TRIGONOMETRY(Triangle measurement)

FORMULAE

ANGLE:
 An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line w.r.t a fixed line.
 If the rotation is in clockwise sense, the angle measured is negative.
 If the rotation is in anticlockwise sense, the angle measured is positive.
 One complete rotation (counter clockwise) is 360.
 If there is no rotation angle is 0.
 1(degree) = 60(minutes).
 1(minute) = 60(seconds).

DEGREES & RADIANS :

360 = 2 radians  180 =  radians 1 = /180radians = 0.01746 radians.
180 =  radians 1 radian = 180/ = 180  7/22 = 5716.

Degrees 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

Radians /6 /4 /3 /2  3/2 2

QUADRANTS :
S II I A
90+ 90-
180- 360+
T III IV C
180+ 270+
270- 360-

STATUS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS:

Changes No change
90   180  
270   360  

sin cos , cos sin

tan cot , cot tan
cosec sec , sec cosec.

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS:

 0 30 45 60 90 180 360

/6 /4 /3 /2  2
sin  0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 0
cos  1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 -1 1
tan  0 1/3 1 3  0 0

Trignometry -1- www.ravi_math.lib

RESULTS :
 Sin(-) = -sin , cosec(-) = - cosec
 cos(-) = cos , sec(-) = sec
 tan(-) = - tan , cot(-) = - cot.

SOME BASIC FORMULAE :

 sin cosec = cos sec = tan cot = 1
 sin2 + cos2 = 1
 1 + tan2 = sec2 or sec2 - tan2 = 1 or sec + tan = 1/ sec - tan .
 1 + cot2 = cosec2 or cosec2 - cot2 = 1 or cosec + cot = 1/ cosec - cot

PERIODIC FUNCTION :
If f(x + ) = f(x) , f(x) is a periodic fn. Least value of  is the period.
Period 2 Period 
sin, cos, sec, cosec, tan, cot

ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :

Odd Even
f(-x) = - f(x) f(-x) = f(x)

sinx, cosecx, tanx, cotx, cosx, secx

RANGE :
Function Range
Sin [-1, 1]
cos [-1, 1]
tan (- , ) = R
cosec  1 or  -1
sec  1 or  -1

SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAE :

Sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB tan(A+B) = tanA + tanB cot(A+B) = cotAcotB – 1

Sin(A-B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB 1 – tanAtanB cotA+ cotB

cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB tan(A-B) = tanA - tanB cot(A-B) = cotAcotB +1

cos(A-B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB 1 + tanAtanB cotB- cotA

sin(A+B) sin(A-B) = sin2A - sin2B = cos2B - cos2A

cos(A+B) cos(A-B) = cos2A- sin2B = cos2B - sin2A

VALUES OF IMPORTANT ANGLES:

 sin18= -1  5/4 . cos18 = 10+25
4
 sin36=10-25 = cos 54 . cos36 = 5+1 = sin54
4 4

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MULTIPLE ANGLE IDENTITIES:
 sin2A = 2sinAcosA = 2tanA . sinA= 2sinA/2cosA/2 = 2tanA/2
1+ tan2A 1+tan2A/2
 cos2A = cos2A-sin2A = 2cos2A-1 . cosA = cos2A/2-sin2A/2 = 2cos2A/2-1
=1-2sin2A = 1-tan2A = 1-2sin2A/2 = 1-tan2A/2
1+tan2A 1+tan2A/2
 tan 2A = 2tanA . tanA = 2tanA/2
1-tan2A 1-tan2A/2
 1+cos2A = 2cos2A or 1+cos2A = cos2A . 1+cosA = 2cos2A/2 or 1+cosA = cos2A/2
2 2
 1-cos2A = 2sin A or 1-cos2A = sin2A
2
. 1-cosA = 2sin A/2 or 1-cosA = sin2A/2
2

2 2
 1-cos2A = tan A , 1+cos2A = cot2A
2
. 1-cosA = tan A/2 , 1+cosA = cot2A/2
2

1+cos2A 1-cos2A 1+cosA 1-cosA

 sin3A = 3sinA-4sin A3
. 1-cosA = tanA/2 , 1+cosA = cotA/2
 cos3A = 4cos3A-3cosA sinA sinA
 tan3A = 3tanA-tan3A
 cot3A = cot3A – 3cotA
3cot2A - 1

PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE :

 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B)

