Rectangular and section analysis in bending and shear

Learning out-comes
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:

a) Identify singly and doubly reinforced section (CO1)

b) Design a rectangular section beams in bending,
shear and deflection (CO1, CO2)
c) Details the beams (CO1).
 INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE RC. BEAM DESIGN
Here are some examples of Reinforced Concrete beams
that you may find in practice

Note: T and L is more economical since the

concrete below the dotted line (neutral axis)
which serves only to contain the
reinforcements, is removed resulting in a
reduced weight of the beam
Any of the above arrangements can be employed in conditions
where the beam is simply supported or where it is continuous over
the supports.
 BEAM DESIGN IN BENDING

 Ultimately beams may fail due to excessive Bending or

Shear. Excessive deflection will also result in the
serviceability being impaired. Generally structural
design will consider each of these aspects
 Bending and shear are ultimate states while the
deflection is serviceability state.
 Therefore design of concrete beam involves
consideration of
 Bending
 Shear
 deflection
 Consider un-reinforced concrete beam under bending

The beam will deflect due to bending moment and shear forces induced by
the applied loading in a curved shape;
 Flexural tensile cracking will begin at the extreme
bottom fibres and extend towards the neutral axis.

In addition to tensile stress caused by flexure, diagonal tensile stresses are

induced by the shear forces as shown below
 Since cracks develop in a direction perpendicular to that of
tensile stresses, diagonal shear cracking appears in region of
high shear stress as shown below.

The cracking caused by flexure in the un-reinforced beam produces tensile

failure at very low value of w. Only 10% at compressive strength capacity of the
beam is being utilized.

The introduction of steel reinforcement bars in the tension zone of the beam
(steel has a very high tensile strength compared to concrete, 500N/mm2)
enables the applied load w to be increased until the beam fails by yielding of the
steel in bottom position and crushing of the concrete in the top fibres in
compression.
Note: the neutral axis at failure has moved to position nearer the top of the
beam.
The amount of reinforcement steel required is dependent on the value of
bending moment.

The cracking caused by shear in un-reinforced beam is prevented by providing

shear links ( also known as stirrups) as shown below which ensure the steel
reinforcement is present to resist the diagonal tension.
 The spacing of the links varies depending on the
magnitude of the shear force and the depth of the
beam at any given section. At location of high shear,
e.g support points, the links are closer together than is
required at regions where the shear is low, e.g. at mid-
span in the beam as shown in Fig. 1
 Bending
When determining the ultimate moment of resistance of
concrete cross-sections, Cl 6.1 of EC2 recommends;
 Plane sections remain plane
 Strain in the reinforcing steel is equal to that of the
surrounding concrete
 The tensile strength in the concrete is ignored
 The stresses in the concrete Stress

fck
Stress

fcd fcd = 0.85 fck / 1.5

are derived from design curves fcd = cc fck / c

fcd = 0.567 fck
0.87 fyk
If fyk = 500 N/mm2
Es = 200 kN/m2
Then yield strain = 0.00217

0.002 0.0035 Strain

cc = 1.0 if pure compression and 0.85 if compression due to bending 0.87 fyk / Es uk Strain
c = 1.5 (factor of safety for concrete)
y = 0.00217

 Stresses in the reinforcement are derived from design

curves
 The load causes the beam to deflect downwards
resulting in tension in the bottom of the beam and
compression in the top.
 Neutral Axis - The level at which there is neither
tension nor compression
 OVER-REINFORCED - If a large amount of
reinforcement is present then the concrete will fail
first in a brittle
 UNDER-REINFORCED - if the section fails due to
yielding of the steel reinforcement first and the failure
mode is far more ductile resulting in large
deformations, cracking and spalling of concrete on the
tension face. As this is highly visible it is a much safer
mode of failure, and also is more economical
SINGLY-REINFORCED SECTION
-Considering the case of a simply supported singly
reinforced rectangular beam
0.67f cu
b  cc 
m
F cc
 x 0.9x

d z

 st F st
Loading Cross section Strains Stresses

Based on BS 8110
 c
AC x Fc

d z
h
As1
s
s Fs
The stress in the
Low strain – reinforcement
elastic region, increases linearly up
bottom stress is to yield point and then
zero- concrete constant- but the strain
crack in concrete increases,
the stress in the
concrete follow
parabolic/rectangular
for simplicity
 f f
EC2 f
cdα
cc
ck
0
.
85ck

