Things to Remember

Real Numbers

1. Euclid's Division Lemma:

Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and
r satisfying a = bq + r where 0 ≤r < b.
2. Euclid's Division Algorithm:
To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say 420 and 130,
with 420 > 130, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Apply Euclid's division lemma, to 420 and 130. So, we find
whole numbers, q = 3 and r = 30, such that 420 = 130x3 + 30,
0 ≤ 30 < 130.
Step 2: If r = 0, 130 is the HCF of 420 and 130. If r ≠ 0, apply the
division lemma to 130 and 30, i.e. 130 = 30 x 4 + 10
Step 3: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor
at this stage will be the required HCF.
Since 10 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 30 and 10 to get
30 = 10 x 3 + 0
The remainder has now become zero, so our procedure stops.
Since the divisor at this Step is 10, the HCF of 420 and 130 is 10.

2
 Things to Remember

3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:

Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a
product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from
the order in which the prime factors occur. In general, given a
composite number X, we factorise it as X = p|x p2 x….. pn, where
p|, p2 ...., pn are primes and written in ascending order, i.e., p|≤ p2
≤…... ≤pn. If we combine the same primes, we will get powers of
primes.
Theorem 1: Let a be a rational number Example-
whose expansion of decimal |3 = |3 = |3 X23
|25 53 23X53
terminates. Then a can be expressed
in the form pq , where p and q are = |043 = 0.|04
|0
co-prime, and the prime factorization
of q is of the form 2n5m, where n and
m are non-negative integers.

Theorem 2: Let x = pq be a rational Example-

number, such that the prime |7 = |7
8 23X50
factorisation of q is of the form The denominator is of the form
2n5m, where n and m are non-negative 2 n 5 m so the expansion of decimal
integers. Then x has a decimal of |7 is terminating.
8
expansion which terminates.

3
 Things to Remember

Theorem 3: Let x = pq be a rational For Example:

6
number, such that the prime The prime factorisation of |5 can be
factorisation of q is not of the form written a 6 = 2 x 3 = 2
|5 3 x 5 5
2n5m, where n, m are non-negative Here, the denominator is of the form
integers. Then, x has a decimal 5 n.
expansion which is non-terminating Hence, decimal expansion of 6 is
terminating. |5
repeating (recurring).

4
 Things to Remember

Linear Equations in Two Variables

1. Linear Equation in Two Variables:

An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0
where a, b and c are real numbers {a, b ≠ 0) is called a linear
equation in two variables ‘x’ and ‘y’.

2. Algebraic Method:
(i) Substitution Method
Solve: 8x + 9y = 77 ------(I)
7x + 8y = 68 ------(II)
From (I), x = 77-9y -----(III)
8
Substituting the value of x obtained from eq. (III) in eq. (II)
We have, 7(77-9y)
8
+ 8y = 68
539 - 63y+ 64y = 544
⇒y = 5
Substituting y = 5 in eq. (III) we get,
x =(77-9(5))
8 = 32
8
⇒x = 4

5
 Things to Remember

(ii) Elimination Method

Solve: 8x + 9y = 77 ------(I)
7x + 8y = 68 ------(II)
Multiplying eq. (I) by 7 and eq. (II) by 8. We get,
56x + 63y = 539 -------(III)
56x + 64y = 544 ------(IV)
Subtracting eq. (III) from eq. (IV) we get,
y=5
Putting y = 5 in equation (I) we get,
8x + 45 = 77
8x = 32 ⇒x = 4
(iii) Cross-Multiplication Method
Following is the system of two linear equations
a|x + b|y + c| = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Where a|, b|, c|, a2, b2, c2 are constants and x, y are variables.
The following three situations can arise:
a| b|
If a2 ≠ b2 then the system is consistent(has a unique solution)

6
 Things to Remember

a| b| c|
If a2 = b ≠ c2 then the system is inconsistent(has no solution)
a| b2| c
If a2 = b2 = c2 then the system is dependent and
consistent(has infinitely many solutions)
To solve the following system of linear equation
a|x + b|y + c|= 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Proceed to cross-multiply the coefficients as
x = y = |
b|c2-b2c| c|a2-c2a| a|b2-a2b|

Solve: 8x + 9y - 77 = 0 ------(I)
7x + 8y - 68 = 0 ------(II)
Using cross-multiplication method
x y
= 7(-77)-8(-68) = |
9(-68)-8(-77) 8 x 8-7(9)

⇒ x=|=y
4 5
⇒ x = 4 and y = 5

7
 Things to Remember

Electricity

|. Current:
We can define electric current as the rate of flow of electrons
in a conductor.
The electric current is measured in amperes(A). One ampere of
current represents one coulomb of electric charge moving past
a specific point in one second.
Mathematically, I = QT
Where, I = Current, Q = Net charge flowing, T = time
Heating Effect of Electric Current- When electric current flows
through a conductor, heat(H) is generated in the conductor. The
heating effect of electric current depends on the following
factors:
The time ‘T‘ for which the current flows
The electric resistance(R) of the conductor
The amount of current(I)
Mathematically, H = I2RT

