Molecules, Transport and Health

Biology Unit 1 topics 1 Questions
Q1. Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood glucose level to become too high.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when not enough insulin is produced or when cells do not react to insulin.
Obesity, measured using body mass index (BMI), and amount of exercise are associated with the relative
risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In one study, scientists used online questionnaires to collect information from 84 000 female nurses.
The results of this study are shown in the graph below.
(a) Suggest what is meant by the term relative risk. (2)

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(b) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of exercise on the relative risk of developing
type 2 diabetes for the three BMI groups. (3)
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(c) Suggest the health advice that could be given to a person with a BMI greater than 30.0, to reduce the
risk of type 2 diabetes. (3)
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(d) Suggest why questionnaires were used to collect the data in this study. (1)
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(e) Suggest two reasons why these results cannot be applied to all people at risk of type 2 diabetes.(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q2. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of caffeine on heart rate.
Three students were selected for this investigation. The resting heart rate of each student was measured.
The students were then given a caffeine-containing energy drink. The heart rate of each student was
measured afterwards.
The results of this investigation are shown in the table below.
(a) Describe how these results could be used to calculate the mean increase in heart rate. (3)
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(b) Describe how the reliability of this investigation could be increased. (2)
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(c) Suggest how this investigation could be improved to confirm that the caffeine caused the increase in
heart rate. Give an explanation for your answer. (2)
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Q3. The diagrams below show the structure of two carbohydrate molecules, α-glucose and galactose.
(a) Use the information in the diagrams to explain why these two molecules are classed as
monosaccharides. (2)
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(b) Use the information in the diagrams to give two differences between a molecule of α-glucose and a
molecule of galactose. (2)
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(c) (i) Place a cross in the box next to the carbohydrate that is formed when a molecule of α-glucose
and a molecule of galactose join together. (1)
A amylose B lactose C maltose D sucrose
(ii) Describe how these two monosaccharides join to form this carbohydrate. (3)
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(iii) An enzyme is involved in the formation of this carbohydrate. A different enzyme is involved in the
formation of a carbohydrate made from two glucose molecules.
Explain why different enzymes are involved in the formation of these different carbohydrates. (3)
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(d) Give two differences between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide. (2)
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Q4. Water is an important solvent in biological systems.
(a) Put a cross in the box that completes each of the following statements.
(i) The drawing that represents a molecule of water is(1)
(ii) The intermolecular force that explains many of the important properties of water is (1)
A covalent bonding B hydrogen bonding
C ionic bonding D oxygen bonding
(b) The solubility of substances affects how they are transported in the blood.
(i) The diagram below shows the structure of a molecule of glucose.
Suggest why glucose is soluble in water. (1)
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(ii) Suggest how triglycerides are transported in the blood.(2)
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Q5. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health problem in both developing and developed countries.
(a) Atherosclerosis may cause CVD.
Place a cross in the box next to the correct word or words to complete each of the following
statements.
(i) Atherosclerosis is initiated by damage to(1)
A endothelial cells B muscle cells
C red blood cells D white blood cells
(ii) Atherosclerosis occurs in (1)
A arteries B atria C capillaries D ventricles
(iii) In atherosclerosis, the blood vessels become (1)
A less elastic with a narrow lumen B less elastic with a wider lumen
C more elastic with a narrow lumen D more elastic with a wider lumen
(b) Coronary heart disease is one example of CVD.
Explain why atherosclerosis is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. (3)
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(c) A clinical trial was carried out to investigate the effect of reducing blood pressure on the risk of
suffering a heart attack or stroke.
The clinical trial was carried out in Finland. A total of 572 patients with high blood pressure and ranging
in age from 25 to 66 were included in the trial.
Patients were divided into two groups. One group was treated with a drug called Captopril and the
second group was treated with a drug called Propranolol.
The health of these patients was studied for six years. The number of patients experiencing a heart
attack or a stroke during this six-year period was recorded.
The results of the clinical trial are shown in the table below.