0.
56f
c
γ
c 1
.
5
Stress
b
block analysis
c 0.567 fck
Fc
AC x 0.8x
0.8

d
h z

As1
s
s
Fs = 0.87 fyk As1
s

Fcc = Fst f
yd
f
yk f
yk
0
.
87f
yk
γs 1
.
15
A) Ultimate Moment Resistance (Mu) due to Concrete.

 The applied loading on the beam gives rise to an

Ultimate Design moment (M) on the beam in this
case at mid-span.
 The resulting curvature produces a compression force
in the concrete Fcc and a tensile force Fst in the steel.
And for equilibrium,

Fcc = Fst
Ultimate moment of Resistance (Mu)

M Rd  Fcc z  Fst z
Where:

M is applied moment
Mu is moment resistance
Fcc is compression force in the concrete
Fst is tensile force in the steel
And for stability,

M Rd  M Ed
Design Applied
moment moment
From:

Fst = design stress  area

f yk As
Fst =
s

Fcc  stress  area

0.85 f ck
Fcc  [ ][0.8 xb]
c
From the simplified stress block above,

0.85 f ck
Fcc  stress  area  0.8 xb ..........(1)
c
and
z  d  0.8 x ..................(2)
2
 d  0.4
To ensure that the section designed is under-reinforced
it is necessary to place a limit on the maximum depth of
the neutral axis (x). EC2 suggests:
x  0.45d for concrete class less  C50/60
x  0.35d for concrete class  C55/67
substituting for x, z and Fcc in the equation for MRd
above gives:
M Rd  Fcc z
0.85 f ck
M Rd  0.8 xb ( d  0.4 x )
1.5
In order to provide a ductile section, the maximum depth
of the neutral axis, x= 0.45d (balanced section for singly
reinforced beams)
Then
M Rd  0.167 f ck bd 2 …………(3)

NOTE: It can be seen from this equation that MRd depends only upon
the properties of the concrete. This means that the concrete alone
determines the maximum moment carrying capacity of a section,

M Ed  M Rd For singly reinforced

beam
 Rearranged Eq 3;
M Rd
K 2
 0.167
f ck bd
 K= 0.167 when MEd= MRd

 Hence when M Ed
K  0.167 
f ck bd 2
then the section cannot be singly reinforced.

 If a greater moment capacity is called for, it can

only by obtained by either increasing the size of
the section/concrete strength or alternatively by
DOUBLY REINFORCING
The solution of which requires an expression for z.
Lever arm, z, at the limit when

M Rd  M Ed
 0.85 f ck
M Rd  Fcc z  0.8bxz From Eq 1
c
putting  c  1.5
 0.45 f ck b x z
(d  z ) From Eq2,
= 0.45 f ck bz2
0.8
3.4
 f ck bz(d  z )
3
dividing both sides by f ck bd 2
M 3.4 z
 ( )(1  z )
f ck bd 2
3 d d
M
Subs K = and z 0  z gives :
f ck bd 2 d
3.4
( z0 )(1  z0 ) or 0  z0  z0  3.4 K
2
K=
3 3
This is a quadratic and can be solved to give

z0  z  0.5  (0.25  3K )
d 3.4

OR re-arranged to give a function for z in terms of d

z  d (0.5  (0.25  3K ))
3.4
K
 d (0.5  (0.25  ))
1.134
B) Ultimate Moment Resistance (Mu) due to Steel.

