Seismic Design

Documentation on
“Seismic Design of Building”

By
www.civilsimplified.com
About Civil Simplified
Civil Simplified is the brainchild of IIT Kanpur alumni formed with the intention
of improving awareness about the latest trends in civil engineering and to
bridge the gap between industry requirements and what academia offers. We
aim to come up with tailor made courses/workshops that would equip young
Indian students with the skills and knowledge related to various aspects of civil
engineering. Our workshops are carefully designed to expose participants to multi-
disciplinary demands of the industry.
We strongly believe that complicated engineering concepts can be taught in

a simple manner using innovative methodologies. Through our well-structured
lectures, workshops and other practical sessions, we help students understand the
complicated topics of civil engineering in an interesting way. Our sessions are
planned to help students open up their mind and begin to look at engineering in a
much broader perspective.
Copyright © 2015 Skyfi Education Labs Pvt. Ltd. All Rights Reserved www.civilsimplified.com Page 2
Table of Contents
S. No Topic Page No
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Why should we do Seismic Analysis? 4
1.2 Impact of Earthquake 4
1.3 Loads on a building 5
2 Basics of Earthquake 5
2.1 Earthquake definition 5
2.2 What are Tectonic Plates? 5
2.3 Causes of Earthquake 6
2.4 Measurement of earthquake 6
3 Mechanics of Earthquakes 7
3.1 Seismic Waves 7
3.2 Types of Waves 7
3.3 Primary waves 8
3.4 Secondary waves 8
3.5 Surface waves 9
4 Size of Earthquake 9
4.1 Magnitude of Earthquake 9
4.2 Intensity of Earthquake 10
5 Structural Effects of Earthquakes 10
5.1 Inertia 10
5.2 Ground Shaking during an Earthquake 11
5.3 Serviceability limit 11
5.4 Layout of Buildings 12
5.5 Twisting in Buildings 13
6 Reducing Earthquake Effects 14
6.1 Moment Resisting Frames 14
6.2 Braced Frames 14
6.3 Shear Walls 15
6.4 Methods to control Deflections During an Earthquake 15
6.5 Building Response with Base Isolators 16
6.6 Tuned Mass Damper 17
7 Earthquake Design 17
7.1 Design Philosophy 17
7.2 Ductility 18
7.3 Vibration of Buildings 18
7.4 IS Codes 18
7.5 Load Combinations 19
7.6 Lateral force Calculation 19
7.7 Seismic Weight of Building 22
7.8 Distribution of Design Lateral Load 23
8 Reference 23
1. Introduction
1.1 Why should we do Seismic Analysis?
Earthquake causes huge loss in terms of life/society and economy losses.
Looking at the statistics of previous earthquakes below:
Place Death toll Economy losses

Japan 2011 15,870 $235 billion
Gujarat 2001 20,000 $5.5 billion
Indian ocean 2004 2,30,210 $8 billion
Analyzing these statistics we can understand how much the impact of earthquake
can be to avoid these casualties we should study seismic analysis and buildings
should be seismic resistant.
Know what exactly happens when an Earthquake strikes.
To understand why are so many lives lost in a Single Natural Calamity even though
Science and Technology has advanced so much. Primarily minimize the Loss of
Human Life as much as possible. Economy, Finance, Buildings, Bridges, etc are
secondary concerns in the Event of a Earthquake.
1.2 Impact of Earthquake

Earthquake has a huge impact on our day-to-day life. The following things are
affected due to earthquake:
 Life and Society

 Property (Structures and their content)
 Civic Amenities (schools, hospitals)
 Lifeline Amenities (roads, bridges, power)
 Heritage
 Economy and development
...virtually almost everything.
1.3 Loads on a building
2 types of loads act on a building.
1. Static loads: A load which is applied slowly and then remains nearly constant
fall under this.
 Dead load
 Live load
 Hydrostatic and soil load
2. Dynamic loads: A load that varies with time which includes repetitive loads,
seismic loads and other loads created by rapid movement.
 Snow load*
 Wind load
 Earthquake load
Snow loads are considered only in particular areas where the snow fall is high.
2. Basics of Earthquake
2.1 Earthquake definition
An Earthquake is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden release of
energy in Earth’s crust.
2.2 What are Tectonic Plates?

