CHEMISTRY PAPERS

(Oil Processing)

Arranged By :
Bima Surya Samudra
Syahrofi Darham

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL OF MUHAMMADIYAH 2

SURABAYA
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 INTRODUCTION

First of all, we want to offer our gratitude to almighty god for all his
wisdom and gifts that he has given us, so that we may finish writing this paper
until it is finished. As for the purpose of this paper, entitled "how to process oil,"
is to fulfill the chemistry task.
Not to mention, we realized here that this paper still has a lot of drawbacks
and errors, so that we're really looking forward to Suggestions and constructive
criticisms to produce perfect and useful results for readers and writers. At the end
of the day, we'd like to thank you very much.

Surabaya, 11 December 2019

Writer

Bima Surya Samudra

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………… 2
Table Of Contents…………………………………………….. 3

CHAPTER I PREFACE

A. Background Problem……………………………………… 4
B. Problem Formula………………………………………….. 4
C. Purpose……………………………………………………. 4
D. Advantage…………………………………………………. 5

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Oil Management Process………………………………….. 6

B. Destilation…………………………………………………. 6-8
C. Cracking……………………………………………………. 8-9
D. Reforming…………………………………………………. 9-10
E. Absolution and polymerization…………………………… 10-11
F. Treating…………………………………………………… 11-12
G. Blending…………………………………………………… 12

CHAPTER III FINALE

A. Conclusion…………………………………………………. 13
B. Suggestion…………………………………………………. 13
C. Bibliography……………………………………………….. 14

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 CHAPTER I
PREFACE

A. Background Problem
Oil is one of the most powerful sources of energy in human life. According
to the owem model, global oil demand in the middle term (2002-2010) is
expected to increase by 12 million barrels per day become 89 million barrels per
day Or grow average 1.8% per year. Whereas in the next period (2010-2020),
Demand went up to 106 million barrels per day with a growth of 17 million
barrels per day.
Not only for engine fuel, but oil is also used for cooking energy, even
candles are made from petroleum. Oil comes from plant and animal residue that
have died and been described by the soil, so that these natural resources are
slow to reform, hence to be classified as unsustainable natural resources.
Petroleum that humans are refining and utilizing such as oil, plastic, rubber, oil
fuel, bitumen, candles, pesticides, paint.)
Oil is a hydrocarbon compound. It is the basic characteristics and characteristics
of petroleum that determine what treatment to treat petroleum that will also
affect the products that result from its production. So knowledge of petroleum is
crucial, given that the most widely used natural resources is not negotiable so
we have to try to find an alternative and try to conserve this oil.

B. Problem Formula
1. How to process oil management?
2. What is a destilation method oil management?
3. What is a cracking method in oil management?
4. What is a Reforming method in oil management?
5. What are absolution and polymerization method in oil management?
6. What is a treating method in oil management?
7. What is a blending method in oil management?

C. Purpose
To fulfill the chemistry project and to deepen the material about the oil
management process.

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D. Advantage
To give the reader insight into how oil processing works.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Oil Management Process

Oil is usually three or four kilometers below sea level. Oil was obtained
by producing a bore well. Crude oil obtained is collected in a tanker or
channeled via pipes to a tank station or to an oil rig.
Cude oil is a black fluid that has a strong odor. Crude oil has not yet been
used as fuel or for other purposes, but it must be prepared first. Crude oil
contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons combined with the number of
atoms of c-1 to 50. The boiling point of hydrocarbons increases as the
number of c atoms that are inside the molecule. Oil processing, therefore, is
done through multistory destilation, where crude oil is separated into groups
(fractions) with similar boiling points.
Oil processing is described generally as follows:
1. Raw Oil
2. Conservation
3. Salt Elimination
4. Destilthe frasination
5. Fractions of weight and light
6. Hydrocarbons processing: craking; Reforming; purification;
purification; mixing
7. End product of petroleum
Oil processing processes are distinguished from following, among them:
1) Destilation
Destilation is a separating of petroleum fractions based on differences
in educational points. In this case is a fractionation destilation. First crude
oil was heated in a flow of pipes inside furnace (furnace) to temperatures
estimated at 370 ± c. Such reheated crude oil then enters the fracture
column on the flash chamber (usually at the bottom of the fracture
column). To maintain temperature and pressure in the columns, it has
assisted in heating with steam.

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 The evaporating crude oil of this destilation process goes up the top of
the column and is subsequently condensed at different temperatures.
Components with a higher boiling point will remain fluid and go down,
while the lower boiling point evaporates and rises to the top through
breeders called brewers of bubbles. Upwards, the temperature in the
fractionation column is decreasing, so that each higher boiling point
separated, whereas the lower boiling point rises to even higher levels. So
that the components that reach the top are those at room temperature in
the form of gas. This component of what is called petroleum gas, then
thawed and called LP (Liquified Petroleum).
Crude oil fractions that don't evaporate into residues. Petroleum
residue covers paraffin, wax, and asphalt. These residues have a carbon
chain of over 20.
Petroleum fractions derived from its range of boiling points include
the following:
1. Gas
Range of carbon chains: C1 to C5
Trayek boil: 0 to 50 Celcius
2. Gasoline
Range of carbon chains : C6 to C11
Trayek boil : 50 to 85 Celcius
3. Kerosene
Range of carbon chains : C12 to C20
Trayek boil : 85 to 105 Celcius
4. Solar
Range of carbon chains : C21 to C30
Trayek boil : 105 to 135 Celcius
5. Heavy Oil
Range of carbon chains : C31 to C40
Trayek boil : 135 to 300 Celcius

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 6. Residue
Range of carbon chains : >C40
Trayek boil : >300 Celcius
Petroleum fractions of the multistory destilation process yet
possess qualities that match the needs of the community, so further
processing that includes the process of cracking, reforming,
polymerization, treating, and blending.
2) Cracking
After going through the destilation stage, each faction produced is
purified.

