Chemistry Unit 1 topic 4 Questions

Q1. Which ion has the smallest ionic radius?

A Cl− B Ca2+ C K+ D S2−
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q2.In which pair are the ions isoelectronic?
A Li+ and O2− B Na+ and Cl− C Mg2+ and S2− D Al3+ and F−
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q3.The compound with the greatest covalent character is(1)
A NaF B NaI C AlF3 D AlI3
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q4. Ions with the same electronic configuration are said to be isoelectronic.
Which of the following compounds is made up of isoelectronic ions?
A CaO B CaBr2 C Na2O D LiF
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q5.Which row in the table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a fluoride ion, F–?
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

(Total for question = 1 marks)

Q6. In the electrolysis of copper(II) chromate(VI) solution, the colour that develops around the positive
electrode (anode) is
A orange. B yellow. C green. D blue.
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q7. Which diagram best represents the electron densities in lithium iodide?

(Total for question = 1 mark)

Q8. Which of these statements is the best evidence for the existence of ions in sodium chloride?
A Solid sodium chloride conducts electricity.
B When an electric current is passed through a solution of sodium chloride, the movement of the
coloured ions is observed.
C Sodium chloride crystals have a regular shape.
D There is good agreement between theoretical and experimental lattice energies for sodium
chloride.
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q9. Born-Haber cycles can be used to determine experimental values of lattice energies.
(a) The diagram below shows a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of strontium chloride from strontium
and chlorine.
 Using symbols from ΔH1 to ΔH7 as appropriate, identify the
(i) enthalpy change of atomization of strontium
(1)
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(ii) bond enthalpy of chlorine
(1)
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(iii) first electron affinity of chlorine
(1)
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(iv) enthalpy change of formation of strontium chloride
(1)
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(b) The table below shows the energy changes that are needed to determine the lattice energy of
strontium chloride, SrCl2.

(i) Define the term lattice energy.

(2)
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(ii) Calculate the lattice energy of strontium chloride, in kJ mol−1.
(2)
 lattice energy = ........................................................... kJ mol−1
* (c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride and magnesium fluoride are shown in the table below.

Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, why the lattice energy of MgF2 is more
negative than that of NaF.(3)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q10. What is the equation for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride?
A Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s) B Mg2+(s) + 2Cl–(g) → MgCl2(s)
C Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g) → MgCl2(s) D Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–(g) → MgCl2(g)
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q11. The bonding in solid ammonium chloride is
A ionic only. B ionic and covalent only.
C ionic and dative covalent only. D ionic, covalent and dative covalent only.
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q12. Which of the following has the smallest ionic radius?
A O2– B F– C Na+ D Mg2+
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q13. Which ion has the largest ionic radius?(1)
A Ca2+ B Cl– C K+ D S2–
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q14.
(a) The table below shows some of the ionisation energies of magnesium.

(i) Complete the table by predicting a value for the third ionisation energy of magnesium.
(1)
(ii) Write the equation for the third ionisation of magnesium. Include state symbols.
(2)

(b) A version of the Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride is shown below.
 (i) Identify the enthalpy changes from the Born-Haber cycle by completing the table.
ΔH1 is the sum of two enthalpy changes and you should give both.
(3)

(ii) Use the data in (a) to calculate the value of ΔH2.

(1)
ΔH2 =
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the following data to calculate the lattice energy of magnesium
chloride, ΔH4.

(2)

(c) A similar Born-Haber cycle can be drawn for calcium chloride.

* (i) In the calcium chloride cycle, the corresponding value for ΔH2 is less positive.
Explain why this is so.(2)
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* (ii) Explain why the value for the lattice energy, ΔH4, is less negative for calcium chloride than for
magnesium chloride.
(2)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q15. The first ionization energies for the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are

(a) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of phosphorus, using the electrons-in-boxes notation.
Write the symbols for the sub-shells on the dotted lines.(2)

*(ii) The first ionization energies generally increase from left to right across the period.
Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.
(2)
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(iii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the third ionization energy of phosphorus.
(2)

*(b) (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than the first ionization energy of
phosphorus.
(3)
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(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)
(c) Solid white phosphorus exists as P4 molecules.
Calculate the number of molecules in 24.8 g of white phosphorus.
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(2)

