SHRINETHRAA SENTHIL KUMAR 173701048 II-D FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, MAHE

Metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible,

and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF METAL

Based on chemical and physical properties, metals can be differentiated as:

 Ferrous metals:
As the name indicates these are the metal
combination of Iron with carbon. Since it
has various varieties and large scale use,
it is categorized as ferrous metals. The
ferrous metal is very hard and can be
made into a different shape. The strength
is very high such that it is used in making
heavy machinery and equipment. Even it
can withstand heavy weights and harsh
environmental conditions. These metals
are good conductors of heat and also
electricity. Ex: iron, steel.
  Non-Ferrous metals:
These are the metals which are used
instead of iron for machinery and other
equipment. They are not so heavy as
ferrous metals. And even they are less
corrosive and softer than them. They need
less pressure to mold into any form. They
are in high demand these days due to
above advantages. Ex; Aluminium, lead,
copper. Like ferrous metals, they are also
good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Noble metals:
Like noble gasses, these metals are
less reactive. Of course, they react in
liquid or powder forms. But in
general, they do not corrode and rust
on exposure to air. They are soft and
can be easily molded into different
forms. They are quite expensive due
to above properties and are used in
jewellery, coin making etc. Ex; Gold, platinum, silver. They are the good
conductors of heat and electricity
 Heavy metals:
These are the metals with high
atomic weight and high density. But
they can be less stronger than iron
and other metals. They are not
widely present in nature like other
above metals. Ex: Arsenic,
cadmium, lead. Also, metals are
good conductors of heat and
electricity. Mercury is a bad conductor of heat while lead is a bad conductor of
electricity. Metals have many uses in industry, agriculture and even in the health
sector. They are even part of few biomolecules in plants and animals
  Metal alloys:
These are metals which are made of combination of metals. They are alloyed
(mixed) to get desired properties like greater strength, durability and also
resistance to corrosion. Also these metals alloys are used to avoid or resist heat
generation. For example in large gun cannons. Since during firing, they get hot,
these alloys are made so that they do not get heated so fast like the traditional
metals.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 IRON
After processing, the ore is blended
with other ores and goes to the
blast furnace. The mixture of raw
material enters at the top of the
blast furnace. At the bottom of the
furnace, very hot air is blown in
through nozzles. The coke burns in
the presence of the hot air. The
oxygen in the air reacts with the
carbon in the coke to form carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide then
reacts with the iron ore to form carbon dioxide and pure iron.

1. SEPARATION OF IRON FROM SLAG:

The melted iron sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The limestone combines
with the rock and other impurities in the ore to form a slag which is lighter than
the iron and floats on top.
As the volume of the charge is reduced, more is continually added at the top of
the furnace. The slag is carried away for disposal.

2. TREATING THE GASES:

The hot gases produced in the chemical reactions are drawn off at the top and
routed to a gas cleaning plant where they are cleaned, or scrubbed, and sent
back into the furnace; the remaining carbon monoxide, in particular, is useful to
the chemical reactions going on within the furnace.
 STEEL PROCESSING
The steelmaking process starts with
the processing of iron ore. The rock
containing iron ore is ground and the
ore is extracted using magnetic
rollers.
Fine-grained iron ore is processed
into coarse-grained clumps for use in
the blast furnace.
Coal is cleaned of impurities in a coke furnace, yielding an almost pure form
of carbon.
A mixture of iron ore and coal is
then heated in a blast furnace to
produce molten iron, or pig iron,
from which steel is made.
A diversified fleet of production
facilities to make steel, both basic
oxygen furnaces and electric arc
furnaces.
In a basic oxygen furnace, molten
iron ore is the principal raw material and is mixed with varying quantities of
steel scrap and alloys to produce different grades of steel.
In an electric arc furnace, recycled steel scrap is melted directly into new
steel.
Molten steel from the furnaces
passes through continuous casters
and is formed into slabs, blooms and
billets.
These primary steel products are
transformed into a wide range of
finished steel products through hot
and cold rolling processes.
GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF METALS
The use of metal has almost become unavoidable in our daily life. Now days,
metals are used for cooking, farming tools, weapons like bow, arrows, swords
and in so many other places. Currently, almost any object we see is made of
metals. Modern man has also learned how to use the combination of metals and
their alloys for his benefit. For example-
 In medicine
Many treatments like joint replacement, pacemakers, heart valves, stents would
not have been possible without the advanced metals.
 In electronics
It’s used in many electronics like TV, mobiles, fridges etc. in daily life. These
electronics use metals in the body for different purposes. But one of the key
purposes is to facilitate electricity transfer. They’re also used in refrigerators
and air conditioners.
 In building constructions
Metals like iron and steel are widely used in building and home constructions.
Their strength and ability to withstand heavy weights. They are commonly used
in reinforced concrete roofing, pillars, foundations, fencing etc.
 In jewellery

Metals like Gold, silver, platinum, copper are widely used in jewellery. These
metals are symbolic of financial status and hence very expensive.