 At the limit when M Rds  M Ed

Ultimate moment
resistance for f yk As
steel M Rds  Fst z  z
s
rearrangin g and putting  s  1.15
Moment But M Rds  M Rd  M Ed
design for
Moment
steel M Ed
As  due to
applied
Moment 0.87 f yk z load for
design for concrete
concrete Area for steel
reinforcement
 In summary design for bending requires the
calculation of the maximum design moment M and Ed

the ultimate moment of resistance of the section MRd

 If M  M then only tension reinforcement is required
Ed Rd

and the area of steel can be calculated from:

M
As 
0.87 f yk z

 making use of the graph or expression z  d (0.5  (0.25  3K ))

3.4
to find z.
M
K  0.167  Ed
 When M Ed  M Rd or f bdck
2

the designer must consider either a DOUBLY

REINFORCED section or increased section capacity (d
and fck ).
 K’= 0.167

Singly
reinforced
section
Example 1. Design of Bending Reinforcement for a
Singly Reinforced Beam

A simply supported rectangular beam of 6m span carries

a characteristic dead (Gk ) load (inc. Self wt. of beam ),
and imposed (Qk ) loads of 8 kN/m and 6 kN/m
respectively
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM DESIGN (SIMPLIFIED)
 Where the design moment is greater than the ultimate
moment of resistance i.e. MEd >MRd the concrete will have
insufficient strength in compression to generate this
moment and maintain an under-reinforced mode of
failure.
 An alternative to increasing the strength/area of concrete
in compresion is to use a Doubly-Reinforced section.
 Here we must design the compression reinforcement to be
able to withstand the moment in excess of MRd. This
ensures that the compressive strength of the concrete is not
exceeded and an under-reinforced mode of failure will be
seen.
 Considering the case of a doubly reinforced rectangular
beam

b  0.45f
0.85f ck/1.5
cu F sc
=
A 's d' X=
x=d/2 s =0.8x
S= 0.9x
0.45d = F cc
 sc
d z
As
F st
 st
Cross section Strains Stresses
The area of compression reinforcement is thus
calculated from:
M Ed  M Rd
As 
'

0.87 f yk (d  d )
'

where d’ is the depth to the compression steel from the

top surface.
 We must now increase the area of tensile
reinforcement to maintain compatibility by an equal
amount.
M Rd
As   As
'

0.87 f yk z
Where;

 ' 
z  d 0.5  (0.25  3 K )
 3.4 

and K’ = 0.167
Example 2.
A simply supported rectangular beam of 9m span
carries a characteristic dead (gk ) load (inc. Self wt. of
beam ), and imposed (qk ) loads of 6 kN/m and 8kN/m
respectively.
Assuming fck =30N/mm2
and fyk =500N/mm2
b =225 mm

h=400 mm q = 8kN/m
k
g = 6kN/m
k
9m

Doubly Reinforced Beam??

HOW TO TRANSFER LOAD FROM SLAB TO BEAM?
ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Assumption Loading from Slab

 Loading acting on a beam can be contributed by loading from
the supported slabs, supported secondary beams,
brickwall, and other structure elements such as staircase,
roof truss etc.
 Load distribution from the slab to beam always depends on the
geometry of slabs, type of supports condition and continuity of
the slabs.
ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Assumption Loading from Slab (cont)

 For rectangular slabs that supported in 4-sides, the following
method can be used:
 0ne-way slab (Ly/Lx > 2.0)

where n = uniform distributed load on slab (kN/m2)

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Assumption Loading from Slab (cont)

 For rectangular slabs that supported in 4-sides, the following
method can be used:
 Two-way slab (Ly/Lx < 2.0)

where n = uniform distributed load on slab (kN/m2)

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Design Procedure for a rectangular beam :

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Shear Reinforcement (Cl. 6.2)

