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ESTRUCTURE
S + modal + Vinfinitive + …
Modal + S + Vinfinitive…?
Yes, S + modal. / No, S + modal.
Any modal can’t be conjugated except: be able to, have to, haven’t to,
need to
BE ABLE TO (ser capaz de) Ex. Maria is able to skate very well
Uses: Ability (with effort)
COULD/ COULDN’T (podía/no Ex. She could run very fast when she
podia, podrías) was a child
Uses: Past ability, Polite request, Ex. Could you help me with the
Polite suggestion, Possibility homework?
(40%) Ex. You could do exercise
Ex. Maria could join us at the cinema
MUSN’T (no se debe) Ex. You musn’t exceed the speed limit
Uses: Prohibition
NEEDN’T TO (no hacer falta Ex. You needn’t bring anything to the
que, no tener que, no necesitar) party
Uses: Lack of obligation, Lack of -
necessity
SHOULD/ SHOULDN’T/
SHOULDN’T/ Ex. You should to improve you
OUGHT TO (debería) pronunciation
Uses: Opinion, advice .
HAD BETTER/ HAD BETTER Ex. You had better go to the doctor
NOT (es mejor que, deberías/ -
no deberías)
Uses: Advice, Opinion
MODALS PERFECT
ESTRUCTURE
S + modal perfect + Vpast participle + …
Modal perfect + S + Vpast participle…?
Yes, S + modal perfect. / No, S + modal perfect.
Any modal perfect can’t be conjugated.
MUST HAVE (debe de haber) Ex. Maria has arrived late, she
Uses: Certainty that something was must have been in a traffic jam
true
COULD HAVE (podía haber) Ex. You could have asked the
Uses: Ability to do something in the doctor before taking the medicine
past which in the end wasn’t done, -
Advice,
COULDN’T HAVE (no pudo haber) Ex. Maria couldn’t have gone to
Uses: Certainty that something did the concert because she was
not happen doing an exam
SHOULD/ SHOULDN’T
SHOULDN’T HAVE/
HAVE/ Ex. You shouldn’t have forgotten
OUGHT TO HAVE (debería haber/ about her birthday
no debería haber) -
Uses: Criticism or regret after an
event, Advice