDFHULORUGHP UIXUL
, ∑
4 ∑ 4 = ∑: 7
=

FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW
∑ 4 ∑: 7
∆∑ = ∑: 7 − ∑: 7
4

• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L
, ∑
7 ∑ 7 FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW
=

∑7
∆∑ = ∑ 7 − ∑ 7
7

• 3URGXFWLYLWDWHDPHGLH
∑4 ∑: 7
: = L = L L
∑7 ∑7
L L
• ,QGLFHOHSURGXFWLYLW LLPHGLL
,: =
:
=
∑:7 ∑: 7
: ∑7 ∑7
∆: = : − :

¾'LQDPLFDSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLFXGHVFRPSXQHUHDHLSH
IDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ
• ,QGLFHOH FX VWUXFWXU IL[ DO IDFWRUXOXL LQWHQVLY H[SULP
YDULD LD SXU D SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL SULQ PHQ LQHUHD FRQVWDQW D
VWUXFWXULLVDODULD LORU
,: (Z ) =

∑ :7 ∑ : 7 = :
∑ 7 ∑ 7 :

FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

∆: (Z )
= : − :
1RW PFX : =
∑:7 UHSUH]HQWkQGSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL
∑ 7
vQSHULRDGDGHED] FXS VWUDUHDVWUXFWXULLvQSHULRDGDFXUHQW
• ,QGLFHOH PRGLILF ULORU VWUXFWXUDOH DO IDFWRUXOXL H[WHQVLY
H[SULP HIHFWXO PRGLILF ULL VWUXFWXULL VDODULD LORU S VWUkQG
SURGXFWLYLWDWHDFRQVWDQW vQED]

∑:7 ∑:7 = :

,: (J ) =
7

∑ 7 ∑ 7 :
FXPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH ∆: (J 7 ) = : − :

5HOD LLOHH[LVWHQWHvQWUHLQGLFLVXQW
:  J 7 
: : (Z )
, = , ⋅ ,  
&XPXOkQGLQIOXHQ HOHvQP ULPLOHDEVROXWHDOHFHORUGRLIDFWRUL

UH]XOW PRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DQLYHOXOXLPHGLXDOFDUDFWHULVWLFLL
:  J 7 
: : (Z )
∆ = ∆ ⋅ ∆  

¾'LQDPLFD YDORULL GHVIDFHULORU GH P UIXUL FX
GHVFRPSXQHUHDHLSHIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ
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FDIHQRPHQFRPSOH[\ I[FDUHHVWHLQIOXHQ DWGHIDFWRUXOLQWHQVLY
FDOLWDWLY SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL : úL GH IDFWRUXO H[WHQVLY
FDQWLWDWLYQXP UXOGHVDODULD L7
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOYDORULLGHVIDFHULORUGHP UIXUL
,∑
4 ∑ 4 = ∑:7
=
∑ 4 ∑:7
∆∑
= ∑:7 − ∑:7
4
• ,QGLFHOH VLQWHWLF FX VWUXFWXU IL[ DUDW LQIOXHQ D IDFWRUXOXL

LQWHQVLY SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL S VWUkQG VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU
FRQVWDQW vQSHULRDGDFXUHQW
,∑
4 (: )
= ∑ :7
∑ :7
∆∑
4 (: )
= ∑:7 − ∑:7
• ,QGLFHOH VLQWHWLF DO PRGLILF ULORU VWUXFWXUDOH DUDW LQIOXHQ D
IDFWRUXOXL H[WHQVLY VWUXFWXUD VDODULD LORU S VWUkQG SURGXFWLYLWDWHD
FRQVWDQW vQED]
, ∑
4 (7 )
=
∑: 7

∑: 7
∆∑
4 (7 )
= ∑ : 7 − ∑ : 7
5HOD LLOHH[LVWHQWHvQWUHLQGLFLúLPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHYRUIL
, ∑ = , ∑ ⋅ , ∑
4 4 (: ) 4 (7 )

∆∑ ∑ 4 (: ) + ∆∑ 4 (7 )
4
= ∆

,QGLFLLVDODULXOXLPHGLXúLDLIRQGXOXLGHVDODULL

)RQGXO GH VDODULL DO XQHL VRFLHW L HVWH IRUPDW GLQ WRWDOLWDWHD
VDODULLORU FXYHQLWH VDX FDOFXODWH GXS FDQWLWDWHD úL FDOLWDWHD PXQFLL
SUHVWDWH6WDWLVWLFIRQGXOGHVDODULLHVWHRYDULDELO FRPSOH[ FDUHVH
GHWHUPLQ FDSURGXVDGRLIDFWRULVDODULXOvQFDVDWFDIDFWRUFDOLWDWLY
úLQXP UXOGHVDODULD LFDIDFWRULFDQWLWDWLY