8
 Things to Remember

2. Potential Difference:
The potential difference between two separate points is defined
as the work done to move a unit positive charge from one point
to another.
Mathematically, E= W
Q
Where, E = electrical potential difference between two points,
W = Work done in moving a change from one point to another, Q
= the quantity of charge in coulombs
The SI unit of potential difference is volt(V)
3. Ohm’s Law
According to Ohm’s law, the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other
physical conditions remain unchanged.
or V ∝ I
V
I =R
V = I R where, R = Resistance

9
 Things to Remember

4. Resistance:
As the potential difference is created, electrons get aligned to
each other and they move in one single direction as per the
applied potential difference.
There are some positively charged atoms, which block the flow
of electrons and try to attract the electrons towards
themselves. Due to this, the flow of electric current gets
reduced. This opposition to the flow of electrons by positively
charged atoms is known as resistance.
Factors affecting resistance:
Area of the cross section(A)
Length of the conductor(L)
Resistivity of the material(⍴)
Mathematically, R = (⍴L)
A
5. Resistivity
It is defined as the measure of a material’s resistance to the
flow of an electric current and is denoted as ρ (rho).
. The SI unit of resistivity is Ohms-meter(Ω-m)
. It is independent of the dimensions of the material.

10
 Things to Remember

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions and
and Equations
Equations

1. Chemical reactions :
The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical
substance by making and breaking of bonds between different
atoms is known as a chemical reaction.
2. Signs of a chemical reaction
. change of color of substance
. change of state of substance
. evolution of heat
. absorption of heat
. evolution of gas
. evolution of light
3. Chemical Equation
The representation of a chemical reaction by means of symbols
of substances in the form of formulae is called chemical
equation. E.g. H2 + O2 →H2O
Reactant- Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are
called reactants.
Product- New substance formed after a chemical reaction is
called product.

11
 Things to Remember

Chemical equation- Representation of chemical reaction using

symbols of substances is called. Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are
called
products. Arrow shows the direction of chemical reaction.
4. Balanced Chemical Equation
A balanced chemical equation has number atoms of each element
equal on both left and right sides of the reaction.
Law of Conservation of Mass- Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction i.e. the total mass of the
elements present in the reactants side must be equal to the total
mass of the elements present in products side.
Points to remember for balancing chemical equations
. List the number of atoms of different elements present in the
unbalanced equation.
. Start balancing with the compound that contains the maximum
number of atoms. It may be a reactant or a product.
. The physical states of the reactants and products are
mentioned along with their chemical formulae. The gaseous,
liquid, aqueous and solid states of reactants and products are
represented by the notations (g), (l), (aq) and (s),
respectively.

12
 Things to Remember

Life Processes

1. Life processes:
. Constantly exhibit the functions of maintenance and repair in living
organisms
. Some Examples- Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, etc.
2. Nutrition:
. Process of obtaining nutrients from the environment i.e. intake of
food and then its digestion in the body.
. Two types – Autotrophic (self-sufficient for food) and
Heterotrophic (dependent on others for food)
3. Autotrophic nutrition:
. Synthesis of food by photosynthesis- ‘photo’ means light and
‘synthesis’ means production. It is the production of food with the
help of sunlight.
. Photosynthesis equation - 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
. Events of photosynthesis are as follows:
. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll(green pigment and gives
energy for activation of reaction).
. Splitting of water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen leading
to the Synthesis of ATP and NADPH2
. Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.

13
 Things to Remember

4. Heterotrophic nutrition:
. Generally take up energy from plants and animals by using them as
food.
. Mostly of three types - holozoic, parasitic, and saprophytic.
. Digestion- mechanical and chemical reduction of ingested nutrients
which can be then converted to energy for use.
. Human digestive system - It consists of the long alimentary canal
that includes mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum and anus.
. Organs for assistance - pancreas and liver.
5. Nutrition in humans:
. Saliva is secreted by salivary glands located under the tongue which
contains digestive enzymes like salivary amylase, which break down
starch into sugar. So, digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth
itself.
. Tongue helps in chewing, moistening, rolling and swallowing of food.
. The food from mouth then goes down the oesophagus, which is the
food pipe to the stomach, through the movement of walls of
oesophagus (peristalsis).
. Stomach mixes the food hence received with various digestive juices.
Inner lining of stomach secretes:

14
 Things to Remember

• Mucus – protects the lining of stomach from being corroded

by the acid.
• Hydrochloric acid – creates an acidic medium and dissolves
bits of food.
• Digestive juices – break down protein into simpler substances.