(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q16. This question is about the alkali metal potassium and the salt potassium chloride.
(a) (i) A sample of potassium is known to consist of isotopes with mass numbers 39 and 41.
For each isotope, complete the table below to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons.
(2)

(ii) Explain the meaning of the term isotope, using the information from the table in (a) (i).
(1)
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(iii) The relative atomic mass of this sample of potassium is 39.1.
Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.
(2)

(b) The chart below shows the successive ionisation energies of potassium.
 (i) Estimate the 1st ionisation energy and the 19th ionisation energy of potassium. Use data from the
graph and your calculator.
(1)

(ii) Explain why the logarithm of the ionisation energy is used in plotting this graph rather than the
ionisation energy.
(1)
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(iii) Write the equation for the first ionisation energy of potassium.
(2)

*(iv) Explain why there is a general rise in the value of the successive ionisation energies.(2)
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*(v) Explain each of the three sharp rises in the graph.
You should include details of the subshell from which the electron is removed at each sharp rise.(3)
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(c) (i) Draw a dot and cross diagram for potassium chloride.
Only show the electrons in the outer shell of both ions.
(2)

(ii) Compare the electrical conductivity of potassium metal and potassium chloride.(2)
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(iii) Describe two similarities in the structure and bonding of potassium metal and potassium chloride.
(2)
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(iv) Give one difference between the structures of potassium metal and potassium chloride.
(1)
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(Total for question = 21 marks)
Q17. Which equation represents the lattice energy of magnesium nitride, Mg3N2?
A 3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s) B 3Mg(g) + 2N(g) → Mg3N2(s)
2+ 3−
C 3Mg (g) + 2N (g) → Mg3N2(g) D 3Mg2+(g) + 2N3−(g) → Mg3N2(s)
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q18.
(a) The relative atomic masses of elements can be determined using a mass spectrometer.
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.(3)

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(ii) Describe fully how positive ions are formed from gaseous atoms in a mass spectrometer.(2)

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(iii) The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of strontium.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of strontium in this sample.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)

(b) In which block of the Periodic Table is strontium found?(1)

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(c) Draw the dot and cross diagram for strontium chloride.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)
(d) A solution of strontium nitrate was prepared from strontium oxide and dilute nitric acid.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)

(e) A compound of strontium contains 49.9% strontium, 13.7% carbon and 36.4% oxygen, by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula for this compound.
[Use relative atomic masses: Sr = 87.6, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(3)

(Total for question = 15 marks)

Q19. A model of the atom describes a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons
in energy levels.
(a) Complete the table below.(3)

(b) State, in terms of the sub-atomic particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes.(2)
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(c) The element rubidium exists as the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb.
(i) Explain how gaseous atoms of rubidium are ionized in a mass spectrometer.(2)
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(ii) In a sample of rubidium, the isotope 85Rb has an abundance 2.5 times greater than that of 87Rb.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium in this sample. Give your answer to one decimal
place.
(3)

Relative atomic mass = ...........................................................

(d) The diagram below illustrates a model of the metallic bonding in rubidium.
Write appropriate labels in the two empty boxes in order to complete the diagram.(2)

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q20. Propene is an alkene which can be produced by cracking some of the hydrocarbons in crude oil.
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram showing the bonding in propene.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)

(b) (i) Propene is one product of the cracking of decane, C10H22.

Write the equation for the reaction in which one mole of decane is cracked to produce one mole of
ethene, one mole of propene and one other product. State symbols are not required.
(1)

(ii) A synthetic rubber can be made by polymerizing a mixture of ethene and propene.
Draw the structural formula of the repeat unit of this polymer which forms from one molecule of each
alkene.
(2)

(c) Propene is also used to make propane -1,2-diol. Give the reagents and colour change when this
product is made at room temperature.
(3)
Reagents.......................................................................................................
Colour change from .................................................. to ..................................................
(d) The reaction of propene with bromine water is used as a test for the carbon-carbon double bond.
State the colour change in this test.
Draw the displayed formula of the organic product and give its name.
(3)
Colour change from.................................................. to ..................................................
Displayed formula of product

Name .....................................................................
(e) Write the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide to give the major product.
Include relevant dipoles.
(4)