6DODULXO HVWH UHPXQHUDUHD PXQFLL GHSXVH GH ILHFDUH DQJDMDW vQ
IXQF LH GH UH]XOWDWXO QHJRFLHULL YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF FDWHJRULD GH
vQFDGUDUH QXP UXO GH RUH HIHFWXDWH FDOLWDWHD úL FDQWLWDWHD PXQFLL
GHSXVHHWF
6DODULXO PHGLX HVWH R YDULDELO VWDWLVWLF IRUPDW vQ IXQF LH GH
YDORULOHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHVDODULLORUúLQXP UXOGHVDODULD LSHFDWHJRULL
SHJUXSHGHVDODULD L
)RORVLPXUP WRDUHOHQRWD LL
6L VDODULXvQFDVDWGHRJUXS GHVDODULD L
7L QXP UXOGHVDODULD LFRUHVSXQ] WRUXQHLJUXSHGHVDODULD L
6 VDODULXOPHGLX
)V IRQGXOGHVDODULL
&DOFXOXO VDODULXOXL VH IDFH vQ IXQF LH GH IRQGXO GH VDODULL úL
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6L =
)VL
GHXQGH 6 =
∑ )V L = ∑ 6L7L
7L ∑ 7L ∑ 7L
3XWHPFDOFXODLQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLDL
6
• 6DODULXOXLvQFDVDW L6 =
6
)V
• )RQGXOXLGHVDODULL L)V =
)V
7
• 1XP UXOXLGHVDODULD L L6 =
7
5HOD LDGLQWUHLQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOL L)V = L6 ⋅ L7
$QDOL]DVDODULXOXLPHGLXFXGHVFRPSXQHUHDHLSHIDFWRUL
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOVDODULXOXLPHGLX
,6 =
6
=
∑6 7 ∑6 7

6 ∑7 ∑7
• 0RGLILFDUHDDEVROXW
∆ 6
= 6 − 6
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFFXVWUXFWXUDIL[
,6(6) =
∑ 67 ∑ 6 7 =
6

∑ 7 ∑ 7 6

1RW PFX 6 =
∑ 67
∑7
6 (V )
∆ = 6 − 6

• ,QGLFHOHPRGLILF ULORUVWUXFWXUDOH
∑ 67 ∑ 67 = 6

,6(J ) =
7
∑ 7 ∑ 7 6

∆6 ( J ) = 6 − 6
7
5HOD LLOHH[LVWHQWHvQWUHLQGLFL
,6 = ,6 (6 ) ⋅ , 6 (J )
7
ÌQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
∆6 = ∆6 ( 6 ) + ∆6 ( J )
7
6H PDL SRDWH DQDOL]D úL IRQGXO GH VDODULL GXS UHOD LD
)V = 6 ⋅ 7
,)V =
∑ )V = ∑ 6 7

∑ )V ∑ 6 7
∆)V
= ∑6 7 − ∑6 7

&HLGRLIDFWRULFHLQIOXHQ HD] IRQGXOGHVDODULLVXQW
• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOIDFWRUXOXLLQWHQVLY
∑ 6 7
,)V (6 ) =

∑6 7
∆ ( )
)V 6
= ∑ 6 7 − ∑ 6 7

• ,QGLFHOHVLQWHWLFDOIDFWRUXOXLH[WHQVLY
∑ 6 7
,)V (7 ) =

∑6 7
∆ ( )
)V 7
= ∑ 6 7 − ∑ 6 7

5HOD LLOHGLQWUHLQGLFL
, )V = , )V (6 ) ⋅ , )V (7 )
5HOD LLOHGLQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
)V (6 ) )V (7 )
∆)V
= ∆ + ∆



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Drepturi de autor:

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STATISTICĂ ECONOMICĂ Curs În Tehnologie ID-IFR

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

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DIANA CRĂCIUNAŞ

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

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Răspunderea pentru conţinutul şi originalitatea textului revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor.

FACULTATEA DE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAR CONTABIL BUCUREŞTI

Conf. univ. dr. DIANA CRĂCIUNAŞ

Realizator curs în tehnologie ID-IFR

EDITURA FUNDAŢIEI ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE

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S-ar putea să vă placă și

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