Revised Updated Notebook For Library Catalogu

LIBRARY CATALOGUING & INDEXING
LISC: 555
COURSE COVER NOTE
(First Semester)
Prepared by
Mahendra Prasad Adhikari
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT
Master's Level of Library & Information Science
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Kathmandu
2076
Compiled by Mahendra prasad Adhikari
LIBRARY CATALOGUING AND INDEXING (THEORY)
Table of Contents
CATALOGUE ......................................................................................................... 4
Meaning of library Catalogue ...................................................................................... 4
Objectives of a Library Catalogue .................................................................................... 4
Purpose of a library catalogue ...................................................................................... 5
Function of Library Catalogue...................................................................................... 5
Library catalogue and it's implication to the Five Laws of Library Science ........................................ 8
PHYSICAL FORMS (OUTER FORM) CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN .................................... 9
PHYSICAL FORM OF CATALOGUE (INNER FORM OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE) .................... 14
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGUE AND CATALOGUING CODES ........................................ 20
3.1 British Museum Code (1841) ................................................................................. 21
3.2 Anglo-American Code (1908) ................................................................................ 21
3.3 AACR-1 (1967) ............................................................................................... 21
3.4 AACR-2 (1978) ............................................................................................... 22
Some of the important features of AACR-2 are:- ............................................................... 22
3.5. RDA (2003)................................................................................................... 23
3.6. Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) Ed 5 (1964) ............................................................. 23
Cutter‘s Rules (1876) ............................................................................................. 24
SUBJECT CATALOGUING AND SUBJECT INDEXING SYSTEM .......................................... 25
Subject Heading Lists ............................................................................................. 25
Their Meaning and Purpose and objectives of Subject heading ................................................ 25
8.1. Natural Indexing Language .................................................................................. 29
9. DIFFERENT ASPECT USED IN SUBJECT HEADING ................................................... 30
SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS ......................................................................... 39
LIBRARY CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS ................................................................. 41
Index and Indexing................................................................................................... 50
Definition of an Indexing System ................................................................................ 51
Chain Procedure ...................................................................................................... 53
Merits/advantage of Chain Indexing Procedures ................................................................... 57
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Cataloguing Course Cover Note
DEMERITS OF CHAIN INDEXING Procedure. .................................................................. 58
PRECIS ............................................................................................................... 59
PoPSI [Postulate-Based Permuted Subject Indexing] .............................................................. 61
Description and Standard of Cataloguing ........................................................................... 63
Areas of Description ............................................................................................... 67
Rules for Elements and use punctuation marks .................................................................. 68
Levels of description .............................................................................................. 69
SPECIFICATION OF ELEMENTS ............................................................................. 70
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES-PART I ............................ 75
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES .......................................... 76
Canons of cataloguing, ............................................................................................ 76
Fundamentals Laws of Library Science: ......................................................................... 78
Symbiosis relation between cataloguing and classification. ....................................................... 84
FILING OF ENTRIES – CLASSIFIED AND ALPHABETICAL ................................................ 86
Tools of Cataloguing .......................................................................................... 100
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Unit- 1:
CATALOGUE
Library catalogue: objectives, purposes and functions
Introduction
• Library catalogue is a list of print and non-print materials accessible from a particular library.
• It discloses to the reader the list of a library collection as well as materials accessible from a
particular library via web.
• We introduce you to some of the basic ideas relating to library catalogues and cataloging.
Meaning of library Catalogue
• The word ‗catalogue‘ comes from the Greek phrase Kata logos. Kata means ―according to‖ or
―by‖.
• Logos has different meanings. Sometimes, it means simply ―words‖, sometimes ―order‖ and
other times ―reason‖.
• Catalog is a work in which the list of documents are arranged in a ―reasonable‖ way in a
particular ―order‖ or according to a set ―plan‖
• Generally speaking, a library catalogue is a list of books and non-book materials in a
particular library or accessible from a particular library via web, arranged according to a
definite plan or determined order
• It contains specified items of bibliographic information for the purpose of identification and
location of the materials catalogued.
• If the catalogue in physical form represents the collection of two or more libraries, the
catalogue is termed as union catalogue.
• If a search is made in multiple resources/databases, it is called federated search.
Objectives of a Library Catalogue

• Charles Ami Cutter described the objectives of a library catalogue in 1876 when he first
published the first edition of his book Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue.
