CHEM 5070- PERIODIC TABLE

Group I metals

 called Alkali metals - the metals react with water to form alkaline solutions: the solutions turn
red litmus paper blue

 have one outer shell electrons

 shiny, silvery solids

 soft, easily cut with scalpel

 low densities and melting points - these increases down the group

 good conductors of heat and electricity

 reacts easily in air so they're kept in oil

 chemically reactive - reactivity increases down the group (Caesium most reactive of all metals

 This is because the atoms become larger as we go down the group.

 It becomes easier for the outermost, single valence electron to escape to form an ion
as the attractive force of the nucleus is further away and weaker

 have 1 valence electron

 loses one outermost electron to form an ion of +1 charge eg. Li+, Na+, K+

 react violently with air or oxygen, catching fire, and burning with characteristic flame colors to
form white oxides. To avoid this, the metals are stored under oil

 eg. 4K (s) + O2 (g) ----> 2K2O (s)

 They also react vigorously with water, forming the alkaline hydroxide and releasing hydrogen
gas

 eg. 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) ---> 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

 Because alkali metals are such reactive metals, they combine directly with reactive non-metals
such as the halogens to form salts

 eg. 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ----> 2NaCl (s)

Flame colour

Alkali metal Flame color

Li Red

Na Yellow

K Lilac
 Rb -

Reactions of the Alkali metals

Alkali Reaction with air Reaction with water Reaction with chlorine
metal (oxygen)

lithium burns with a red flame floats on water and reacts burns with a bright flame
to give lithium oxide quickly to produce lithium to give a white solid of
(white solid) hydroxide and hydrogen lithium chloride
4Li + O2 ---> 2Li2O gas 2Li + Cl2 ---> 2LiCl
2Li + 2H2O ---> 2LiOH + H2

sodium burns with a bright floats on water and reacts burns with a bright flame
yellow flame to very quickly to produce to give a white solid of
produce white sodium sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride
oxide hydrogen gas 2Na + Cl2 ---> 2NaCl
4Na + O2 ---> 2Na2O 2Na + 2H2O ---> 2NaOH +
H2

potassium burns violently with a floats on water and reacts burns vigorously in
lilac colored flame to violently to produce chlorine with a bright
produce white potassium hydroxide and flame to give a white
potassium oxide hydrogen gas solid of potassium
4K + O2 ---> 2K2O 2K + 2H2O ---> 2KOH + H2 chloride
2K + Cl2 ---> 2KCl

Group VII (Halogens)

 reactive non-metals

 have seven outer shell electrons

 poisonous

 low melting and boiling points - increases down the group

 elements become darker and solidify down the group

 reactivity decreases down the group

 because of their atomic size, which increases down the group

 therefore it becomes more difficult for the nucleus to attract an electron to form an
ion
  most reactive is fluorine; least reactive is iodine

 all halogens form ions with single negative charge eg F-, Cl-, Br-

 Exists as diatomic molecules eg F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

 reacts vigorously with metals to form ionic salts

 halogens become less reactive down the group

Halogen Colour State

Fluorine pale yellow gas

Chlorine yellowish green gas

Bromine red brown liquid

Iodine shiny black solid

 Any halogen above another in the group will displace it from a solution of its salt ----
> displacement reactions

 This means that the more reactive halogen can take the place of the less reactive halogen of its
salt.

 eg. Cl2 + 2KBr -----> 2KCl + Br2

 When chlorine gas is bubbled through a colorless solution of potassium bromide, reddish brown
color of bromine is seen.

 eg. Cl2 + 2KI ----> 2KCl + I2

 When chlorine gas is bubbled through a colorless solution of potassium iodide, it turns brown
and finally a black precipitate of iodine is formed.

Group O (Noble/Inert Gases)

  Exist as monatomic (single atom)

 least reactive elements in the gaseous state; do not form bonds

 low melting and boiling points

 have stable electronic configuration with full electrons on their shells

 chemically inert

 because the outermost shell of the element is full.

 It does not tend to combine with other elements, either covalently or ionically, and
there is chemically inactive

Name Uses

Helium in air ships, weather balloons

Neon in advertising lights

Argon an inert gas for electric bulbs,

welding and making steel

Kryton gas-filled electronic devices and

lasers

Xenon electronic flash guns

Radon natural radioactive gas

Transition metals

Element Common ions

 Chromium Cr2O72- dichromate(VI)

Manganese MnO4- manganate(VII)

Iron Fe2+ iron(II)

Fe3+ iron(III)

Nickel

Ni2+ nickel(II)

Copper Cu+ copper(I)

Cu2+ copper(II)

 often form colored compounds

 can have variable oxidation states ---> no fixed number of valence electrons

 form complex ions eg MnO4- (manganate(VII) ions)

 high melting and boiling points

 high densities

 can have catalytic properties

Uses of transition metals

Transition metal Uses

Tungsten used in filaments of electric light bulbs as it is ductile

and has a melting point over 3000oC

Chromium hard, unreactive (has protective oxide coating) and

attractive. So used for chromium-plating and in making
stainless steel

Titanium titanium and its alloys are light but as strong as steel so
used in aircraft construction

Manganese hard brittle metal used to harden steel

Nickel a strong metal that resists corrosion. Used in stainless

steel and in coinage metals like cupronickel which has
an attractive silvery appearance

Zinc a grey metal with a blue tinge. Main use is to galvanise

iron to prevent it from rusting
 Copper unreactive metal and malleable. So used for making
water-pipes

Advantages

 Since transition elements speed up chemical processes in industries, they saves time in
manufacture

 Less energy is needed for manufacture in industries, hence lower cost

 Since less energy is needed, more energy resources can be conserved, e.g. oil to generate
electricity in producing iron.