What do you think you are Standing on?
If you think you are standing on a solid mass. You are very much misled. You are
standing on something that more or less resembles a hot boiling Egg. The specific
gravity of the inner core is 15 with an average temperature of 3000 C.
Just for relative comparison, Granite rock has a specific gravity of 2.8 i.e. the inner
core material is 15 times heavier than water for the same volume while granite is
2.8 times heavier.
Earthquakes mostly occur at the Plate boundaries and are called Inter Plate
Earthquakes, Earthquakes occur at interior places too and are called Intra Plate.
2.3 Causes of Earthquake

95% of the earthquakes are caused because of disturbance in plate tectonics. The
remaining 5% is the other disturbance like volcanic eruptions, rock falls, landslides
and explosions.
2.4 Measurement of earthquake
Sensor: mass; string; support
Recorder: drum; pen; chart paper
Amplification: optical / electromagnetic means
Damping: Magnet electromagnetic/fluid dampers
3. Mechanics of Earthquakes
3.1 Seismic Waves
Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an
earthquake. An earthquake produces vibrations called waves that carry energy
while they travel out through solid material. During an earthquake, seismic waves
go out in all directions from the focus. They ripple like when you through a stone
into a lake or pond.
3.2 Types of Waves

There are three different types of seismic waves:
3.3 Primary waves
Also known as P Waves. The first waves to come are these waves. P waves
are earthquake waves that compress and expand the ground similar to the
Movement of an Earthworm. P waves cause buildings to expand and contract
3.4 Secondary waves
Also known as S Waves. After p waves, S waves come. S waves are

earthquake waves that vibrate from one side to the other as well as down
and up. They shake the ground back and forth. When S waves reach the
surface, they shake buildings violently. Unlike P waves, which travel through
both liquids and solids, S waves cannot move through any liquids.
3.5 Surface waves
When S waves and P waves reach the top, some of them are turned into surface
waves. Surface waves move slower than P waves and S waves, but they can
produce violent ground movements. Some of them make the ground roll like
ocean waves. Other surface waves move buildings from side to side.
4. Size of Earthquake
4.1 Magnitude of Earthquake
It is the quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake. There are many scales
to define the Magnitude of the Earthquake. Richter Scale is famous among them.
The other scales are Body Wave Magnitude, Surface Wave Magnitude, Energy
Wave Magnitude etc.
Richter scale is the most commonly used Scale to Express the Magnitude of an
Eathquake
Richter scale is an exponential scale which is measured with respect to ground
calculator.htm
displacements. A little calculator to let you know the difference.
4.2 Intensity of Earthquake

It is the qualitative measure of actual shaking at a particular location, and is
assigned as Roman Capital Letters. There are various scales for measuring the
intensity. MCS, MM, MSK, EMS, (12 level scale) and JMA (7 level scale).
Non-instrumental perceptibility measure of damage.
(Mercalli Cancani Seiberg, Modified Mercalli, Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik,

European Macroseismic Scale, Japanese Meteorological Agency)
5. Structural Effects of Earthquakes

5.1 Inertia
Forces are developed in a structure during earthquake due to deformation and
displacement of structure because of Newton’s 1st law of motion. As the earth
shakes the foundation tries to move and the top body tries to remain in the same
position this causes deformation in structure and that is responsible for developing
forces.
5.2 Ground Shaking during an Earthquake
Shaking of ground takes place in all the three directions. The factor of safety
considered in vertical direction is sufficient to overcome the vertical force
generated during earthquake. Generally vertical component should be considered
mainly in cantilevered beams, girders and slabs. So earthquake load is mainly
considered in lateral direction.
Symmetric structures perform well. With one dimension much larger/smaller than
other two don’t perform well. With re-entrant corners (like U, L, H shapes) don’t
perform well. Those can be avoided by splitting the building into blocks.
5.3 Serviceability Limit

It is defined as the user comfort provided by a structure to its users.
A structure that fails serviceability has exceeded a defined limit for one of the
following:
Excessive deflection
Vibration
Local deformation
There are some permissible limits for the above mentioned criteria’s mentioned in
codes
 H/500
 60m high tower (about 20 storey) – 120mm
The max. vibrational acc. permitted by Chinese codes is 0.15m/s2 for residential
buildings and 0.25m/s2 for commercial buildings (no restriction in Indian Code)
5.4 Layout of Building
Horizontal-layout:
 Symmetric structures perform well during earthquakes.