(i) Use the information in the table to describe what the results of this trial show.(2)
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(ii) Suggest why this clinical trial did not include a placebo.(1)
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(iii) Give two limitations of this clinical trial.(2)
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Q6. High blood pressure is a factor that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
The graph below shows the effects of diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure on CVD death
rate.
(a) Using the information in the graph, describe the effects of diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood
pressure on CVD death rate.(3)
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(b) Explain why high blood pressure increases the risk of CVD.(3)
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(c) State two factors that increase blood pressure.(2)
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(d) Place a cross in the box next to the type of drug used to treat high blood pressure.(1)
A anticoagulant B antihypertensive
C plant statin D platelet inhibitor
Q7. Mammals require a heart to pump blood.
(a) The graph below shows the volume of the right ventricle during the cardiac cycle of a person.
Put a cross in the box next to the correct words to complete each of the following statements.
(i) The correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle is(1)
A atrial diastole → ventricular systole → atrial systole → ventricular diastole
B atrial systole → ventricular systole → atrial diastole → ventricular diastole
C ventricular diastole → atrial diastole → atrial systole → ventricular systole
D ventricular systole → atrial systole → atrial diastole → ventricular diastole
(ii) At 0.5 seconds in this cardiac cycle, the(1)
A atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are both closed
B atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are both open
C atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves open
D atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves closed
(iii) The right atrium is in systole at(1)
A 0.22 seconds B 0.52 seconds C 0.72 seconds D 0.92 seconds
(iv) Use the graph to calculate the heart rate for this person.
(2)
........................................................... beats min−1
(b) The graph below shows the effect of training on the heart rate of a person before, during and after a
period of exercise.
(i) Use the information in the graph to describe the effect of training on the heart rate of this person.(3)
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(ii) Explain why the risk of developing coronary heart disease may be reduced for this person as a
result of the training.(2)
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Q8. Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
(i) Atherosclerosis develops in(1)
A arteries B capillaries
C chambers of the heart D veins
(ii) Atherosclerosis starts with(1)
A an inflammatory response in blood vessels
B damage to the endothelial layer of blood vessels
C decreased blood pressure
D plaque formation in blood vessels
(b) Atherosclerosis leads to an increased risk of blood clotting.
(i) Describe the blood clotting process.(4)
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(ii) Name two treatments that can reduce the risk of blood clots forming.(2)
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(c) High blood pressure is another risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
In one study, the effect of food supplements on blood pressure was investigated.
A group of 25 male volunteers with systolic blood pressures above 17 kPa were selected for this study.
For the first week, the volunteers consumed their normal diet but with the addition of beetroot. At the
end of the week their blood pressure was measured.
For the second week, the volunteers consumed their normal diet but with the addition of garlic. At the
end of the second week, their blood pressure was measured again.
The results of this study are shown in the graph below.
(i) Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of eating beetroot and garlic on blood
pressure.(2)
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(ii) Suggest two ways in which the design of this study could be improved.(2)
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Q9. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in developed countries.
(a) The table below shows male death rates from CVD in several developed countries.
(i) Suggest why the data are presented as deaths per 100 000.(1)
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(ii) In France, 48 000 men died from CVD in 2011. The male population of France was 31 000 000.
Calculate the death rate from CVD per 100 000 males in France. Show your working.(2)
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(iii) Suggest reasons for the different death rates from CVD in Italy and Romania.(3)
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(b) Statins are prescribed to reduce the risk of CVD.
(i) Explain why statins reduce the risk of CVD.(2)
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(ii) State two risks of using statins to treat CVD.(2)
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Q10. Atherosclerosis is a potentially serious condition that affects millions of people each year. There is a
link between saturated fats in the diet and atherosclerosis.
(a) Read through the passage on atherosclerosis, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate
words to complete the passage.(5)
When atherosclerosis develops, fatty deposits called ........................................................... form.
These deposits cause affected blood vessels called ........................................................... to
harden and ..........................................................., reducing the supply of
........................................................... to the tissues. This can cause a heart attack or, if the
........................................................... is affected, it can cause a stroke.
(b) It has been suggested that high blood cholesterol levels can cause cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Coronary heart disease is one type of CVD.