• His views on the subject are often quoted and are relevant even today.
1. To enable a person to find a book of which either
(A) The author
(B) The title is known
(C) The subject
2. To show what the library has
(D) By a given author
(E) On a given subject
(F) In a given kind of literature
3. To assist in the choice of a book
(G) As to its edition (bibliographically)
(H) As to its character (literary or topical)
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Purpose of a library catalogue
a) To serve as a guide to the collection of materials acquired for the library.
b) It also serves users as a retrieval tool. OR
c) Libraries generally acquire reading and reference materials in various physical forms or
non-physical forms such as Internet resources.
d) These materials are utilized by users for study, reference, and research.
e) It is necessary that a library prepares and provides a public record of all the materials
irrespective of their physical-forms acquired/accessed by it in order to give the readers an
idea of the entire collection possessed by it.
f) Main purpose of a library catalogue is to aid readers in making use of the collection of the
library by providing author, subject, title and other approaches to the collection
g) Serve as a guide to the library collection accessible by the library to know its location
Function of Library Catalogue
1. To enable a person to find a book on the basis of :
 Author
 Title
 Subject
2. To show that the library has books :
 By a given author
 On a given subject
 In a given kind of literature
3. To assist in the choice of books on the basis of :
 Edition
 Character
4. Helps in maintenance of a balanced collection
5. Displays the books of same subject together
 helps to check unconscious duplications in book selection
 Classified part of the catalogue in addition to the alphabetical catalogue for selection
of a book on specific subject
Cataloguing Process
 Catalogue consists of various entries of documents acquired for the library / accessible by
the library.
 Operations and procedures associated with the preparation of entries for incorporation into
the catalogue are known as cataloguing or cataloguing process.
 Cataloguing is the art of preparing records in such a way that a document is quickly
identified and located by the reader.
 It is a practical art is learnt by practice alone.
 There are three types of entries in the library catalogue: main entry, shelf list and added
entry
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• Main Entry: –Main entry gives detailed information about the documents in various sections
or areas (descriptive part and tracing part)
• Shelf list:
– Accession number is written in the main entry.
– This is for the use of library staff.
– There is no prescribed rule for this purpose.
– For the sake of uniformity, we will transcribe the accession number on the 5th line
from the red horizontal line of the card.
– Is an inventory record of a library which bibliographical data of items arranged
exactly the way the items are arranged?
• Added entry: – prepared under various access points such as author, title subject and give
brief information of the document in manual catalogue.
Operations of cataloguing
a. Choice and creating of headings of main entries, added entries and sections of main as
well as added entries
b. Recording of information in the sections of entries
c. Determination of style of writing, punctuation marks, capitalization, etc.
d. Writing call numbers on all entries
e. Filing of catalogue cards in manual entry
f. Preparation of guide cards/entry
g. Maintenance and updating of entries in a catalogue
Cataloguing
•Cataloguing is the preparation of bibliographic information for catalog records / cards.
•Catalogers use a set of cataloging tools, which are the agreed international rules and standards.
Cataloguing consists of
• Descriptive cataloging
• Assigning subject heading (subject cataloging)
• Classification
Descriptive Cataloguing: Descriptive cataloging describes an item, identifies access points and
formats access point, using the Anglo-American cataloging rules and appropriate name and
authority files
Subject Cataloguing: Subject cataloging determines subject headings for an item, which
represent the subject(s) of the work in words and/or phrases using Sears List of Subject
Headings or a similar authoritative subject headings list.
Classification:
• Classification determines a classification number for an item
• Represents the subject of the work in a number and/or letters, using Dewey decimal
classification or a similar authoritative classification scheme, and provides a location for an
item in a collection.
Cataloguing Networks: There are many cataloging networks within library sectors, regions,
OCLC (Online Computer Library Center, Inc), has over 80 million items cataloged and libraries
all over the world share its records.
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• With the development of web, most of the integrated library software have the protocol of
z39.50. This protocol allows other libraries to download their records.
Purposes of Cataloguing Rules
1) To provide consistency within a single library.
2) To provide consistency between libraries
3) To reduce time involved in cataloging
4) To provide ease of use for library users using more than one library
5) To ensure that the purposes of the catalog are achieved
1. To provide consistency within a single library
That is, a description and headings created by one cataloger need to be consistent with a
description and headings created by another cataloger or at a different time.