15
 Things to Remember

. The food from stomach eventually moves into the small intestine.
. Digestion in small intestine: It is the longest part (about 7.5 m long)
of alimentary canal. It is the site where complete digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats takes place. It gets intestinal
juices from two different glands – liver and pancreas that help in
the further digestion of food.
. Liver is the largest gland of the body and secretes bile juice. Bile
juice is stored in the gallbladder and has a significant role in the
digestion of fats.
. Pancreas has enzymes that help in total digestion of all food
components.
. The digestive tract and associated glands together constitute the
digestive system.

16
 The Reason Behind

| An ammeter is always connected in series and a

voltmeter is always connected in parallel in a
circuit.

2 AC current in preferred over DC current for long

distance power transmission.

3 Nichrome element is used in heating devices like

water heater, room heater etc.

18
 The Reason Behind

4 Sodium reacts explosively with water.

5 Electric bulbs are filled with Argon gas.

6 We get goosebumps when we are afraid or when

we feel cold.

19
 The Reason Behind

73 In
Molecular
modern movement
periodic table,
is necessary
elementsfor
in asurvival
group of
show
any living
similar
organism.
properties.
84 School buses are painted with yellow colour.

20
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

1) In the balanced chemical equation below (d+b)-(c+a)

is equal to:
aC8H18 + bO2 → cCO2 + dH2O

A. 15
B. 25
C. 30
D. 35

2) What type of reaction is shown in the given figure.

A. Displacement reaction
B. Decomposition reaction Sunlight
C. Combination reaction China dish
Silver chloride
D. Double displacement reaction

3) When lead is placed in green copper chloride solution, the

solution becomes colourless. Write the chemical equation to
support this observation and also state the type of reaction.

21
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

4)5)The oxidizing
When CO2 issubstance in the following
passed through reaction
lime water, it turnsis:milky.
SO2 +down
Write 2H2Sthe→ 2H O + 3S
chemical
2
equation for the same

A. SO2
B. H2S
C. S
D. H2O

5) Which of the following is used to prevent

Rancidity?

A. Anti-oxidants.
B. Nitrogen gas
C. Keeping food away from light
D. All of the above.

6) Which of the following is a compound-compound

combination reaction?

A. Reaction of water with calcium oxide.

B. Reaction of iodine with white phosphorus.
C. Reaction of iron with sulphur.
D. Electrolysis of water.

22
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

7)5)Which
WhenofCOthe
2
isfollowing
passed through limecorrode
metals will water, first
it turns milky.
Write down the
when placed chemical
in moist air?equation for the same

A. Pb
B. Cu
C. Pd
D. Zn

23
 Electricity

1 Two charged bodies having equal potential are connected through

a conducting wire. In this case:

A. current will flow

B. current will not flow
C. current will flow if a resistor is also connected
D. can’t say

2 Three resistances each of 4 ohm are connected in the form of an

equilateral triangle. What is the effective resistance between any
two corners?’

A. 8 ohm
B. 6 ohm
C. 8 ohm
3
D. 7 ohm
3

24
 Electricity

In how much time (in seconds) should a charge of 20 C

3
flow between the two terminals so as to maintain a
constant current of 100 A?

A. |s
5
B. 5s
C. 55 s
D. |
55 s

The current flowing through a resistor connected in an electric

4
circuit and the potential difference developed across the ends of
it are as shown in the following diagrams. What is the resistance
in the given circuit?

A. 0.024 Ω 200
300
400

0.02 Ω
100
B. 500

0 mA V
C. |2.4 Ω
D. |7.5 Ω

25
 Electricity

5 What amount of work is needed in moving 3 C charge through a

potential difference of 9 V?

A. 3J
B. |8 J
C. 27 J
D. 30 J

6 If the length of a conductor having resistivity |.5 × 10-8 Ωm is

doubled, its new resistivity will be:

A. 2.0 × 10-8 Ωm
B. 1.5 × 10-8 Ωm
C. 6.6 × 10-8 Ωm
D. 1.0 × 10-8 Ωm

26
 Electricity

7 |0,000 alpha-particles per minute are passing through a straight

tube of radius r. The resulting electric current is approximately:
(Given: Charge on each alpha particle is equal to charge
possessed by two protons)

A. 0.53 × 10-16 A
B. 2 × |0|2 A
C. 0.5 × |0|2 A
D. 2 × |0-|2 A

27
 Life Processes

1. Carbohydrates in the plants are stored in the form of:

A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Glucose
D. Maltose
2. During the experiment on photosynthesis, the leaf is boiled in which
of the following liquids?
A. Water
B. Alcohol
C. Iodine
D. Sulphuric acid
3. Respiratory pigment in the human body is:
A. Chlorophyll
B. Blood
C. Water
D. Haemoglobin

