Atom's 

Conception
ANCIENT IDEAS OF ATOM
ALCHEMY :
THE DARK AGE OF
ATOMISM
THE BASIC UNIT OF A

CHEMICAL ELEMENT
 ATOM
AN ATOM IS THE SMALLEST PARTICLE INTO WHICH AN
ELEMENT CAN BE DIVIDED WITHOUT LOSING ITS
CHEMICAL IDENTITY. ATOMS CONSIST OF A HEAVY
CENTRAL NUCLEUS SURROUNDED BY A CLOUD OF
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES CALLED
ELECTRONS. THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS POSITIVE
PARTICLES (PROTONS) AND ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
PARTICLES (NEUTRONS). THE NUMBER OF PROTONS
IS CALLED THE ATOMIC NUMBER. THIS NUMBER
UNIQUELY IDENTIFIES EACH CHEMICAL ELEMENT. IN
TURN, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE COMPOSED OF
QUARKS.
AN ELEMENT IS A CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE THAT IS MADE UP OF
SINGLE KIND OF ATOM. IRON,
CARBON, AND HYDROGEN ARE
ALL ELEMENTS. A MOLECULE IS
FORMED WHEN TWO OR MORE
ATOMS OF ANY KIND OF ELEMENT
ARE JOINED TOGETHER
CHEMICALLY. IF A MOLECULE
CONTAINS TWO OR MORE
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS, IT IS
KNOWN AS A COMPOUND. A
WATER MOLECULE IS A
COMPOUND OF THE ELEMENTS
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.

IF AN ATOM OR MOLECULE BECOMES ELECTRICALLY

CHARGED BY GAINING OR LOSING ONE OR MORE
ELECTRONS, IT BECOMES AN ION. IF THE ATOM GAINS
ELECTRONS, IT HAS A NEGATIVE CHARGE. IF IT LOSES
ELECTRONS, IT HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE.
 This learning tool proudly presents

THE ANCIENT
IDEAS OF
ATOM
All matter - whether in the form of water
, carbon , air , or minerals - consists of
atoms , which are un turn made up of
simpler particles .ThIs fact has taken
human beings thousands of years to
understand and the present lesson is a
journey through that history.
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 01 The Rutherford Atom for
Carbon

Ernest Rutherford's original

atomic model is now
understood to be inaccurate,
but it retains its meaning as an
icon today. The nucleus
consisting of protons and
neutrons, here shown in red,
is surrounded by orbiting

02
electrons, shown in blue.

The Schrodinger Atom for

Carbon

Erwin Schrodinger's
model is a more correct
representation. It includes
electron clouds.

ATOMIC
MODELS
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 03 Bohr Model of Calcium

Bohr originally developed

his atomic model to
demonstrate the way in
which electrons of
hydrogen atoms changed
orbits. Physicists today
know that this version is
not completely accurate,
but it is still used because
it offers a clear
explanation of atomic
structure at an
introductory level.

04 Bohr Model of a Calcium

Ion

The calcium molecule

above has gained two
negatively charged
electrons to become a
calcium ion.

ATOMIC
MODELS
A scientific theory of the nature
of matter, which states that matter is
composed of discrete units called atoms.

THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN

CHEMISTRY IS THE CONCEPTION OF

ATOMIC
THEORY
AND THE DISCOVERY OF
THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
OF THE ATOM.

It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece

and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th
century when discoveries in the field of chemistry
showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were
made up of atoms.
 The early conception of the atomic
theory and elements started in Greece
where some of the Greek philosophers
and scholars where determine to find
out the urstuff or the composition of
matter.

THALES
ACCORDING TO THALES OF MILETUS , IN BOTH THE
SYNTHEIS DURING LIFE AND THE DECOMPOSITION
AFTER DEATH.

FOR ANAXIMENES , AIR WAS THE PRIMARY COMPONENT : WHEREAS

FOR HERACLITUS, IT WAS FIRE.

pYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS , TOGETEHR WITH HIS FELLOWERS , DESRTED THE

CONCEPT OF A SINGLE , PRIMARY ELEMENT FOR ALL MATTER AND SUGGESTED
THAT ALL MATTER IS A COMBINATION OF THE FOUR ELEMENT : WATER , AIR , FIRE
, EARTH.
He developed the theory that all
matter in the universe was composed
of various combinations and
proportions of four elementary
substances .Metals , for example
were considered to be composed of
earth and fire , since they could be
produced by placing ores (earth) in a
flame .He believed that the shinier a
metal , the more fire it could
contain.
EMPEDOCLES
He supported the
PYTHAGOREAN VIEW
and added that the four
elements - and therefore
all of matter -are
infinitely divisible . In
ARISTOTLE addition , he explained
that the concept of
gravity by assuming that
the four elements had a
natural home to retorn
to when free to do so.
 LEUCCIPUS
OF MILET Calligraphers United

He first believed that all

matter-including the four
elements -was composed of a
basic building block:the
atom.Thw word atom came from
the Greek word "atomos" ,
which means indivisible  His
idea was further developed by
his student Democritus of
Abdere ( 460-370B,C,), who
proposed that the atom has the
following characteristics :

1.) Invisible because it is extremely small.

2.) Indivisible because it cannot be broken
down to a tinier unit.
3.) Solid, spherical,not empty.
4.)Surrounded by an emptyspace.
5.)Eternal because atoms are seamless.
6.)Immeasurable number of shapes.

Epicurus supported Democritus' atomos theory , saying that belief is

such theoryy can actually help human being live better lives.
The theory that all matter is made up of atoms

was later called atomism and widely attributed

to Democritues.Beacuse of Aristotle , however

this view did not gain wide acceptance in

ancient Greece.Aristotle refuted Democritus'

theory becaiuse it's consequences were not in

line with aristotle ideas of natural

phenomenon.Because of Aristotle's wide

influence not  just in philosophy but also in

science , the theory of atomism was not further

explored in the next 2000 years.

CHEMISTRY
The science of the composition of matter , it;s
properties and characteristics and the changes it
undergoes.It is often called the central science
because it connects the physical , life and applied
sciences.
 Alchemy
The science of chemistry thrived during the Middle Ages.This was
then known as ALCHEMY , a micture of black magic and scientifiv
knowledge with much superstition.Alchemist pursued a mythical
philosopher's stone that was believed to transform based materials
, such as iron and lead , into gold.They studied the classical Greek
philosophers , especially Aristotle,who argued ythat all substances
originated in some way from the four basic elements.Alchemists
tried to find a fifth element ( the quintessence) which, they
believed , coulc control the changing of one substance into
another.

Even though their efforts and methods were rather unscientific ,

alchemists contributed much useful tools in the study of science. Equipment
, such as the test tube , the closed crucible and the retort , which are still
used in chemical laboratories today , were developed by these alchemist
.During the 16th century , alchemists and physicians thought that diseases
must be cured by experimental use of chemicals accompanied by
observation. One of the was Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus , an alchemist
and physician by profession and considered as the " Father of Toxicology " .
As such , alchemy also laid the foundations of medicine.
AT
OM
the basic unit of a
chemical element

Editor :
katrina d. panaligan
Researcher - Information Gatherer

Members:
shene vigilla
stephanie padayao
dominador ceredon
xyza sarian
kurt santos
jane pogoy
frieda ramolete
Researchers