2. To provide consistency between libraries
In order to share catalog records and reducing costs in a centralized or cooperative library
system, libraries must use an agreed set of cataloging rules
3. To reduce time involved in cataloguing
If codes did not exist, catalogers would have to start from scratch with every work they
cataloged
4. To provide ease of use for library users using more than one library
Cutter states ―The convenience of the public is always to be set before that of the cataloger‖
5. To ensure that the purposes of the catalogue are achieved
Catalog must enable users to find what they need efficiently and reliably
Cataloguing and Classification
• Call number, expresses what subject matter a book has
a) In common
b) With other books,
• Catalog record is used to express what makes that book
a) Unique
b) From others in your collection.
Access Points
• Users find records in the catalog by a person‘s name, title, series, organization or subject. The
name or term a user searches for is called access point, since it gives the user access to the
record,. It is also called a heading, since it is written at the top (head) of the record in a card,
book or microfiche catalog.
• Catalogers determine the access points using cataloging rules, with particular attention to what
users are likely to look for
Main Entry Heading: When a catalog record is created, the cataloger decides that one of the
access points is the main entry heading. It is usually first-named author or the title.
Added Entry Headings: Added entry headings (i.e. the other access points) reflect other
names-other authors, editions, illustrations, translators, titles, series and organizations-by which
a user may look for the record.
Subject Headings
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• Subject heading s are also access points, since many users look for information on a subject
without knowing particular authors or titles.
• Subject heading are decided in subject cataloging, rather than descriptive cataloging, but they
usually form part of the bibliographic record. A catalog record also contains a classification
number, so that the user can locate the Item.
Formats of Catalogs:
• Standard access points-main entry, added entry and subject headings-were established for card
catalogs,
• In a set of catalog cards, one card is provided for each access point, with the appropriate
heading at the top of the card.
• An extra main entry card is used as a shelf list card.
• In computerized catalogs, each access point gives users the same view of the record. Users
generally need to search using the correct heading.
• Users of sophisticated automated catalogs can look up almost any piece of information or
combination of details, to find a record.
• Increasingly library catalogs are automated, i.e. the records are stored on a computer, and
clients find their information using a computer.
• However, other formats-including card, book, microfiche, computer printout and CD-ROM
are also used.
Library catalogue and it's implication to the Five Laws of Library Science
Books are for use-1st law
Implication for a library catalogue
• Accessibility to library collection through a well-designed physicals form of a catalogue as
well as the inner structure of catalogue entries and their organization.
Every reader his book-2nd law
• The physical form as well as its internal structure of a library structure should be designed to
help every type or category of users such as children, specialists or physically handicapped
persons.
Every Book its Reader- 3rd law
• Provision of analytical entries of documents to reveal the hidden contents of documents.
Save the Time of the users- 4th law
• All possible approaches to the catalogue through author, title, and subject indexes, cross
reference entries, and guidelines to the use catalogue all these to provide speed of service.
Library is a Growing Organism-5th law
• Provision to adapt a library catalogue to changes in publications, both paper print and
electronic, and changing needs of users and other environment factors.
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Unit- 2
PHYSICAL FORMS (OUTER FORM) CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN

1. Introduction
The form of library catalogue can be studied by dividing it in two forms:
(i) Outer or Physical forms of library catalogue.
(ii) Kinds or Inner forms of library catalogue.
2. Physical form of Library Catalogue Outer or Physical form is related to external shape,
size and appearance of catalogue.
2.1 Type of Physical forms of catalogue
Physical forms of library catalogue can be studied by dividing it in the following types:
(i) Conventional forms
(ii) Non-Conventional forms
2.1.1 Conventional forms
Conventional forms can be divided into following types: (a) Printed or Register or Book form
(b) Card catalogue (c) Sheaf catalogue
2.1.1.1 Register or Printed or Book form
The catalogue in which catalogue entries are hand-written or printed and bound into a volume is
known as Register or Printed or Book Catalogue. Many big libraries, before the adoption of
open access, were publishing their catalogues and were supplementing by additions, for keeping
them upto date. In United States first book catalogue is Harvard catalogue which was published
in 1723. Yale catalogue was brought out in 1745. Other examples are of British Museum,
Glasgow and Liverpool catalogue and of National Library Calcutta Catalogue.