28
 Life Processes

4. What is the function of Lipase?

A. To produce amino acids
B. To break down fats
C. Help in digestion of carbohydrates
D. Synthesis of proteins
5. The salivary gland secretes which of the following enzymes?
A. Pepsin
B. Lipase
C. Amylase
D. Trypsin
6. Which of the following organisms have the parasitic mode of
nutrition?
A. Penicillium
B. Plasmodium
C. Paramoecium
D. Parrot

29
 Life Processes

7. Which part of woody plants helps them carry out gaseous

exchange?
A. Root hair
B. Stem hair
C. Lenticels
D. Epidermal cells
8. Which of the following helps in coagulation of blood?
A. White blood cells
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Plasma
9. What is the role of bile during digestion?
A. Emulsification of fats
B. Digestion of fats
C. Absorption of fats
D. Assimilation of fats

30
 Life Processes

10. Name the blood vessels which carries blood back to the heart.
A. Vein
B. Artery
C. Capillaries
D. Platelets

31
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

Solve the following questions

01. Solve for m and n:
| 7 4
+ |2 = | , + = 2,
2(2m+3n) 7(3m-2n) 2 (2m+3n) (3m-2n)

Where (2m+3n)≠0 and (3m-2n)≠0

02. Find the values of t for which the pair of linear equations
tx+3y = t-2 and 12x+ty = t have no solution.
A ±3 B. ±6
C ±8 D. ±9

03. The annual income of Anil and Bindu are in the ratio 7 : 6 and
their expenditures are in the ratio 5 : 4. If each saves ` 90,000
per annum, find the annual income of each.
A ` 3,15,000, ` 2,17,000 B. ` 3,11,500, ` 2,67,000
C ` 3,18,500, ` 2,73,000 D. ` 3,22,000, ` 2,76,000

04. A goldsmith has gold stocks of |4-carat gold and 22-carat gold.
How much of each must be used together to make jewellery of
20-carat gold, weighing |40 gm? (Given: |00% gold is 24-carat)
A A. 25 gram, |09 gram B. B. 35 gram, |05 gram
C C. 45 gram, |04 gram D. D. 55 gram, |08 gram

32
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

05. 8 women and |2 girls can finish a piece of work in 5 hours, while 6
women and 8 girls can finish it in 7 hours. Find the time taken by |
woman alone and that by | girl alone to finish the work.
A 60 hours, |20 hours B. 70 hours, |20 hours
C 70 hours, |40 hours D. 60 hours, |40 hours

06. A runner runs in such a way that his speed remains uniform for a
particular run. If the runner had been 6 metre-minute-1 faster, it
would have taken 4 minutes less than the scheduled time. And, if
the runner were slower by 6 metre-minute-1, it would have taken 6
minutes more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the
journey.

A 480 metre B. 520 metre

C 640 metre D. 720 metre

07. On selling a charger at 5% loss and a back cover at 15% gain, a

retailer gains ` 84. However, if he sells the charger at 5% gain and
back cover at 10% gain, he gains ` 104. Find the cost price of the
charger and the back cover.
A 576, 752 B. 578, 762
C 584, 782 D. 586, 792

33
 Real Numbers

Solve the following questions

01. Two vessels contain 1008 m3 and 1470 m3 of water respectively.
Find the maximum capacity of a bucket which can exactly
measure the water of either vessel.
A. 42 m3 B. 44 m3
C. 46 m3 D. 48 m3

02. Reema and Sameer run around a track. Reema takes 32 minutes
to complete one round, while Sameer completes the round in 40
minutes. If both start from the same point at the same time
and run in the same direction, after how much time will they
meet again at the starting point?
A. |20 minutes B. |40 minutes
C. |60 minutes D. |80 minutes

03. What is the smallest number that is divisible by all the natural
numbers from 1 to |2 ?
A. 2|,6|0 B. 23,840
C. 27,720 D. 29,560

34
 Real Numbers

04. A positive integer p when divided by 6, gives 30.50 as remainder.

What will be the remainder when (4p-1) is divided by 6?

A. | B. 2
C. 3 D. 4

05. Prove that ( 3+ 5) is irrational.

06. Find the HCF, by Euclid’s division algorithm of the numbers 92390,
7378 and 7|6|.

A. 2| B. 3|
C. 4| D. 5|

07. Find the largest number which divides 548 and 766, leaving
remainders 8 and 10 respectively.

A. |08 B. |09
C. ||| D. ||2

35
 Visualizing the Basics

1 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about

the reaction shown in the figure?

Cork
Glass tube
Gas A Conical flask
Dilute sulphuric acid
Zinc granules
A. Zn is more reactive than hydrogen.
B. Gas A burns with the pop sound when matchstick is brought near it.
C. The above reaction is called displacement reaction.
D. All of the above.

2 Name A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H in the given diagram.

E F
D G

C H

A
B

36
 Visualizing the Basics

3 Which of the following is true about the reaction shown in

the figure given below?

