Dr.

Sachin Kapur
M.Phil, Phd

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students &

Teachers Mentored
 Modern Genetics

Lecture 1

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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Modern Genetics
Sex Determination

Haploid-Diploid Mechanism of Sex determination (Haplodiploidy)

➢ It is a type of sex determination in which the male is haploid while the female
is diploid.
➢ Haplodiploidy occurs in some insects like bees, ants and wasps.
➢ Male insects are haploid because they develop parthenogenetically from
unfertilized eggs.
➢ The phenomenon is called arrhenotoky or arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.
➢ Meiosis does not occur during the formation of sperms.
Sex Determination in Honey Bee

➢ Females grow from fertilized eggs and are hence diploid.

➢ Queen Bee picks up all the sperms from the drone during nuptial flight and
stores the same in her seminal receptacle.
➢ Formation of worker bees (diploid females) and drones (haploid males)
depends upon the brood cells visited by the queen.
➢ While visiting the smaller brood cells, the queen emits sperms from its seminal
receptacle over the eggs.
Sex Determination in Honey Bee

➢ As it visits the larger brood cells, it lays the eggs but the seminal receptacles
fail to emit the sperms due to some sort of pressure on the ducts coming out
of them.
➢ When a queen is to be formed the workers enlarge one of a small brood cell
having fertilized egg and feed the emerging larva on a rich diet.
➢ Males are normally fertile haploids due to development from unfertilized
eggs.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

➢ It was proposed by Sutton and Boveri independently in 1902.

➢ In 1933 T. H. Morgan confirmed the findings of Sutton and Boveri.
➢ He was the first to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

➢ It states that genes are located at specific loci on the chromosomes and it is
the chromosomes which segregate and assort independently during meiosis
and recombine at the time of fertilization in the zygote.
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Salient Features

1. Gametes constitute bridge between one generation and the next generation.
2. Both the sperm and egg contribute equally in the heredity of the offspring.
a. The sperm provides only nuclear part to the zygote.
b. There is fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei during fertilization.
 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Salient Features

3. Nucleus contains chromosomes. Therefore, chromosomes must carry the

hereditary traits.
4. Every chromosome or chromosome pair has a definite role in the development
of an individual. Loss of a complete or part of the chromosome produces structural
and functional deficiency in the organism.
 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Salient Features

5. Like the hereditary traits the chromosomes retain their number, structure and
individuality throughout the life of an organism and from generation to generation.
6. Both chromosomes as well as genes occur in pairs in the somatic or diploid cells.
7. A gamete contains only one chromosome of a type and only one of the two
alleles of a character.
 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Salient Features

8. The paired condition of both chromosomes as well as genes is restored during

fertilization.
9. Genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity, dominance and recessiveness can be
suggested by chromosomal type and behaviour.
 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Salient Features

10. Homologous chromosomes synapse during meiosis and then segregate

independently into different cells.
11. In many organisms, sex of an individual is determined by specific chromosomes
called sex chromosomes.
Parallelism between Genes and Chromosomes

1. Both genes and chromosomes are transferred from generation to generation

without any change.
2. In diploid cells, chromosomes occur in homologous pairs.
a. Genes also occur in allelic pairs.
b. One member of a pair is obtained from maternal parent and the other
from the paternal parent.
 Parallelism between Genes and Chromosomes

3. Prior to cell division both chromosome and an allele of a gene get

replicated.
a. During mitosis the replicated chromosome and the replicated allele split which
pass into the two daughter cells.
b. The process of replication and distribution maintains similarity in the genetic
composition of the cells of a multicellular organism.
 Parallelism between Genes and Chromosomes

4. Both segregate during gamete formation (meiosis) so that a gamete

receives only one chromosome and one allele of each pair.
5. Fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid chromosome number and
allelic pairs in the offspring.
6. Both chromosomes and alleles follow law of segregation.
7. Both genes and chromosomes show law of independent assortment.
Contribution of Morgan in Genetics

Thomas Hunt Morgan

➢ An American genetist and Nobel Prize winner of 1933, is considered as

Father of Experimental Genetics for his work on and
○ Discovery of linkage
○ Crossing over
○ Sex linkage
○ Criss cross inheritance
○ Linkage maps
○ Mutability of genes.
T.H. Morgan
Contribution of Morgan in Genetics

Thomas Hunt Morgan

➢ He is called fly man of genetics because of selecting fruit fly (Drosophila

melanogaster) as research material in experimental genetics.
➢ It was largely due to his book, “The Theory of Gene”, that genetics was
accepted as a distinct branch of biology.
 Practice Questions

1. The correct match is

Column- A Column- B

I. Gene A. Homozygote

II. TT B. DNA

III. Alternate form of gene C. Dihybrid cross

IV. TtRr x TtRr D. Allele

A. I-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C

B. I-D, II-A, III-B, IV-C
C. I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A
D. I-D, II-B, III-A, IV-C
 Practice Questions

2. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A. Mutations provide variation upon which artificial selection can act

B. The almost majority of mutations produce alleles which are dominant
C. Mutations arise spontaneous, infrequent and random
D. Mutation rate can be increased by artificial means
 Practice Questions

3. Observe the sex determination in the following:

I. Human males = XY II. Female hen = ZW
III. Male Drosophila = XY IV. Male grasshopper = XO
V. Male birds = ZZ
Male heterogamety = A
Female heterogamety = B
Male homogamety = C
Which of the following combination is correct

A. I-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C, V-E

B. I-D, II-B, III-A, IV-C, V-E
C. I-D, II-A, III-B, IV-C, V-E
D. I-C, II-E, III-A, IV-B, V-D
 Practice Questions

4. The following table shows the genotypes for ABO blood grouping and
their phenotypes. In which one of the four options, the components of
reaction labelled as W, X, Y and Z are identified correctly?

S .No. Genotype Blood Group

1 IAIB A

Options W X Y Z 2 W A

A. IAi IBi AB ii 3 IBIB B

B. IBi IAi B ii 4 X B

C. IAi IBi A ii 5 IAIB Y

D. IAi IAi O ii 6 Z O
 Practice Questions

5. A mutation is a
A. sudden temporary change in an organism genetic material
B. change in phenotype following by a change in genotype
C. change in hereditary material directed by a changing environment
D. change in genotype which may result in new expression of a characteristic
 Practice Questions

6. The diagrams refer to the chromosome complement of each sex of a

fruit fly. By which number is an autosome labelled?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. Both (4) and (3)
 Practice Questions

7. A human female will definitely be a haemophilic if

A. both of her parents are also haemophiliacs

B. her mother is a carrier and her father is a haemophiliac
C. her father carries the allele for haemophilia on both X chromosomes
D. her father is a haemophiliac and her mother is normal
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