2.1.1.1.1 Advantages
This form of library catalogue remained in use for many years due to its numerous advantages.
Its advantages can be enumerated as:
1. It is portable, hence can be consulted in any section of the library or even outside the library
i.e. at the home of the users. But a catalogue of big libraries in multi volume cannot be
consulted outside the library.
2. Due to its portable size, it is easy to handle and consult. It can be referred with greater speed.
3. Several entries can be seen at a time.
4. Printed catalogue of big libraries can be used as a reference and book selection tools other
libraries.
5. Occupies less space.
6. If multiple copies of the catalogue are there, several readers can refer it at the same time.
2.1.1.1.2 Disadvantages
After serving the readers for many years, this form of catalogue was replaced by card form of
catalogue due to following limitations of this form. Some of the limitations are as follows:
1. Too expensive to produce, and laborious process to compile it.
2. Always remains outdated, as no facility of interpolation and extrapolation is available in this
form.
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3. Less durable.
4. To avail the services of cooperative cataloguing is not possible as cooperative cataloguing
services are available in card form only.
5. No facility of guiding is possible in this form. Due to above limitations, printed catalogue
was replaced by card catalogue.
2.1.1.2 Card form of Catalogue
The first use of cards for catalogue was made by Rosier for preparing catalogue of Paris
9+ 4 +2
Academy of Science. It is widely used from of catalogue. Norris refers to its use in France in
1790s and French code was meant for card catalogue. In United Kingdom its first use was made
by Trinity College, Dublin in early 19th century.
In this form of catalogue, entries are made and arranged in any desired order, on cards of
uniform size i.e. 12.5 x 7.5 cm. and kept in trays or drawers of catalogue cabinet. The cabinet
containing cards is kept on stand. A rode passes through the hole of cards for locking purposes.
In this form one entry is prepared on one card.
2.1.1.2.1 Advantages
The reasons of popularity of this form can be enumerated as follows:
1. The facility of insertion and withdrawal of cards keeps this catalogue always upto date, hence
far from obsolete.
2. Can be easily guided.
3. As the entries are prepared on cards, it is easier to consult and handle by the users.
4. Card catalogue is more durable from other physical forms.
5. Being a single unit, cards can be arranged in any desired order.
6. Cooperative cataloguing is possible.
7. Economic to maintain and cards can be changed at any time.
8. Present a neat appearance.
2.1.1.2.2 Disadvantages
IN spite of several advantages, it has the following disadvantages:
1. Occupies much space.
2. Only one person can consult one tray, as only one copy of the catalogue is provided in the
libraries.
3. Not portable. Due to its size and bulk, it is not portable and can be consulted within the
library where it is kept.
4. Cards and cabinets are too expensive.
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5. Mischievous readers can easily take out the cards, hence less protected. Though a thin iron
rod passes through it, if someone intentionally wants to remove a card, he can do so without
much effort.
2.1.1.3 Sheaf Catalogue
A catalogue formed by sheets, slips, or cards fastened in a binder that permits the insertion or
new material. Slips are usually of 6‘‘ x 4‘‘ size notched at the left hand side. Its first use was
made by the University Library, Leydon, Holland in 1876. It was improved by Madam Ricci in
1891. J.D. Brown invented in 1892 adjustable sheaf catalogue. The modern form was invented
by Arthur Lambert. It provides shelf locking wicket. It is usually used in public libraries of U.K.
In this form some difficulties of Book or Printed catalogue are removed.
2.1.1.3.1. Advantages
Some of the advantages of Sheaf catalogue are as follows:
1. It combines the advantages of Book and Card form. Facility of insertion and removal of
entries is provided in this form.
2. More than one entry can be prepared on a slip.
3. To prepare entries on slips or paper, it is easier and cheaper to produce.
4. Occupies less space than card catalogue.
5. Easier to handle and can be removed from the stand.
2.1.1.3.2. Disadvantages
It is claimed that this form combines the advantages of Book catalogue and card catalogue. But
this form neither provides the advantages of Book catalogue nor card catalogue. Due to
following disadvantages, this form could not get popularity in library world. Some major
disadvantages of this catalogue are as follows:
1. If one book is entered on one slip, it is wastage of stationery. If two or three books are
entered, it is overcrowded and needs retyping.