 Buildings with one dimension much larger/smaller than other two doesn’t
perform well.
 Buildings with re-entrant corners (U, L, H shapes) don’t perform well. There
can be avoided by splitting the building into blocks.
Vertical-layout:
 Buildings with vertical-setbacks do not perform well during earthquake as

there will be sudden jump in the force transfer from top to bottom.
 Buildings with unusually tall storey do not perform well.
 Buildings with open ground storey (for parking) do not perform well.
5.5 Twisting in buildings
If the weight of the building is not uniform throughout the body, during earthquake
the shaking of the building will not be uniform. This causes unequal swinging of the
building resulting twist in the buildings.
6. Reducing Earthquake Effects
6.1 Moment Resisting Frames
Moment-resisting frames are rectilinear assemblages of beams and columns, with

the beams rigidly connected to the columns. Resistance to lateral forces is
provided primarily by rigid frame action-that is, by the development of bending
moment and shear force in the frame members and joints. By virtue of the rigid
beam-column connections, a moment frame cannot displace laterally without
bending the beams or columns depending on the geometry of the connection.
The bending rigidity and strength of the frame members is therefore the primary
source of lateral stiffness and strength for the entire frame
6.2 Braced Frames
A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind
and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to work in
tension and compression, similar to a truss. Braced frames are almost always
composed of steel members.
6.3 Shear Walls
RCC walls from foundation to top. Plane wall composed of braced panels
6.4 Methods to control Deflections during an Earthquake

Base isolation, as a strategy to protect structure from earthquake, revolves
around a few basic elements of understanding:
Period-shifting of structure: Base isolator is a more flexible device compared

to the flexibility of the structure. Thus, coupling both an isolator and the
superstructure together increases the flexibility of the total isolated structural
system. In this way, this technique lengthens the structures natural time period
away from the predominant frequency of the ground motions, thus evading
disastrous responses caused due to resonance.
Lead Rubber Bearings Rubber Bearings
Friction Pendulum
6.5 Building Response with Base Isolators
Base Isolators basically decouple the Foundation and the Superstructure such that
they do not pass on the damaging effects of Ground Motion during an event of
Earthquake to dissipate energy
6.6 Tuned Mass Damper
It consists of an additional component called the mass damper which is tuned to
be in resonance with the Building such that they actively participate in the
Dissipation of Energy during an Earthquake. Since they need considerable mass,
they utilize large area or space for installation of the Mass Damper
7. Earthquake Design
7.1 Design Philosophy

 Under Minor shaking: Main load carrying members should not damage,
other parts may sustain repairable damage
 Under Moderate shaking: Main load carrying members may sustain

repairable damage, other parts may be replaced after damage
 Under Strong shaking: Main load carrying members may sustain irreparable
damage, but the building should not collapse.
7.2 Ductility
The load carrying elements should be made ductile so that the buildings sway
during the earthquake with damage but should not collapse.
7.3 Vibration of Buildings

Every building has a natural period of vibration (T) also called fundamental natural
period. It is the range of 0.05sec-2sec for 1-20storey buildings. Depending on the T
values of buildings and that of earthquake waves the buildings respond. Resonance
principal applies here, if the frequency of vibration of earth is equal to the natural
period of vibration of a particular building then the amount of damage occurred in
that particular building will be greater than buildings which are tall and short to
that building.
7.4 IS Codes
 IS 1893, 1962 1st formal seismic code in India
 IS 1893, 2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of

Structures (5th revision)
 IS 4326, 1993 Indian standard code of practice for Earthquake Resistant

design & construction of buildings (2nd revision)
 IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake

resistance of Earthen Buildings
 IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake

resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
 IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of

Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic forces
 IS 13935, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and Seismic
Strengthening of Buildings
7.5 Load Combinations

Plastic design of steel structures
 1.7(DL+LL)
 1.7(DL+-EL)
 1.3(DL+LL+-EL)
Limit state design of Reinforced concrete
 1.5(DL+LL)
 1.2(DL+LL+-EL)
 1.5(dl+-EL)
 0.9DL+1.5EL
7.6 Lateral force Calculation

