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EVALUATION NOTES
While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 34 marks ]
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions please answer using red font colour
H. Mucosa
A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis
B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
__K___ Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
___H__ Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
___C__ Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
___B__ Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into
4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids
5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Donor only provides What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? red blood cells NO on the RBC? present in the plasma?
antibodies are given.
A and B antigens Plasma does not A antigens are Anti-B
are present contain any present antibodies are
antibodies present
a) Will an antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Yes, the antibodies in the recipient’s blood will bind to the antigens on the donor’s RBC’s.
b) Will agglutination occur?
Yes, agglutination will occur.
c) Will this blood transfusion be safe?
No, the blood transfusion would not be safe.
8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis
___B___ Molecule found in hemoglobin that works with iron to bind oxygen.
____C__ Destruction of red blood cells in the liver and spleen.
____D__ Creation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
____A__ Protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
Artery Vein
Carry oxygenated blood away from the Carry deoxygynated blood towards the
heart heart
Thicker walls due to higher blood Thinner walls due to lower blood
pressure pressure
10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually cause you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Instructions:
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions, please answer using red font colour
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.
13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest . Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase
14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive enzyme
that is normally made by the . Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine
e. Lactase, pancreas
15. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified
sketch of how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start
with the pizza entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down
into nutrients that can be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that
the only biological molecules in the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough,
and lactose, from the cheese. You may ignore any other molecules that might be present.
You should also assume that Mary did NOT take her Lactaid medication when eating the
pizza.
Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file).
A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course
PHS – Pre-Health Sciences
resources (E.g. lecture slides) or the internet.
Carbohydrate polysaccharides and disaccharides get broken down into monosaccharides for
absorbtion. Chemical and physical digestion begin in the mouth with chewing and salivary
amylase but most absorbtion takes place in the small intestine. What is not absorbed in the small
intestine gets absorbed in the large intestine with the help of bacteria. What is not absorbed and
digested gets passed as waste.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.
a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.
Sebaceous glands are located in the dermis layer of the skin.
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?
A sebaceous gland produces sebum which is an oily substance while sudoriferous glands
produce sweat.
d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands can get trapped in follicles under the skin. A large
amount of sebum trapped in the follicle will lead to a bump to appear under the skin, this is
acne.
19. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
b. Hepatic
c. Pulmonary
d. None of the above
20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
22. While in the ambulance, the additional oxygen that Mary receives enters her nasal cavity and
travels through the respiratory system until it reaches the blood. From there, it travels to her
heart so that it can be pumped to the various cells in her body.
a. (5 marks) List the respiratory structures IN ORDER that carry oxygen from the nasal
cavity to the alveoli. List at least FIVE structures.
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
iii. (1 mark) True or False – A red blood cell is able to live for years within the
blood.
False.
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.
RBC’s have hemoglobin, oxygen binds to the hemoglobin to allow for easy
transportation of O2.
Once a red blood cell has matured it loses its nucleus, this allows for more
hemoglobin within the cell.
RBC's are flexible and can fit into small spaces such as capillaries.
During hypoxia, the kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates RBC production
in the mone marrow, one of these RBC’s have enough hemoglobin proteins to carry
approximately one billion oxygen molecules.
Scenario: Upon arriving at the hospital, Mary is assessed by the on-call cardiologist, Dr. Hiba Khaled.
After an initial assessment and blood draw, Dr. Khaled orders an EKG and echocardiogram for Mary to
determine if she is experiencing a heart attack.
23. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)
24. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a professional
psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a variety of breathing
techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an extract from the Cannabis
sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes home and practices the
suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,” recommends taking a long, slow
breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration:
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contact. The diaphragm moves downward to increase
space in the thoracic cavity while the intercostal muscles pull the rib cage upward to further
increase the amount of space to allow for the lungs to inflate.
During expiration:
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. The diaphragm goes back to its original, relaxed
position within the thoracic cavity and the intercostal muscles release the rib cage back to its
original position as the lungs deflate.
26. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with 1
breath at rest? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
e. Residual volume
PHS – Pre-Health Sciences
Scenario: After trying the various breathing exercises, Mary feels calmer and less anxious.
She books an appointment with one of the counsellors at Durham College’s Campus Health
Centre in G1030 and does some additional research on the Solace Centre in C111 to see when
the various wellness coaches and meditation classes are available. She also sends an email to
the Access and Support Centre (ASC) in SW116 and Student Academic Learning Services
(SALS) in SSB204 to see if there are any additional supports she can access to help her
manage her academics while she recovers. She also opens the pamphlet on CBD oil to see if
this is a route she wants to pursue. Specifically, she is wondering if CBD oil could also help
her manage her symptoms of lactose intolerance as well.
27. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the
gut? Justify your answer and provide the link to your source.
TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your
job to formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.
Answer:
CBD can help manage inflammation within the digestive system.
The article state that, “cannabinoid receptors as well as regulatory enzymes responsible
for the synthesis or degradation of endocannabinoids representing potential targets to
reduce the development of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions, hemorrhage and
inflammation. (Klára Gyires, 2016).”
This means that the use of CBD oil, along with he bodies natural enzymes, can reduce
the development of digestive system issues such as gastrointestinal mucosal lesions,
hemmoraging, and inflammation.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333598/