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Shear Reinforcement (Cl. 6.2)

ECS 478 – Chapter 2 :
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing – continuous beam design

Detailing
Example
A 6 m span simply supported beam carries a
permanent load gk = 60 kN/m and variable load qk = 18
kN/m. Determine reinforcement requirements.
Take:
fyk = 500 N/mm2, fck = 30 N/mm2, d = 540 mm and
b = 300 mm
 Design loading and maximum moment

Ultimate design load wu

= 1.35 gk + 1.50 qk
= (1.35 x 60) + (1.50 x 18)
= 108 kN/m

ME,d = wul2/8
= 486 kNm
Reinforcement
K = M/(bd2fck)
= 486 x 106/(300 x 5402 x 30)
= 0.185 > K' = 0.167
Design as DRB
Take d' = 50 mm
d‘/d = 50/540 = 0.092 < 0.171
Therefore, fsc = 0.87 f y
Compression steel,
A’s = (K – K’)fckbd2/fsc(d-d’)
= (0.185-0.167)x30x300x5402/(0.87x500x(540-50))
= 222 mm2

Provide 2 H16 bars (A’s = 402 mm2)

Tension steel:
As = (0.167 fck bd2/0.87f yk z) + A’s
= [(0.167x30x300x5402)/(0.87x500x(0.82x540)] + 222

= 2497 mm2

Provide 2 H32 bars and 2 H25 bars (As = 2592 mm2)

Check: 100 As/bd = 1.6 > 0.15

Variable strut inclination
Shear reinforcement Compression chord
Fc

d z=
  V
0.9d M

Fs
s
Shear without links
V
Rd
,
c 0
.
12
k
(ρ
100
f
) b
d  t
1
/
3
ck w 
V
Rd
,
c f
(
k,ρ
,
tf,b
d
ck
w)
Size Effect Dowel action Shear compression and Section size
A Aggregate interlock

k 
1
200

2.0 
t  s
0
.02
d b
wd

V 
Shear strength of RC
v
Rd
,cbd
(min)
minw concrete without shear
links is greater of:
v0
.
035
kf VRd,c and VRd,c (min)
min
3
/
2
ck
Shear reinforcement
Diagonal compressive strut Vertical shear reinforcement

0.
36b
d(
1
f/250 A V
k)
f 
sw Ed


w c ck
V
Rd
,
max
θ
(cotθ
tan
) s 0.
78d
f cot
ywd

 V 

θ0
.
5 1

sin Ed
 Note that all shear in RC beams
0.
18
bd
(
1
 w ck ck
f/
250
)
f must be resisted by links. i.e. there
is considered to be no contribution
from the concrete or from the

θ
22
45 longitudinal steel.
VRd,s = number of links in shear span x total
cross-sectional area x design stress

= [(z cot)/s] x Asw x fywd

= (Asw/s) z f ywd cot

Ultimate strength of concrete strut,
= ultimate design stress x cross-sectional area
= (fck/1.5) x (bw x zcos)
Vertical component,
= [(fck/1.5) x (bw x zcos)] sin
So,
VRd,max = fckbw z cos sin/1.5
= fckbw z / 1.5 (cot  + tan)
 In EC2 this formula is modified by inclusion of strength
reduction factor (1) for concrete cracked in shear, thus:
VRd,max = fckbw z 1 / 1.5 (cot  + tan)

where 1 = 0.6(1-fck/250) and taking z = 0.9d,

VRd,max = 0.36bwd(1-fck/250)fck /(cot  + tan)

Example (Shear design)
Previous beam (wu = 108kN/m)

Take:
fyk = 500 N/mm2,
fck = 30 N/mm2,
d = 540 mm and b = 300 mm
 Check maximum shear at face of support

Maximum design shear

= wu x effective span/2
= 108 x 6.0/2
= 324 kN
Design shear at face of support, VEd
= 324 – 108 x 0.15 (half bearing length)
= 308 kN
Crushing strength, VRd,max of diagonal strut,
assuming  = 22o, cot  = 2.5, is