The graph below shows the relationship between mean blood cholesterol level and the risk of death
from coronary heart disease in two groups of people.
(i) Describe the relationship between blood cholesterol level and the risk of death from coronary heart
disease for people living in Asia.(1)
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(ii) Describe how this relationship differs from that shown for people living in Australia and New
Zealand.(2)
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(iii) Suggest one explanation for the difference in the relationship for these two groups of people.(1)
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(iv) Suggest how the information in the graph could be used to improve the health of people living in
Asia.(1)
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Q11. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder. People with PKU are unable to synthesise the active
form of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).
This enzyme is required to convert one amino acid, phenylalanine, into another amino acid, tyrosine.
(a) In the space below, draw the structure of an amino acid.(2)
*(b) Describe how RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins.(5)
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(c) Explain how a change in the DNA sequence of the PAH gene might lead to a loss of enzyme activity.
(3)
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(d) Cystic fibrosis and albinism are recessive genetic disorders. PKU is also a recessive genetic disorder.
The genetic pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of PKU in one family.
Explain why this pedigree diagram shows that individuals 5 and 6 are carriers of the PKU disorder.(2)
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Q12. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an inherited disorder caused by a mutation.
In EDS, the structure of collagen may be altered or less collagen is produced. Collagen is a fibrous
protein.
(a) Describe the structure of a fibrous protein.(3)
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(b) Suggest how a mutation could cause the structure to be altered.(3)
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(c) One problem associated with EDS is a weakening of the structure of the arteries. This may cause
arteries to rupture (burst).
Suggest why an alteration in the structure of collagen, or less collagen being produced, could cause
arteries to rupture.(3)
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(d) One form of EDS is caused by a recessive allele.
Explain how parents who are both heterozygous for this form of EDS could calculate the probability of
having a child with the disorder.(4)
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Q13. One role of the cell membrane is to control the movement of molecules and ions.
(a) In an experiment a student placed red blood cells in salt solutions of different concentrations.
When placed in solutions with a low salt concentration, the cells were observed to swell and burst.
The results of the experiment are given in the table below.
(i) Suggest how the student could have made sure that the results were reliable.(1)
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(ii) Suggest how the student would modify the experiment to find the concentration of salt solution that
burst 50% of the cells.(2)
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(iii) Explain why the red blood cells swell when placed in solutions with a low salt concentration.(3)
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(b) Another student investigated the haemoglobin and potassium ion concentration in red blood cells that
had been stored.
Red blood cells were stored at 4 °C for four days. Each day the concentrations of haemoglobin and
potassium ions were measured.
The results are shown in the graph below.
(i) Explain the effect four days storage at 4 °C has on the concentration of haemoglobin and
potassium ions in the red blood cells.(3)
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(ii) After four days, glucose was added to half of the cells. Both samples of red blood cells were stored
for 12 hours at 37 °C.
After 12 hours, the concentration of potassium ions in the red blood cells was measured.
The results are shown in the table below.
Using the information in the graph and table, explain the changes in potassium ion concentration in
red blood cells.(3)
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Q14. Cystic fibrosis and glycogen storage disease type (II) are examples of recessive genetic disorders.
Glycogen storage disease type (II) is caused by mutations in the GAA gene.
This results in a deficiency of an enzyme called acid alpha-glucosidase.
(a) Explain the meaning of each of the following terms.
(i) Recessive allele(1)
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(ii) Gene mutation(2)
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*(b) Explain how a mutation in the GAA gene could result in a change in the activity of the enzyme acid
alpha-glucosidase.(5)
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(c) The enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase breaks the glycosidic bonds in glycogen.
Suggest why a deficiency in acid alpha-glucosidase results in a lack of energy for muscle contraction.
(2)
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(d) The incidence of glycogen storage disease type (II) is about 1 in 40 000 of the population.
(i) Name a test that could be used to find out if an unborn child has this disease.(1)
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(ii) Suggest why testing for glycogen storage disease type (II) is not offered to all pregnant women.(1)
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(iii) Give one disadvantage of carrying out genetic tests on unborn children.(1)
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Q15.Living organisms exchange gases with their environment.