 In machinery & automobiles:

Many machines and automobiles are made of metals extensively. Metals which
can withstand high temperature and pressure during work are preferred. The
commonly used metal is Iron, steel, aluminium etc. so cranes, mills, satellites.
The machines and automobiles include road vehicles, railways, airplanes, etc.
  In farming
Farming requires many metal tools for tilling the soil, cutting, planting the seeds
etc. So most of the farming equipment are made of metals like iron, steel etc.
They can be used in both wet and dry conditions as required in agriculture.

 In cooking
Utensils are best made from metals like steel, aluminium, and copper. Stoves,
furnaces, Bowels, troughs, spoons, knives used in the kitchen are made from
metal. They are so much preferred as they can withstand temperature and also
used for wet and dry purposes.

 In furniture
Even some home furniture are made of
metal instead of wood. Fans, stands,
cupboards, drawers are mostly made from
metal.

 In security systems
Metals play an important role in security systems.

DECORATIVE PURPOSES
Metal can be formed into countless shapes while still retaining many
advantageous properties. A wide variety of metals and alloys can be used,
including aluminium, brass, steel, tin, silver, gold, and wrought iron.
Examples of decorative metal uses are countless but include spiral
staircases, guardrails, handrails, gates, decorative brackets, and cornices and so
much more.
Some common methods used to shape metals into simple or intricate
decorations.
 1. Metal forming is the relatively
simple process of shaping metal by
folding or bending it. Metal
forming is used in the creation of
cornices, cladding panels, trim,
gutters, downspouts, brackets,
conductors, pitch boxes, and
moulding.

2. Casting is often used to make

intricate or complex shapes. This
eliminates the need for additional
adjustments requiring welding or
machining, making casting an
efficient option. Common
examples of decorative metal
casting include light posts, and
gates, and other decorative cast
iron products.

3. Forging is a process in which

metal is heated and shaped through
plastic deformation by applying
compressive force. Forged metal
results in a product with greater
strength, toughness and ductility
that the original material

EFFECT ON WEATHER OF METALS

Temperature affects metal in numerous ways. A higher temperature increases
the electrical resistance of a metal, and a lower temperature reduces it.
Heated metal undergoes thermal expansion and increases in volume. Increasing
the temperature of a metal can cause it to undergo allotropic phase
transformation, which alters the orientation of its constituent atoms and changes
its properties.
  EFFECT OF HEAT
Electrical resistance: Electrical resistance is the measure of how strongly the
metal impedes the passage of electrical current.

Thermal Expansion: Metal expands when heated. Length, surface area and
volume will increase with temperature. The scientific term for this is thermal
expansion. The degree of thermal expansion varies with different types of
metal.

Structure: Heating the metal will displace atoms from their position and the
displaced atoms form a new structure. This process is known as allotropic phase
transformation. Allotropic phase transformation alters the hardness, strength and
ductility of the metal.

 HEAT TREATMENT

Heat treatment is a process designed to alter the properties of the metal to better
suit its intended use. The main types of heat treatment are annealing,
normalising, hardening and tempering.

ANNEALING- Annealing is frequently used to soften metals including iron,

steel, copper, brass and silver. The process involves heating the metal to a
specific temperature then allowing it to cool slowly at a controlled rate.

NORMALIZING- Normalising (commonly referred to as normalized) is applied

to alloys to provide uniformity in grain size and composition.

HARDENING- Hardening is applied to steel and other alloys to improve their

mechanical properties.

TEMPERING- Tempering is applied to steel where ductility is desired.

Tempering is a low temperature heat treatment process normally performed
after hardening in order to reach a desired hardness/toughness ratio.
  CORROSION

When a material reacts with the external

environment, over a time, its structure
will be deteriorated, and breaks down
into small pieces. This is known as
corrosion. Most commonly this happens
to metals. When exposed to the external
environment, metals will undergo
oxidation reactions with oxygen in the
atmosphere. Other than metals, materials
like polymers, ceramics can also
undergo disintegration

 RUSTING

Rusting is a chemical process, which is

common with the metals containing iron.
In other words, the corrosion process
taking place when there is iron, it is
known as rusting. For rusting to take
place, there should be certain conditions.
In the presence of oxygen and moisture
or water, iron undergoes this reaction
and form a series of iron oxide. This
reddish-brown colour compound is
known as rust.

USE OF METAL IN OUR CAMPUS

CABINET HINGE HOSTEL GATES STREET LAMPS

IN WORKSHOPS IN MACHINERY IN BARRICADES

BARRICADES EXHAUST IN BAGS

WINDOW GRILL STAIRCASE RAILING LOCKERS