2. Carbon copies are not so pleasant as that of original.
3. Slips of paper are less durable as compared to cards.
4. Though facility of insertion and withdrawal, but not so easy as in card form.
5. Cooperative cataloguing is not possible.
6. Guiding is not satisfactory.
7. Can only be consulted within the premises of the library.
2.1.2. Non-Conventional Form
As a result of rapid development of computer and communication technology, now a days a
newer form of catalogue known as non-conventional or modern form is replacing conventional
forms of library catalogues. These forms are:
1. Visible index form
2. Microform catalogue
3. Machine readable catalogue
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2.1.2.1. Visible Index
Visible index catalogue consists of strips mounted on a frame or cards held flat, hinged
and with edge of each card protecting so as to make the heading visible. The cards are
usually of 12.6 x 20 cm. size. The card is inserted into a hinged kraft pocket, exposing the
top portion. These pockets are held in specially prepared steel cabinets. In each tray of
cabinet a good number of cards can be housed. When a tray is pulled out, only the edges
of card are visible through which the headings of entries alone can be seen. This type of
nonconventional catalogue is used in selected Indian libraries for maintaining records
pertaining to current periodicals. It does not possess the qualities of a card catalogue. The
catalogue occupies more space even than the printed book catalogue. It is not portable
and there is no possibility of having multiple copies. Visible index is not useful for
libraries. This form of catalogue is used for the listing of gramophone records,
illustrations, periodicals etc.
2.1.2.2. Microform Catalogue
In this form of catalogue entries, the latest trend in libraries is to use computerized
catalogues. Catalogues are prepared on magnetic tape or magnetic disc. Catalogue can be
searched at a certain times known as off line. In on line method entries are held in
computer files and search can be made directly to the computer or projected on the screen
at any time. Three advantages of computer catalogues are keeping update catalogue with
speed and efficiency, speedy search for all the sought approaches and multiplicity of
copies.
2.1.2.3 Machine Readable Catalogue / MARC
The latest trend in libraries is to use computerized catalogues. Catalogues are prepared on
magnetic tape or magnetic disc. Catalogue can be searched at a certain times known as
off line. In online method entries are held in computer files and search can be made
directly to the computer or projected on the screen at any time. Three advantages of
computer catalogues are keeping update catalogue with speed and efficiency, speedy
search for all the sought approaches and multiplicity of copies.
MARC: History and the Subject Approach
The concept of MARC (Machine Readable Catalogue) has brought in a new era in the
field of library and information services. MARC stimulated the development of library
automation and information networks. Planning for MARC – I begun in 1966 and
concluded in 1968. For forms of materials other than books, Library of Congress (LC)
published formats for serials and maps in 1970, films in 1971 and manuscripts in 1973.
Designing of MARC – II was based on the experiences gained during the evaluation of
MARC - I format. The idea behind MARC - II was to develop one common format
structure capable of containing bibliographic information for all forms of documents.
Not all the information in the MARC record is relevant to the subject of a document,
but certain fields are likely to be more productive than others in providing a range of
subject descriptions. Some fields are related specifically to notation/class number
derived from different schemes of library classification, such as those of LCC, UDC,
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Library Cataloguing and Indexing
DDC and NLM; and others are related to alphabetical subject headings, such as those
drawn from LCSH, PRECIS, and other alphabetical systems.
ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOGUE (OPAC)
By late 1970s, libraries began to use computers for cataloguing purpose and the idea of
making the catalogue of a library available to its users online began to be accepted and
has been implemented in a number of libraries. This computerized online catalogue,
which can he searched by the users directly for the retrieval of records without the
assistance of a trained intermediary is commonly known as Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC).
SUBJECT ACCESS TO OPAC

The typical OPAC interaction process requires the matching or crude translation of user
vocabulary to system vocabulary. It became apparent that the amount of subject
information included in standard MARC records is not adequate to meet the users'
subject approach to the OPAC. Online capabilities offer many possibilities for
improved subject access.