(a) Describe how the structure of the human lungs is adapted for efficient gas exchange.(4)
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(b) The photograph below shows C. elegans, a small, free-living nematode. An adult C. elegans consists
of about 1000 cells.
Magnification ×100
Suggest why C. elegans does not need a specialised gas exchange system.(2)
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Q16. Genetic information is encoded in DNA.
(a) The diagram below shows part of a DNA double helix.
Some parts are shown in the boxes labelled P, Q, R and S. One of the bonds is labelled N.
For each of the statements below, put a cross in the box next to the correct answer.
(i) One of the bases in box S is adenine, the other base in box S is(1)
A cytosine B guanine C thymine D uracil
(ii) The bond labelled N is a(1)
A covalent bond B glycosidic bond
C hydrogen bond D phosphodiester bond
(iii) The box that contains a mononucleotide is(1)
A box P B box Q C box R D box S
(b) Name the sugar present in a DNA mononucleotide.(1)
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(c) The accepted theory of DNA replication is semiconservative replication.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term semiconservative replication.(2)
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(ii) Name the scientists whose classic experiments provided evidence to support semiconservative
replication of DNA.(1)
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Q17. Glycogen is an energy storage molecule in muscle cells. Glycogen is formed from glucose
molecules that are taken into muscle cells.
(a) Glucose molecules are taken into muscle cells by facilitated diffusion.
Describe the process of facilitated diffusion.(2)
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(b) Glycogen is a source of energy for muscle cells during exercise.
(i) Name the bond between glucose molecules in glycogen.(1)
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(ii) Name the type of reaction that takes place when glycogen is broken down into glucose.(1)
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(iii) Explain why glycogen is a good energy storage molecule in muscle cells.(3)
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Q18. The diagram below shows a section of a human heart and its blood vessels.
(a) On the diagram, draw arrows to show the flow of blood through the left side of the heart.
(1)
(b) Put a cross in the box that completes each of the following statements.
(i) The blood vessel labelled X carries(1)
A blood low in oxygen to the heart
B blood low in oxygen from the heart
C oxygen rich blood from the heart
D oxygen rich blood to the heart
(ii) The structure labelled Y(1)
A pulls the semilunar valve open
B pushes the atrioventricular valve closed
C stops blood flowing from the ventricle to blood vessel X
D stops the atrioventricular valve opening the wrong way
(c) In mammals, blood passes through the heart twice for each circulation of the body.
Suggest how this type of circulation enables mammals to carry out effective gas exchange.(3)
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Q19. Cell membranes contain a bilayer of phospholipid molecules.
(a) Explain how phospholipid molecules form a bilayer.(3)
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(b) The fluid mosaic model can be used to explain the properties of a cell membrane.
Explain what is meant by the term fluid mosaic.
(2)
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(c) A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of alcohol on the permeability of beetroot
cell membranes.
Beetroot cells contain a red pigment.
One cube of beetroot was placed in a tube containing 5 cm3 of water and left for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes the cube of beetroot was removed and the intensity of the colour of the liquid was
measured using a colorimeter.
A colorimeter is an instrument that can be used to measure the intensity of the colour of a liquid.
The procedure was repeated using four different concentrations of alcohol instead of water.
The results are shown in the table below.
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of alcohol on the permeability of beetroot cell
membranes.(2)
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(ii) The temperature of the solutions and the size of the beetroot cubes should be controlled in this
investigation.
Explain how each of the following would affect the results of this investigation.(4)
An increase in temperature
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A decrease in size of the beetroot cube
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Q20. Pulmonary thrombosis is a condition in which blood clots form in the lungs.
(i) The role of thrombin in blood clotting is to(1)
A stimulate the release of prothrombin from platelets
B catalyse the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
C stimulate the release of thromboplastin from platelets
D catalyse the conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen
(ii) The ion required in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is(1)
A calcium B chloride C potassium D sodium
(iii) Blood clots form only when required because the clotting factors used are(1)
A pre-synthesised in an active form in the blood
B present in an inactive form in the blood
C synthesised in an active form when required
D synthesised in an inactive form when required
*(b) Describe how the human lung is adapted for rapid gas exchange.(5)
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(c) Suggest why blood clots, formed in pulmonary thrombosis, reduce gas exchange in the lungs.(2)
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Q21. The nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are involved in cell replication and protein synthesis.
