ANSWER KEY

1. Wind Turbine-coupled to the generator through a Gearbox

➢ Usually induction generators are used in WECS.
➢ Wind turbine captures the kinetic energy of wind flow through rotor blades and
transfers the energy to the induction generator side through the gearbox.
➢ Output voltage and frequency is maintained within specified range, by using
supervisory metering, control and protection techniques.
➢ machines of capacity, up to 5 MW, have been developed and installed.

The power developed is given by

P : Power (W),
Cp: Power coefficient,
ρ : Air density (kg/m3)
V: Wind velocity (m/s) and
A: Swept area of rotor blades

P= ½*Cp* ρ*V3*A

➢ Cp gives a measure of the amount of energy extracted by the turbine rotor

➢Its value varies with rotor design and the tip speed ratio (TSR).
➢TSR is the relative speed of the rotor and the wind <= 0.4
➢The torque output varies due to fluctuations in wind speed caused by tower shadow, wind
shear and turbulence causing dynamic perturbation in the output power
➢Depending on controllability, wind turbine operating systems are classified as
❑Constant speed wind turbine- Power variation and voltage flicker
❑Variable speed wind turbine- Provide smoother output power and more stable
bus voltage with lower losses.

2. Ultra Capacitors or Supercapacitors

Easiest way to increase capacitance (hence, energy storage):

● Increase surface area
● Decrease plate separation
This is exactly what a supercapacitor does.
Also known as...
● Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
● Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor
● Double Layer Capacitor
Benefits of Supercapacitors
● Virtually unlimited cycle life : Can be cycled millions of time
● High specific power : Low resistance to high load currents
● Excellence on low temperature charge and discharge performance
● Cost effective energy storage
● Charges in seconds
● Can be easily disposed because it is made out of carbon

Limitations of Supercapacitors
● Low specific energy
○ Holds a fraction of a regular battery
● Linear discharge prevents using the full energy spectrum
● High self-discharge : Higher than most batteries
● low cell voltage
● High cost per watts

3. Flywheels store energy in form of kinetic energy in a rotating hub.

4. Active and reactive power control

The microsources may be (i) DC sources like solar PV, fuel cells and storage battery or (ii)
AC sources like Microturbines and wind turbines.
For DC sources, DC power is directly converted into P-f (50/60 Hz) AC while for the AC
sources, the AC output at non-standard frequencies is first rectified to DC and then reconverted
into power frequency AC through converters
DC/AC conversion takes place through a voltage source inverter that forms the principal
component of the power electronic converter.
The VSI in the converter system controls both magnitude(V) and phase angle (δ1) of the
output voltage (V< δ1) at converter terminal (Bus-1).
The microsource supplies controlled power to the Microgrid bus (Bus-2) at a voltage of E< δ2
through an inductor of reactance X
V< δ1 leads E< δ2 by the power angle δ = δ1 – δ2
The active power flow (P) is controlled by controlling δ (or Frequency)
Reactive power (Q) is controlled by controlling V
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7. Same as qstn no. 4
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