Test-tube
A. Iron is more reactive than copper.
B. The solution changes from blue to green.
C. Copper is more reactive than iron. Iron nail
D. Both A and B Copper sulphate

4 Which of the following graphs depict ohm's law?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

v v v v

5 Find the current passing through 4 ohm resistor.

37
 Visualizing the Basics

6 The coins are placed on a table in a pattern shown below.

How many coins one must place on the fifth stack such that the
same pattern is followed.

7 Which of the following is the correct set of linear equations

represented in the graph?

2 4 6

-2

A. 2x+3y=|2 , 3x-3y=|2, x=2

B. x+2y=4 , 2x-4y=9, x=3
C. x+3y=6 , 2x-3y=|2, x=3
D. x-3y=6 , 2x+3y=9, x=3

38
 The Reason Behind

Solution:
|. An ammeter is a low resistance device. When it is connected in series in
a circuit, the total resistance of the circuit does not increase
appreciably and hence the current in the circuit remains unaffected.
On the contrary, if an ammeter is connected in parallel in a circuit, it
may divert the current towards itself, because of its low resistance,
and hence would disrupt the normal flow of current in the main circuit.
A voltmeter is high resistance device. When it is connected in parallel in
a circuit, the total current in the main circuit remains unaffected. On
the contrary, when it is connected in series the total resistance of the
circuit is appreciably affected. Hence, a voltmeter is always connected
in parallel.
2. The primary way that power lines lose power is in resistive losses. A
little of the power that goes through them is lost to heat - just as in
an electric heater. For a given amount of power being transferred, the
resistive loss in the transmission line is proportional to the square of
the current. (According to Joule’s Law of Electrical Heating, Heat
generated = I2RT, where I = current, R = resistance, T = time). So we
want to keep the current as low as possible. But, if we are keeping the

40
 The Reason Behind

current low, then for the same amount of power delivered, the voltage
needs to be very high which is generally not suitable for domestic
purpose. This high voltage can only be stepped down if the current is
of AC type. Hence, AC current in preferred over DC current for long
distance power transmission.
3. In most of the household heating appliances, nichrome element is used
because of the following reasons:
(i) Its melting point is high.
(ii) Its resistivity is large.
(iii) It can be easily drawn into thin wires (i.e., its ductile).
(iv) It is not easily oxidised when heated.
4. Alkali metals in general are extremely reactive metals. They are highly
reducing in nature. Hence, they react with water forming their
corresponding hydroxides evolving di-hydrogen gas.
2Na+2H2O →2NaOH+H2
This reaction is highly exothermic evolving a lot of heat which is
sufficient enough to melt sodium due to its low melting point.

41
 The Reason Behind

5. When we get cold or experience any strong emotion, our brain sends
signals to our muscles that make them tense up and contract. Each
contracting muscle creates a shallow depression on the skin surface,
which causes the surrounding area to protrude. When the muscles in
our skin that are attached to hairs do this, they make the hairs stand
up and pull our skin up just a bit, creating goose bumps.
6. The living organisms are well-organised structures; they can have
tissues, tissues have cells, cells have smaller components in them, and
so on. Because of the effects of the environment, this organised,
ordered nature of living structures is very likely to keep breaking down
over time. If order breaks down, the organism will no longer be alive.
So living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their
structures. Since all these structures are made up of molecules, they
must move.
7. The living organisms are well-organised structures; they can have
tissues, tissues have cells, cells have smaller components in them, and
so on. Because of the effects of the environment, this organised,
ordered nature of living structures is very likely to keep breaking down
over time. If order breaks down, the organism will no longer be alive.
So living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their
structures. Since all these structures are made up of molecules, they
must move.

42
 The Reason Behind

8. Yellow gets our attention faster than any other color. Even when we
are looking straight ahead, we can perceive a yellow object that is not
in front of us in the corners of our eyes much sooner and easier than
any other color, even red. Scientists describe this as "Lateral
peripheral vision for detecting yellows is 1.24 times greater than for
red." So, if there’s a fog or any kind of bad weather, drivers will still
be able to see yellow moving vehicles fairly well.

43
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Solution:

|. Option B
On balancing the equation we get
2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O
(18+25)-(16+2) = 25

2. Option B
The above reaction shows decomposition of silver chloride in the presence
of sunlight (Photolytic Decomposition).
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2

3. CuCl2 + Pb → PbCl2 + Cu
Green Colourless
This happens because lead is more reactive than copper hence it displaces
copper from its salt. This reaction is called displacement reaction.

44
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

4. Option A
H2S is gaining oxygen hence H2S is being oxidized by sulphur dioxide i.e SO2.
Thus, SO2 is the oxidizing agent.