(a) DNA and RNA are large polynucleotides formed by joining many mononucleotides together.
Put a cross in the box that completes each of the following statements.
(i) The sugar in a mononucleotide of RNA is(1)
A deoxyribose B glucose C ribose D ribulose
(ii) In a DNA double helix, the two strands are held together by(1)
A covalent bonds between bases B covalent bonds between sugar molecules
C hydrogen bonds between bases D hydrogen bonds between sugar molecules
(iii) The base present in RNA but not present in DNA is(1)
A cytosine B guanine C thymine D uracil
(iv) The mononucleotides in a molecule of mRNA are joined together by(1)
A disulphide bridges B glycosidic bonds
C peptide bonds D phosphodiester bonds
(v) The complementary base that pairs with guanine is(1)
A adenine B cytosine C guanine D uracil
(b) Meselson and Stahl carried out an experiment that demonstrated the semiconservative replication
of DNA.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term semiconservative replication.(2)
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(ii) Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing one isotope of nitrogen. These bacteria
were then transferred to a second medium containing a different isotope of nitrogen.
The DNA extracted from the bacteria was then separated according to its density.
Draw bands on tubes B and C to show the results of this experiment.
(2)
Q22. Carbohydrates, such as starch and lactose, are important energy sources.
(a) Starch contains amylose and amylopectin.
(i) Compare the structures of amylose and amylopectin.(3)
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(ii) Explain how the structure of amylopectin affects its ability to provide energy.(2)
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(b) Milk contains between 2% and 8% lactose by weight.
State one difference between the structure of lactose and the structure of starch.(1)
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(c) In one study, carried out in Sweden, the mass of milk in the diet and the relative risk of death were
investigated.
(i) State the relationship between the mass of milk in the diet and the relative risk of death.(1)
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(ii) Suggest an explanation for this relationship.(2)
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(iii) A newspaper report claimed this study proved that drinking large quantities of milk increased the
risk of death.
Suggest why this claim may not be true.(1)
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Q23. Lipids such as triglycerides and polysaccharides such as glycogen are energy storage molecules.
These molecules can be used during exercise.
(a) Triglycerides are a type of lipid formed when three fatty acid chains combine with a glycerol molecule.
(i) Put a cross in the box that completes the following statement. Each fatty acid chain is joined to
glycerol by(1)
A an ester bond formed by a condensation reaction
B an ester bond formed during hydrolysis
C a peptide bond formed by a condensation reaction
D a peptide bond formed during hydrolysis
(ii) Describe how the structure of a saturated lipid differs from that of an unsaturated lipid.(2)
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(b) Describe the structure of glycogen.(3)
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(c) The table below shows the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of energy obtained
from lipids and carbohydrates.
Using the information in the table, describe the effect of the intensity of exercise on the percentage of
energy obtained from lipids and carbohydrates.(3)
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Q24. The heart is part of the mammalian circulatory system.
The diagram below shows a section through the human heart.
(a) Put a cross in the box that completes the following statement. The blood vessel labelled Q in the
diagram is the(1)
A aorta B coronary artery C pulmonary vein D vena cava
(b) Explain how the structure of a capillary is related to its function.(2)
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*(c) Describe the role of the heart valves in the cardiac cycle.(6)
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(d) A small number of babies are born with a hole in the septum that separates the left and right
ventricles. If the hole is not repaired these babies may not survive.
Suggest why these babies may not survive.(2)
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Q25. Triglycerides are synthesised from glycerol and fatty acids.
(a) The diagrams below show the structures of three fatty acids and their melting temperatures.
(i) Using the diagrams above, describe the structure of oleic acid.(2)
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(ii) Using the information in the diagrams, explain why these fatty acids have different melting
temperatures.(3)
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(b) The diagrams below show the simplified structures of a fatty acid molecule and a glycerol molecule.