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Unit-2.1
PHYSICAL FORM OF CATALOGUE (INNER FORM OF LIBRARY

CATALOGUE)
The form which refers to various varieties of construction and arrangement of the
catalogue is known as Inner or Internal form. These are broadly divided into following
three types:
1) Alphabetical catalogue
2) Classified catalogue
3) Alphabetic-classed catalogue
1. Alphabetical Catalogue
Alphabetical catalogues are as of following types:
(a) Author catalogue (d) Subject catalogue
(b) Title catalogue (e) Dictionary catalogue
(c) Name catalogue
A. Author Catalogue
Author catalogue or variation of it (i.e. pure author catalogue, author entry in a dictionary
catalogue or author index entry in a classified catalogue) is supreme in value and
importance. Reader can approach subject or title by many ways but author only by exact
expression as authors‘ name is indisputable thing. However alternative author approach is
served by references.
In author catalogue, entries are arranged alphabetically. It tells about the works of a given
author possessed by the library or whether library is having a particular work of the
author. Author is a broad term which includes editor, compiler, translator, reviser etc.
Advantages
Its main advantages are:
1. It brings all the works of an author at one place instead of scattering them throughout
the catalogue according to their subject.
2. It discloses whether a particular book by a particular author is in library or not.
Disadvantages
Its limitations are:-
1. Pure author catalogue cannot serve the readers properly, hence added entries under
editor, translator, reviser; illustrator, distinctive title etc. are to be provided for making it
more satisfactory tool.
2. It should also be equipped with a subject index as an auxiliary approach.
B. Title Catalogue
It consists of entries for books under their title arranged alphabetically. It is useful for
oriental works i.e. Sanskrit and Pali books as authors have given distinctive names to
their works. However, title catalogue in its pure form is rare now-a-days.
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Uniform Title
Uniform titles provide the means for bringing all the catalogue entries for a work when
various manifestations (examples, edition, translations, etc.) of it have appeared under
various titles.
There are two kinds of uniform title which have apparently opposite purpose.
1. For the monographs: a uniform title brings together all the versions of the work,
so that library users can find the all version under one heading, eg Bible.
2. For serials and series: a uniform distinguish between identical titles.
3. Uniform titles for monographs use when the work has appeared under different
title proper.
4. Translation need to be kept together with the original work.
5. The title of the work is obscured by the wording of the proper.
6. Abridge summary must important rules from chapter 25.
7. Use a uniform title depends on how well the work is known.
8. How many manifestation of the work are involves.
9. Whether another work with the same title proper has been identifying.
10. Whether the main entry is under title.
11. Whether the work was originally in another language.
12. The extent to which the catalogue use for research purposes.
In general, the best know English title of a work each chosen as the uniform title. It is
usually enclosed in [ ] square bracket and given before the title proper.
Translation: (25.5C1Rules): The uniform title includes the original title and the language
of the item being catalogue [Amaren los tiempos del colera. English]
Collective title: (25.8A Rules)
Use the collective title works for an item that consist of the complete works of the person.
Shakespeare, William
[Works]
The complete works of Shakespeare
Selection: (Rules 25.9A)
ODYSSAY of Homer and David Cupper field
C. Name Catalogue
Name catalogue is restricted to author and subject catalogue arranged in one alphabetical
sequence-subject catalogue is restricted to sub-entries for the names of persons according
to subjects headings consisting of names of persons treated as subject viz
Basant, Annie (author)
Chaucer: critical study (Name title)
Delhi University (author)
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Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand – Biography (Name title)
Ranganathan series (Name series)
Sen, Prafull Kumar, tr.
Tagore, Abindra Nath, ill.
D. Alphabetical Subject Catalogue
It is the catalogue in which the headings on the entries are made under the name of the
specific subject of the book and are arranged alphabetically. This catalogue satisfies
readers approach for the subject point of view only.
E. Dictionary Catalogue
According to ALA Golssary of Library Terms dictionary catalogue is ‗A catalogue
usually on cards, in which all the entries (author, title, subject series etc.) and their related
references are arranged together in one general alphabet. The sub-arrangement frequently
varies from the strictly alphabetical‘. According to S.R. Ranganathan, ‗Catalogue in
which all the entries are word entries, hence
(i) It consists of one part only,
(ii) Entries are arranged alphabetically like dictionary, and
(iii) Main entry begins with the name of author or substitute for it‘ is known as
dictionary catalogue.
It is called a dictionary catalogue because the entries and references are arranged in a
single alphabet, like a dictionary. The dictionary catalogue is very popular in the United
States. In fact it was Charles Ammie Cutter, famous writer of Rules for dictionary
catalogue, is responsible for the universal acceptance of this form of catalogue in
Americas.