5. Option D
Rancidity can be prevented by adding antioxidants in the food to avoid
oxidation of food, by keeping it in an inert atmosphere of a gas like helium,
nitrogen to avoid oxidation or by keeping it away from light to slow down
the oxidation of fats and oils present in the food.

6. Option A
Water and calcium oxide both are compounds. Thus the reaction between
two shows the compound-compound combination reaction.
H2O + CaO → Ca(OH)2

7. Option D
According to the activity series zinc is the most reactive among the four
metals. Thus, it will corrode first.

45
 Electricity

1 Option B
Potential difference between the ends of the wire makes the electric charges
(or current) to flow in the wire.

2 Option C
Since two resistors are in series, their combined resistance = 8 ohm
The resultant of 8 ohm is parallel to the 4 ohm resistor, thus the resultant
4x8
resistance = 4+8 = 83 ohm.

3 Option A
Current is the rate of flow of charge.
i.e., I = qt
So time, t = qI = |00
20 |
= 5s

46
 Electricity

4 Option D
From the given diagram,
V=7V
I = 400 mA = 400 x 10-3 = 0.4 A
R = VI = 0.47
R = 17.5 Ω

5 Option C
Given: q = 3 C
V = 9 Volt
Work needed, W = qV = 3 × 9 = 27 J

6 Option B
Resistivity of material does not change with change in length.

7 Option A
q -|9
I = = |0,000 × 2 × |.6 × |0 C= 0.053 × |0-|5 A = 0.53 × |0-|6 A
t 60 s

47
 Life Processes

Solution
|. Option B
The leaves of the plants make sugar during photosynthesis. The storage
form of carbohydrates is starch. Starch is stored in roots, leaves and
seeds.
2. Option B
During the experiment on photosynthesis, the leaf is boiled in alcohol.
When the leaf is boiled in alcohol, the chlorophyll (green pigment) is
removed from the leaf and the leaf becomes colourless.
3. Option D
Respiratory pigment in humans and other vertebrates is haemoglobin. It
increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and carries the
oxygenated blood to all the tissues of the body. These respiratory
pigments have a special affinity for the gases. There are many other
respiratory pigments in invertebrates like hemocyanin, hemerythrin and
chlorocruorin.

48
 Life Processes

4. Option B
Lipase is a non-specific enzyme that breaks down the dietary fats into
smaller fatty acids and glycerol molecules. The source of lipase in the
digestive tract is pancreas, which acts in the small intestine.
5. Option C
Amylase is an enzyme secreted by the salivary gland that catalyses
the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. In mouth, the chemical process of
digestion begins where the amylase breaks down the starch converting
it into maltose and other smaller carbohydrates molecules.
6. Option B
In parasitic nutrition, the organism derives its food from the body of
another living organism called host without killing it. Parasitic mode of
nutrition is observed in several fungi, bacteria, few plants like Cuscuta
and some animals like Plasmodium and roundworms. Plasmodium causes
malaria disease.
7. Option C
Woody plants have secondary xylem and secondary phloem due to
which the diameter of the stem increases. Periderm is formed which
replaces epidermis. Area of loosely packed cells in the periderm that
function in gas exchange are called lenticels. Lenticels are small
openings in the bark.

49
 Life Processes

8. Option C
When there is a cut or a wound in any part of the body, it starts
bleeding continuously. After some time the blood cells start clumping
and clotting. This clot is formed by the platelets.Platelets coagulate the
blood to prevent further loss of blood.
9. Option B
Bile contains bile acids which increase the absorption of fats. It is
important for absorption of the fat-soluble substances like vitamin A,
D, E and K. Bile also serves as a route for excretion for bilirubin, a
byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver.
10. Option A
Arteries carry blood from the heart to the body organs and veins
carry blood from the body organs back to the heart.
from heart to heart

capillaries
artery vein

50
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

Answers
01. Putting |
= u and | = v, the given equations become
(2m+3n) (3m-2n)
u |2v |
+ = 7u + 4v = 2
2 7 2

Solving further, we get

7u + 24v = 7 ------(I)
And 7u + 4v = 2 -----(II)
Subtracting (II) from (I) we get:
20v = 5 , hence v = |4
Putting v = |4 in (II), we get:
7u + (4 x |4 ) = 2
7u+| = 2
⇒ u = |7
|
Now, u = |7 ⇒ = |7 ⇒ 2m+3n = 7 ------(III)
(2m+3n)
|
And, v = |4 ⇒ = |4 ⇒ 3m-2n = 4 -------(IV)
(3m-2n)

Multiplying (III) by 2 and (IV) by 3, we get:

4m + 6n = 14 ----(V)
9m - 6n = 12 -----(VI)
Adding (V) and (VI) we get:
13m = 26 ⇒ m = 2
Putting m = 2 in (III), we get:
2 x 2 + 3n = 7 ⇒ n = |