IS1893 (Part1)-2002
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5thRevision)
Part 1: General provisions and buildings
Design horizontal acceleration spectrum:
𝑆𝑎
𝑍[ (𝑇)]I
𝑔
𝐴ℎ (𝑇) =
2𝑅
Design Seismic Base shear VB
𝑍 𝑆𝑎
[ (𝑇)]
2 𝑔
𝑉𝐵 = 𝐴ℎ (𝑇𝑎 ). 𝑊 =
𝑅
𝐼
Ah (Ta) = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum
W= Seismic Weight
Seismic Zone II III IV V

Seismic Low Moderate Severe Very severe
Intensity
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
From the above table we can get the Z value for a particular zone.
Importance factor I
The importance of a structure during earthquake should be given.
Type of building I
Important, Community and Lifeline buildings 1.5
Others 1
The buildings which are not mentioned can be designed for higher values of I
depending on the economy and functionality of the building.
Empirical Natural Period Ta
Ta=0.075*h0.75 (For RC moment resisting frames without infill)

0.09ℎ
Ta = (Others)
√𝑑
h is the height of the building in meters
d is the width of the building in meters
If it is unsymmetrical building it should be separately analyzed for both the

directions.
Response spectra for Rock and Soil sites for 5% damping
7.7 Seismic Weight of Building
In calculating the seismic weight of a building we have to consider the Dead load
and a part of Live load.
Imposed uniformly distributed Floor % of Imposed load to be considered

loads (kN/m2)
Up to and including 3.0 30
Above 3.0 50
7.8 Distribution of Design Lateral Load
The load calculated is distributed along the different floors of the structure
It is distributed in the following ratio:
The distributed load should be applied at the column joints in the lateral direction.
Overall we can say that Earthquake resistant design should be followed to reduce
the risks and it even does not require a big investment as there are many types of
normal technologies are present which are just 2%-6% of the investment.
8. References
1. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/seismic_design.php
2. https://www.eeri.org/
3. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/earthquakes
4.http://www.okumuragumi.co.jp/en/technology/building.html
Contact Us
Please feel free to contact us in case of any queries.
Email: info@civilsimplified.com
Phone: Toll Free: 1800-3000-1260
To know about latest workshops
Follow And Like us on www.facebook.com/civilsimplified

Seismic Design

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Seismic Design

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Documentation on

“Seismic Design of Building”

We strongly believe that complicated engineering concepts can be taught in

Place Death toll Economy losses

Know what exactly happens when an Earthquake strikes.

1.2 Impact of Earthquake

 Life and Society

2.2 What are Tectonic Plates?

2.3 Causes of Earthquake

2.4 Measurement of earthquake

Sensor: mass; string; support

Recorder: drum; pen; chart paper

Amplification: optical / electro- magnetic means

Damping: Magnet electromagnetic/fluid dampers

3.2 Types of Waves

3.4 Secondary waves

Also known as S Waves. After p waves, S waves come. S waves are

4.2 Intensity of Earthquake

Non-instrumental perceptibility measure of damage.

(Mercalli Cancani Seiberg, Modified Mercalli, Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik,

5. Structural Effects of Earthquakes

5.3 Serviceability Limit

 Symmetric structures perform well during earthquakes.

 Buildings with vertical-setbacks do not perform well during earthquake as

Moment-resisting frames are rectilinear assemblages of beams and columns, with

6.2 Braced Frames

6.3 Shear Walls

6.4 Methods to control Deflections during an Earthquake

Period-shifting of structure: Base isolator is a more flexible device compared

7.1 Design Philosophy

 Under Moderate shaking: Main load carrying members may sustain

7.3 Vibration of Buildings

 IS 1893, 2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of

 IS 4326, 1993 Indian standard code of practice for Earthquake Resistant

 IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake

 IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake

 IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of

7.5 Load Combinations

Limit state design of Reinforced concrete

7.6 Lateral force Calculation

Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (5thRevision)

Part 1: General provisions and buildings

Design horizontal acceleration spectrum:

Seismic Zone II III IV V

The importance of a structure during earthquake should be given.

Empirical Natural Period Ta

Ta=0.075*h0.75 (For RC moment resisting frames without infill)

h is the height of the building in meters

d is the width of the building in meters

If it is unsymmetrical building it should be separately analyzed for both the

Response spectra for Rock and Soil sites for 5% damping

Imposed uniformly distributed Floor % of Imposed load to be considered

It is distributed in the following ratio:

To know about latest workshops

Follow And Like us on www.facebook.com/civilsimplified

S-ar putea să vă placă și