(i) Use these diagrams to show the products formed from a reaction between one fatty acid molecule
and the glycerol molecule.
(2)
(ii) Name this type of reaction.(1)
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Q26.The addition of sugars to food is one risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
(i) Describe how sucrose is formed from monosaccharides.(3)
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(ii) High-fructose corn syrup is manufactured from starch.
Describe the structure of starch.(3)
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(b) There may be a relationship between added sugar in the diet and the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-
cholesterol in the blood.
A study of young people was carried out to investigate this relationship.
The graph below shows the results of this study.
(i) The scientist who carried out this study concluded that:
'The addition of large quantities of sugar in the diet increases the risk of CVD.'
Use the information in the graph and your own knowledge to explain why the scientist came to this
conclusion.
(3)
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(ii) Suggest two reasons why the young people included in this study might underestimate the risks of
added sugar in their diet.(2)
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(iii) Suggest why young people taking statins were not included in this study.(2)
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Q27.Many animals have a heart and circulatory system.
(a) Explain why animals need a heart and circulatory system.(4)
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(b) When the human heart contracts, blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta.
Describe how the structure of the aorta is related to its function.(4)
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Q28.The circulatory system in mammals has a heart and blood vessels.
(a) The graph below shows the pressure in different blood vessels as blood leaves and returns to the
heart.
(i) Place a cross in the box next to the correct words to complete the following statement.
The change in pressure between R and S occurs during(1)
A atrial diastole B atrial systole
C ventricular diastole D ventricular systole
(ii) Calculate the percentage decrease in pressure between S and T.

(2)
........................................................... %
(iii) Explain the decrease in pressure between S and T in the aorta.(2)
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(b) Explain why the human heart is divided into a left side and a right side.(3)
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(c) Explain one way in which the structure of a capillary is related to its function.(2)
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Q29. Triglycerides are synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol.
One of the reactions involved in the synthesis of triglycerides is shown below.
(a) Diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) is the enzyme that completes the synthesis of a triglyceride by
joining a fatty acid onto a diglyceride.
(i) Name the bond that links fatty acids to glycerol.(1)
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(ii) Which of the following arrangements of atoms links a glycerol molecule to a fatty acid?(1)
(iii) Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Distinguish between the structure of a saturated fatty acid and the structure of an unsaturated fatty
acid.(2)
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(iv) The enzyme DGAT attaches the third fatty acid to a diglyceride. Other enzymes are involved with
the synthesis of the diglyceride.
Suggest why the enzyme DGAT can only catalyse the addition of the third fatty acid to the diglyceride.(3)
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(b) The effect of DGAT concentration on the synthesis of triglycerides was investigated.
The graph below shows the results of this investigation.
(i) Explain why the initial rate of reaction was measured in this investigation.(2)
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(ii) Explain why a buffer solution should be used in this investigation.(4)
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Q30.
(a) The release of thromboplastin starts the blood clotting process.
For each of the statements below, put a cross in the box next to the correct answer.
(i) Thromboplastin is released from(1)
A muscle cells B platelets C red blood cells D white blood cells
(ii) Thromboplastin is a(1)
A carbohydrate B lipid C nucleic acid D protein
(iii) Thromboplastin converts(1)
A fibrin into fibrinogen B fibrinogen into fibrin
C prothrombin into thrombin D thrombin into prothrombin
(b) Heparin is a chemical that affects blood clotting time.
The table below shows the effect of heparin concentration on blood clotting time.
(i) Using the information in the table, describe the effect of heparin concentration on blood clotting
time.(3)
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(ii) Suggest why heparin, at higher concentrations, can be used to treat patients who are at risk of
forming blood clots.(1)
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(iii) Suggest one risk of using heparin to treat these patients.(1)
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Biology Unit 1 topics 1 Questions

(a) Suggest what is meant by the term relative risk. (2)

........................................................... deaths per 100 000

These deposits cause affected blood vessels called ........................................................... to

harden and ..........................................................., reducing the supply of

(ii) Name this type of reaction.(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage decrease in pressure between S and T.

(iii) Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

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