51
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

02. Option B
The given equations are tx+3y+(2-t)=0 and |2x+ty-t = 0
These equations are of the form
a|x+b|y+c|= 0 and a2x+b2y+c2= 0
If the system has no solution, we must have
a| b| c |
a =b ≠ c
2 2 2
This happens when
t 3 (t-2)
= ≠
|2 t t
i.e., = ⇒ t2 = 36 ⇒ t = ±6
For both the cases t = ±6
We have, t = 3 ≠ (t-2)
|2 t t
Thus, in each case the given system has no solution.
Hence values of t are ± 6

52
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

03. Option A
Let the annual revenues of Anil and Bindu is `7x and ` 6x
respectively, and let their expenditures be ` 5y and ` 4y
respectively.
52 x 12
Then, Anil’s
13 annual savings = ` (7x-5y)
Then, Bindu’s annual savings = ` (6x-4y)
Since, their annual savings is ` 90,000
7x-5y = 90,000 -------(I)
We have x = 90000 + 5y --------(II)
7
And 6x-4y = 90,000 -------(III)
Putting value of x from (II) in (III) we get,
6(90000 + 5y)
-4y = 90,000
7
540000+30y-28y = 630000
y = 45,000
Hence x = 90000 + 5(45000)= 45000
7
So, the annual revenues are = 7(45,000) = ` 315000
And 6(45000) =` 270000

53
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

04. Option B
Gold % in 14 carat gold = 14 x |00 = 58.33 % -----(I)
24
Gold % in 22 carat gold = 22 x |00 = 91.66 % ------(II)
24
Gold % in 20 carat gold = 20 x |00 = 83.33 % -------(III)
24
Let x gram of 14 carat gold is mixed with y gram of 22 carat gold.
Then, x+y = |40
⇒ x = |40 - y ------(IV)
Now, since gold of purity |4-carat and gold of purity 22-carat is
used to make jewellery of 20-carat purity, we have
And 58.33 % of x + 9|.66% of y = 83.33 % of |40
From eq. (I), (II) and (III) we have
( |4 × 100)x + ( 22 × |00) y = ( 20 ×|00) |40
24 24 24
|4x +22y= (20) |40 ------(V)
Putting values from eq. (IV) in eq. (V)
|4(|40-y) + 22y = 20(|40)
⇒ |960 - |4y + 22y = 2800
⇒ 8y = 840
⇒ y = |05 gram, hence x = 35 gram

54
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

05. Option C
Suppose | woman alone can finish the work in x hours and | girl alone
can finish it in y hours.
|
Then, | woman’s | hour’s work = X
|
And, | girl’s | hour’s work = Y
8 women and |2 girls can finish the work in 5 hours
(8 women’s | hour’s work) + (|2 girl’s | hour’s work) = |5
⇒ 8X + |2Y = |5
⇒ 8u + |2v = |5 ------(I) (Let | = u and |Y = v)
X
Again, 6 women and 8 girls can finish the work in 7 hours
(6 women’s | hour’s work) + (8 girl’s 1 hour’s work) = |7
⇒ 6X + 8Y = |7
⇒ 6u + 8v = |7 --------(II)
On multiplying (I) by 3, (II) by 4 and subtracting the results, we get:
4v = ( 35 - 47 ) = 35| ⇒ v = |40
| ⇒ | = | ⇒ Y = 140
Y |40
| in (II), we get:
On putting v = |40
6u = (|7 - |40
8 ) = |2 ⇒ u = ( |2 × | ) = |
|40 |40 6 70
| |
⇒ X = 70 ⇒ X = 70
∴ one woman can finish the work in 70 hours and one girl can finish
the work in |40 hours.

55
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

06. Option D
Let the original speed of the runner be x metre-minute-1 and let the
time taken to complete the journey be y minutes.
Length of the whole journey = (xy) metre
Case I When speed = (x + 6) metre-minute-| and time taken = (y -4)
minutes.
Total journey = (x+6)(y-6) metre
⇒ xy = (x+6)(y-4) metre
⇒ xy = xy- 4x + 6y - 24
⇒ 6y - 4x = 24 ⇒ 3y - 2x = |2 -----(I)
Case II When speed = (x-6) metre-minute-1 and time taken (y+6)
minutes.
Total journey = (x-6)(y+6) metre
⇒ xy = (x-6)(y+6) metre ⇒ xy = xy + 6x - 6y - 36
⇒ 6x - 6y = 36 ⇒ x - y = 6 ------(II)
On multiplying (II) by 2 and adding (I) to it, we get:
(3x + 2y) + (2x - 2y) = 24
⇒ y = 24
On putting y = 24 in (II) we get
x = 30
⇒ Original speed = 30 metre-minute-1 and time taken = 24 minutes
Length of whole journey = (30 x 24) = 720 metre