VRd,max = 0.124 bwd(1-fck/250)fck

= 0.124 x 300 x 540 (1-30/250) x 30

= 530 kN (>308 kN)

Therefore  = 22o and cot  = 2.5 assumed

Shear links
Distance d from face of support,
VEd = 308 – 108 x 0.54 = 250 kN

Asw/s = VEd/(0.78 d fyk cot)

= 250/(0.78 x 540 x 500 x 2.5)

= 0.475

Provide 8 mm links at 200 mm centres (Asw/s = 0.503)

 Minimum links
Asw,min/s = 0.08fck0.5bw/fyk
= (0.08 x 300.5 x 300)/500
= 0.26

Provide 8 mm links at 350 mm centres (Asw/s = 0.287)

Shear resistance of links specified is:

Vmin = (Asw/s) x 0.78 d f yk cot
= 0.287 x 0.78 x 540 x 500 x 2.5
= 151 kN
Crack and Deflection
 Crack and deflection control are the two main
serviceability checks required.
Deflection
 The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in
terms of its deflection from its original unloaded
position
Main Factors:
Concrete tensile strength
Creep
Elastic modulus
Deflection
 Deflection is estimated using span/depth ratio
 To determine the basic design of l/d ;

ρ = As1/bd

ρ’ = As2/bd

• To calculate specific limits on span/effective depth ratio the following

equations are given in EC2, with K taken from Table NA.5
 Table NA.5 provides basic l/d for common reinforced
concrte members and support condition

Note;
This table
assume steel
stress at critical
section
s = 310 Nmm2
This table NA.5 assume steel stress at critical section
s = 310 Nmm2
If other stress are used the value in the table can be multiplied by 310/ s
s = 310 fyk As,requred/500 As ,provided

Therefore in general;
Allowable deflection = allowable l/d= l/d (basic) x 310/ s
For safety;
l/d (design/allow) > l/d (applied/actual)

• For beams and slabs, other than flat slab, where span lengths exceed
7m, the values of L/d should be multiplied by 7/ leff.
 Exercise on the Deflection Checking (Beam)
Figure below shows the beam designed to carried moment
about 130.6 kNm.
Concrete cover = 40 mm
As1 req. = 1144 mm2, As2 req. = 291 mm2
As prov. = as shown in figure.
Check deflection of the beam.
2H16
13kN/m (402 mm2)
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
370mm
9m
3H25
(1470mm2)

230mm
Cracks
 Cracks must not exceed 0.3 mm-to avoid durability
problem
 This can be overcome by properly design the minimum
steel areas, maximum bar spacing or the maximum bar
diameter
 Exercise : Beam Design
Figure below shows the simply supported beam and the size
of the beam. Assuming that : concrete cover = 25 mm,
diameter of bar is 20mm, diameter of link = 10mm, fck =
25N/mm²,fyk= 500 N/mm². Calculate the area of steel, shear
reinforcement of the beam and check the deflection of the
beam.

15kN/m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
450mm
4m

200mm
 EXERCISE 1
Variable loading = 2.0 kN/m²
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 N/mm²
Concrete cover = 25 mm
Thickness of concrete slab = 150 mm
Density of concrete = 24 KN/m³
Characteristic of steel strength, fyk = 500 N/mm²
Finishes = 0.3 KN/m²
Diameter of tension bar (assume)= 20 mm
Diameter of link (assume) = 8 mm
Selfweight of brickwall = 2.88 KN/m²
Beam size = 200mm x 600mm
A 3.0m height of brickwall sitting on top and along of beam B4.
i) Design beam B4
 1 2 3 4 5
3500 4500 4000 3000

8000
B1 B2 VOID B3 B4 B5

GROUND FLOOR PLAN (NTS)

All dimension are in mm