Cracking is the breaking down of molecules large hydrocarbon

compounds into small hydrocarbon compounds.
These cracking examples are on solar oil processing or kerosene being
gasoline. This process is aimed primarily at improving the quality and
acquisition of gasoline fractions. The gasoline 'quality is olin by the anti-
knock equation expressed in octane. Octane 100th is produced by
isooctane (2.2.4-trimethyl pentane) with special anti-knocking properties,
and zero octane is given to n-heptane, which has some of the bad anti-
knock properties. Its tested gasoline will be compared to a mixture of
isotone and n-heptane. Octane Numbers are affected by certain structures
of hydrocarbon molecules.
There are three ways of cracking, which is:

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 1. The hot way (thermal cracking), that is with the use of high
temperatures and low pressure.

2. The catalytic cracking, which is by using catalysts. The catalyst

used is usually sio2 or al2o3 bauxite. Reactions to catalytic
fracturing through the carbonium ion rupture mechanism. The
catalyst is first, because it is acidic, adding protons to the oslevin
molecule, or pulling hidride ions from alcana to the formation of
carbon ions.

3. Hydrocracking is a combination of fracturing and hydrogenation to

produce saturated compounds. Such reactions are carried out at
high pressure. Another advantage of these hydrocracking was that
sulfur contained in oil was changed into hydrogen sulfide which
was then separated.

3) Reforming

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 Reforming was a conversion from the less-quality molecular shape
of gasoline (a straight carbon chain) to better-quality gasoline (a carbon
chain branching off). Both types of gasoline have the same molecular
formula for the different structural forms. Thus, this process is also called
isomerization. Reforming done with using catalysts and heating.

Reforming examples are as follows:

Reforming can also be a edit of a molecular structure of a

hydrocarbon parafin into an aromatic compound with high octane. In this
process the molibdenum oxide catalyst is used in al2o3 or platinum in the
clay. Sample reaction:

4) Absolution and polymerization

Absolution also enhances the number of atoms in some molecules
and becomes longer branching molecules. In the process using powerful
acid catalysts such as h2so4, HCL, alcl3. The reaction in general is as
follows:

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 Polymerization is a process of combining small molecules into
large molecules. The usual reaction is as follows:

Polymeric samples of combining isocline compounds with

isobutene compounds produce high quality gasoline, called isotropic
compounds.

5) Treating

Treating was oil purification by removing the fouling. The ways

treating are as follows:
1. Copper sweetening and doctor treating, which is the process of
eliminating consumers that can cause inodor.
2. Acid treatment, that's the mud-removal and color-repair
process.
3. Dewaxing is the process of wax elimination (n parafin) using a
high molecular weight of a lubricant fraction to create lubricant
oil with a low pour point.
4. Desulfurizing, or removing, of asphalt from fractions used for
oil.

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 5. Desulfurzing, that is, the process of eliminating sulfur elements.

Sulfur is a naturally occurring compound in oil or gas, but its

presence is not cool because it triggers various problems, including
corrosion to the processing equipment, poisoning the catalyst in
processing, less pleasant odours, or side products of burning toxic
exhaust (sulphur dioxide, SO2) and causing air pollution and acid
rain. Efforts were made to eliminate sulphur compounds from
petroleum, including the process of oxidation, selective absorption,
extraction, hydro treating, and other things. Sulphur, removed from
this oil, was then re extracted as sulphur elemental.
Desulfurization is a process used to remove sulphur compounds
from petroleum. Basically there are 2 ways desulfurization, which
is by:
1. Extraction uses solvents, as well
2. The decomposition of the sulphur compound (generally
contained in petroleum in the form of mercury compounds,
sulphide and sulphide) catalysed by process Selective
hydrogenation becomes hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and
hydrocarbon compounds from which the sulphur compounds
come. Hydrogen sulphide that's generated from the
decomposition of the sulphur compound is then separated by
fracturing or washing or disarmament.

6) Blending
Blending process is adding additives to petroleum fractions in order to
improve the quality of the product. Gasoline in various quality
requirements is the most widely used example of petroleum products in
diverse regions of weather. To meet the quality of good gasoline, there
are about 22 mixing ingredients that could be added to the processing
process.
Among the most popular mixture is the Tetra Ethyl Lead. TEL acts to
increase gasoline octane. If oil is to be achieved, then it is necessary to
increase additives in the production of oil. TEL addition can increase
octane, but it can lead to air pollution.

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 CHAPTER III
FINALE

A. Conclusion
From the contents above, we can conclude that oil is one natural resource
with many benefits. Are formed from the various fossils described by the
earth. It's composed of alkana, alkenic, aromatic hydrocarbons, sikloalkana,
and a few other compounds. And then they are treated with a high-rise
destilation process to produce a wide range of products. But because it's such
a limited number that we need to save it. Coupled with the pollution from
burning the oil, which is not very green. As for some alternative natural
resources, if properly treated, would be no less oil.
B. Suggestion

The government should know how to manage oil with careful and
repeated.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://kimia.upi.edu/v1_01_2017/
http:// chem-is-try.org
http://inkorclass.blogspot.com/2014/05/makalah-pengolahan-minyak-bumi-
kimia.html
http://inkorclass.blogspot.com/2014/05/makalah-pengolahan-minyak-bumi-
kimia.html
https://www.slideshare.net/alspril/minyak-dan-gas-bumi-
34903499?next_slideshow=1
Chemistry Textbook for Grade 11th

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