56
 Linear Equation in Two Variables

07. Option A
Let the CP of charger and back cover be ` x and ` y respectively
Then, loss on charger = X(5) = X
|00 20
Gain on lemon set = Y(|5) = 3Y
|00 20
Net gain = 3Y X
20 - 20
∴ 3Y X
20 20 = 84
-
3y-x = 1680 -----(I)
Again, gain on charger = X(5) = X
|00 20
And gain on back cover = Y(|0)= Y
|00 |0
X Y
Total gain = +
20 |0
X Y
∴ 20+ |0 = 104 ⇒ x+2y = 2080 -----(II)

On adding (I) and (II), we get:

5y = 3760 ⇒ y = 752
Putting y = 752 in (II) we get:
x+2(752) = 2080 ⇒ x = 576
∴ x = 576 and y = 752
Hence CP of the charger = ` 576
And CP of back cover = ` 752

57
 Real Numbers

Answers
01. Option A
On prime factorization of |008 and |470 , we get:
|008 = 24 x 32 x 7
|470 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 72
HCF(|008, |470) = 2 x 3 x 7 = 42
∴ Capacity of the required bucket = 42 m3

02. Option C
We have 32 = 25 and 40 = 23 x 5
∴ LCM(32, 40) = 25 x 5 = 160
So, they will meet again at the starting point after |60 minutes

03. Option C
Required Number = LCM[|, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, |0, ||, |2]
= LCM[|, 2, 3, 22, 5, 2×3, 7, 23, 32, 2×5, ||, 22×3]
= LCM[|×23×32×5×7×||]
= 27,720

04. Option A
On dividing p by 6, let q be the quotient.
∴ p = 6q+30.50 (30.5 is the remainder)
Multiplying both sides by 4, we get
4p = 24q+|22
Subtracting | from both the side, we get
⇒ 4p-| = 24q+|2|
⇒ 4p-| = 6(4q+20)+|
Hence, we see | is the remainder

58
 Real Numbers

05. Let us suppose that ( 3+ 5) is rational.

Let ( 3+ 5) = a, where a is rational.
Then, 3 = a - 5
On squaring both sides, we get:
3 = a2+5-2 2 5a
∴ 5= 2 2a +a
This is impossible, as the RHS is rational, while 5= irrational.
This is a contradiction.
Hence, ( 3+ 5) is irrational.

06. Option B
By using Euclid’s Division Lemma, we have
92690 = 7378 × 45 + 4154
Again, we apply Euclid’s Division Lemma of divisor 7,378 and
remainder 4|54
7379 = 4|54 × | + 3224
⇒ 4|54 = 3224 × | + 930
⇒ 3224 = 930 × 3 + 434
⇒ 930 = 434 × 2 + 62
⇒ 434 = 62 × 7 + 0
∴ HCF (92690, 7378) = 62
Now, using Euclid’s Division Lemma on 7|6| and 62, we get
7|6| = 62 × ||5 + 3|
Again, using Euclid’s Division Lemma on divisor 62 and remainder 3|
62 = 3| × 2 + 0
Now, HCF (7|6|, 62) = HCF(62, 3|) = 31
Hence, HCF of 92690, 7378 and 7|6| is 3|.

59
 Real Numbers

07. Option A
The required number divides (548-8), i.e, 540 and (766-|0), i.e.,
756 exactly.
Now, 540 = (22×33×5)
And 756 = (22×33×7)
∴ HCF(540,756) = (22×33) = 4×27 = |08
Hence, the required number is 108.

60
 Visualizing the Basics

1. Option D
Zn + HCl →ZnCl2 + H2
The reaction is displacement reaction as Zn replaces hydrogen from
hydrogen chloride.The gas released i.e. hydrogen, burns with a pop
sound when matchstick is brought near it.As Zn is displacing hydrogen,
Zn is more reactive than hydrogen.

2.

3. Option D
According to the activity series, iron is more reactive than copper
thus iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Blue Green

61
 Visualizing the Basics

4. Option A
The ohm’s law states that the potential difference (voltage) across
an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it. The
constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R. Ohm's
Law is given by: V = I R where V is the potential difference between
two points which include a resistance R.

5. 18

4 3

Equivalent resistance of 6 ohm and 3 ohm

| =| +|
Req 6 3
Req = 6
3
Net R equivalent = 4+2=6
V = IR
I = |8 = 3 A.
6

62
 Visualizing the Basics

6. The number of coins in each stack is as follows-

2 coins, 5 coins, 8 coins, || coins
It forms an A.P with common difference of 3.
Thus fifth term of an A. P = a + 4d = 2 + 4× 3 = 14
Thus, 14 coins are present at fifth position.

7. Option C
Equation of red line is x=3
red and green line is intersecting at (3,1) Hence the green line
must be x+3y=6
Red and purple lines are intersecting at (3,-2) Hence purple line
must be 2x-3y=12

63