*(f) Molecules of the element bromine, Br2, are not polar. Explain how bromine acts as an electrophile
when it reacts with propene.
(2)
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(g) In the United States of America, large deposits of shale gas have been discovered. This gas is
trapped in rocks and can be extracted by "fracking" which involves breaking up the rock with water under
pressure.
Shale gas typically contains about 90% methane, mixed with about 3% ethane, 0.6% propane, 0.2%
butane and 0.2% pentane. The rest is hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Suggest how the use of shale gas may affect the relative amounts of poly(ethene) and poly(propene)
which are produced in the USA and justify your answer.
(2)
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(Total for question = 19 marks)
Q21. This question is about the elements aluminium and magnesium.
(a) Complete the electronic configuration for an atom of aluminium.
(1)
2
1s ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) Complete the table to show the composition of an aluminium ion, Al3+.
(1)

(c) The table below shows the first four ionization energies of aluminium.
(i) Complete the table by identifying the orbital from which each electron is removed.(2)

(ii) Write the equation, including state symbols, which represents the second ionization energy of
aluminium.
(2)
*(iii) Explain why the second ionization energy of an element is always greater than the first ionization
energy.
(2)
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*(iv) Explain why the difference between the third and fourth ionization energies of aluminium is much
larger than the difference between the first and second ionization energies.
(2)
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(d) Aluminium is a silvery metal with a melting temperature of 933 K.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the bonding in aluminium.
(2)

(ii) The atomic number of magnesium is one less than aluminium. Would you expect magnesium to
have a higher or lower melting temperature than aluminium? Justify your answer.
(2)
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(iii) Draw the dot and cross diagram for magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
Show the outer electrons only.
(2)

*(iv) Aluminium chloride has more covalent character than magnesium chloride.
Explain what this statement means. By considering the physical properties of these two chlorides,
suggest one piece of evidence showing that aluminium chloride has more covalent character than
magnesium chloride.
(3)
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(Total for question = 19 marks)
Q22. Some energy changes involved in a Born-Haber cycle are
A electron affinity B lattice energy
C standard enthalpy change of atomization D standard enthalpy change of formation
(a) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by p?
K(s) → K(g) ΔH = p
(1)
(b) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by q?
K(s) + ½Cl2(g) → KCl(s) ΔH = q
(1)
(c) Which enthalpy or energy change is represented by r?
½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) ΔH = r
(1)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q23. Which one of the following ions has the smallest radius?
A F− B Mg2+ C Na+ O2− D
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q24. Each diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for four sequences of ions.
The diagrams are not to scale.
(a) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+?
(1)
(b) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+?
(1)
(Total for question = 2 marks)
Q25. The atomic radius of potassium is larger than that of sodium because potassium has
A a larger nuclear charge. B a larger nucleus.
C more occupied electron shells. D a smaller first ionization energy.
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q26. Which quantity is exothermic?
A Enthalpy change of atomisation of sulfur. B First ionisation energy of sulfur.
C First electron affinity of sulfur. D Second electron affinity of sulfur.
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q27.
(a) The element sodium and the compound sodium bromide are both solid at room temperature.
(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium and explain how this bonding holds the structure together.(2)
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(ii) Name the type of bonding in sodium bromide and explain how this bonding holds the structure
together.(1)
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(iii) The table shows the melting temperatures of sodium and of sodium bromide.

What can you deduce from these data about the bonding in the two substances?(1)
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 (iv) Name one physical property, other than melting or boiling temperature, in which sodium and
sodium bromide differ due to the difference in their bonding.
Describe how this property differs for each of the two substances.(2)
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(b) The ammonium ion, , contains covalent bonds and a dative covalent bond.
(i) Describe the difference between a covalent bond and a dative covalent bond.(2)
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(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for an ammonium ion. Use the symbol for electrons from the
hydrogen atoms and for electrons from the outer shell of the nitrogen atom.(2)

(iii) Suggest how an electron density map of ammonium chloride would provide evidence for the
presence of ions in the compound.
(1)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q28. Which of the following equations represents a step that is not involved in the Born-Haber cycle for
lithium iodide, LiI?
A Li(s) + ½I2(s) → LiI(s) B ½I2(s) → I(g)
C Li(s) → Li(g) D I(g) → I+(g) + e−
(Total for question = 1 mark)