 2cosAsinB = sin(A+B) – sin(A-B)
 2cosAcosB= cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)
 2sinAsinB = cos(A-B) – cos(A+B)

SUM & DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCTS:

 sinC+sinD = 2sinC+D.cosC-D . sinC-sinD = 2cosC+D.sinC-D

2 2 2 2
 cosC+cosD= 2cosC+D.cosC-D . cosC-cosD = -2sinC+D.sinC-D
2 2 2 2
 tanC+tanD = sin(C+D) . tanC-tanD = sin(C-D)
cosCcosD cosCcosD
 cotC+cotD = sin(C+D) . cotC-cotD = sin(D-C)
sinCsinD sinCsinD

GENERAL SOLUTIONS :
 If sin = 0   = n ,nZ
 If cos = 0   = (2n+1)/2 , n  Z
 If tan = 0   = n ,nZ

Trignometry -3- www.ravi_math.lib

PRINCIPLE VALUES:
Functions principle values
 sine [-/2 , /2]
 cosine [0,]
 tangent [-/2 , /2]

GENERAL SOLUTIONS :
 sin = sin   = n + (-1)n  ,nZ
 cos = cos   = 2n   ,nZ
 tan = tan   = n +  ,nZ
 sin2 = sin2   = n   ,nZ
 cos2 = cos2   = n   ,nZ
 tan2 = tan2   = n   ,nZ
 cos = cos & sin = sin   = n +  , n  Z

PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES : In triangle ABC,

 Sine formula :
a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC = 2R

 Napier’s formulae :
1. tan A-B = a-b cot C/2
2 a+b
2. tan B-C = b-c cot A/2
2 b+c
3. tan C-A = c-a cot B/2
2 c+a

 Cosine formulae :
1. cosA = b2+c2-a2
2bc
2. cosB = c +a2-b2
2

2ac
3. cosA = a2+b2-c2
2ab

 Projection formulae :
a = b cos C + c cos B , b = c cos A+ a cos C , c = a cos B + b cos A

 Sub – multiple (half) angle formulae :

1. sinA/2= (s-b)(s-c) , sinB/2=  (s-c)(s-a) , sinC/2=  (s-a)(s-b)

bc ac ab
2. cosA/2=s(s-a) , cosB/2=s(s-b) , cosC/2=s(s-c)
bc ac ab
3. tanA/2= (s-b)(s-c) , tanB/2=  (s-c)(s-a , tanC/2=  (s-a)(s-b)
s(s-a) s(s-b) s(s-c)

Trignometry -4- www.ravi_math.lib

  Area formulae:
1. = ½ ab sinC 2. =½ bc sinA 3. = ½ ca sinB

4. = abc/4R 5. = 2R2 sinAsinBsinC 6. =s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) where, s = a+b+c/2

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS:

 Domain & Range:

S.No Function Domain Range

1 Y = sin-1x -1 x  1 -/2  y  /2
2 Y = cos-1x -1 x  1 0 y  
3 Y = tan-1x -  x   =R -/2  y /2
4 Y = cosec-1x x 1 or x  -1 -/2  y /2 , y  0
5 Y = sec-1x x 1 or x  -1 0 y   , y  /2
6 Y = cot-1x -  x   =R 0 y 

PROPERTIES OF PRINCIPAL INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

 Property I :
1. sin-1(sinx) = x 2. cos-1(cosx) = x 3. tan-1(tanx) = x
4. cosec-1(cosec x) = x 5. sec-1(secx) = x 6. cot-1(cotx) = x

 Property II:
1. sin-1(1/x) = cosec-1x 2. cos-1(1/x) = sec-1x 3. tan-1(1/x) = cot-1x
4. cosec-1(1/x) = sin-1x 5. sec-1(1/x) = cos-1x 6. cot-1(1/x) = tan-1x

 Property III:
1. sin-1(-x) = -sin-1x 2. cos-1(-x) = -cos-1x 3. tan-1(-x) = -tan-1x
4. cosec-1(-x) = -cosec-1x 5. sec-1(-x) =  -sec-1x 6. cot-1(-x) = -cot-1x

 Property IV:
1. sin-1x + cos-1x = /2 2. tan-1x + cot-1x = /2 3. sec-1x + cosec-1x = /2

 Property V:
If xy 1 , then tan-1x + tan-1y = tan-1 x+y
1-xy
 Property VI:
Sin-1x + sin-1y = sin-1[x1-y2 + y1-x2 ]

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BY KRK

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