Advantages
The main reason for dictionary catalogue‘s long maintained popularity was its simplicity.
The main advantages are:
1. It is simple in its use. Readers are familiar with the arrangement, hence it is easier to
consult and use as there is one sequence only to be consulted for.
2. It provides formation to the readers if author, specific subject, title or series is known.
For example if a reader knows that a particular book belong to Wiley Farm series, and
does not remember author, title, subject etc., he can directly consult the catalogue under
alphabet and he will find his desired book.
3. Sufficient use of references may also be made, which is not possible in Classified
catalogue (see and see also references). This reference leads from one subject to another
and on heading to another.
4. It provides excellent service in direct manner if the reader approaches the catalogue
through the correct and precise enunciation (expression) on his specific subject. Suppose
a reader wants material on horses, by consulting the catalogue under horse, he will get all
the books on Horses at one place. He needs not to possess the knowledge that it is a part
of Zoology or domestic animals or livestock or farm animals. These subjects are also
related each other by preparing see also subject references.
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5. Some time, it proves superior to classified catalogue as it groups related subjects which
are scattered in classified catalogue i.e.
India, Architecture NA44
India, Economics X.44
India, Music NR44
India, Painting NQ44
India, Philosophy R6 and so on
Reader who wants books on ‗Indology‘ will get all books at one place.
Disadvantages
In spite of all the above advantages, there is a great volume of adverse criticism that the
dictionary catalogue has tended to become too complex and unwieldy. Its main
disadvantages are:
1. This kind of catalogue is unable to satisfy the demand of the readers, if the approach is
not made through the correct expression of the specific subject. For example if reader
wants material of Chess and he is consulting the catalogue under indoor game, he will not
find specific book devoted fully to chess.
2. It is not as simple as it appears. The alphabetical arrangement scatters the related
subjects in unhelpful alphabetical order. Hence users cannot get a full view of the entire
complications of a subject at one particular place. For example horse, stallion, mare, colt
etc all are related subjects but the cards will be scattered under the alphabets C,H,M,S
etc.
3. The above scattered subjects are connected through see and see also subject entries,
which are a source of irritation of the readers.
4. Though it is useful in public libraries, but its value in a research library is discredited.
5. The change in terminology of subject, thousands of cards are required to be changed.
2. Classified Catalogue
S.R. Ranganthan defines classified catalogue as a ‗Catalogue in which some entries are
number entries and some are word entries‘. Hence it is divided into two parts-
(i) Classified and
(ii) Alphabetical. Classified Part of Classified catalogue consists all its number entries
(i.e. Main Entry, Cross Reference Entries), and Alphabetical part consists all the word
entries (i.e. Book Index Entries, Class Index Entries and Cross Reference Index Entries).
According to Margaret Mann, Classified catalogue is a ‘subject catalogue in which the
entries are arranged by some recognized system of classification, the notation, or
classification symbol furnishes the method of arrangement’. According to H.A. Shap
‘Classified catalogue arranges its entries in a systematic order of subjects, the order
usually being that of the classification scheme used for the arrangement of the books on
the shelves’. In this form of catalogue the entries for books are arranged according to the
class symbols.
Advocating the Classified catalogue, S.R. Ranganthan says that the subject approach of
the readers can only be served by classified catalogue. It spreads before readers a full,
connected, panorama of all material on his specific subject, all its subdivisions, all
17
broader subjects of which it is itself a subdivision. A reader is unable to name the specific
subject exactly. It is always a broader or narrower subject that is usually thought of.
Alphabetical part will direct him to the region of the classified part covered by the
number so and so. Hence it displays the full field of his interest.
Advantages
Classified catalogue possess the following advantages:
1. The chief advantage possessed by classified catalogue is that main entry not only lies
under its specific subject but in the neighborhood of entries of the related subjects.
For example
MY3 Indoor games 800 Literature
MY31 Card 810 American Literature
MY32 Chance game 820 English Literature
MY321 Dice 821 English Poetry
MY322 Chess 822 English Drama
MY33 Billiards 823 English Fiction
2. It increases the familiarity of readers with larger number of books as related books lie
in neighborhood.
3. It discloses the strength and weakness of the library by subjects, as books on one
subject will be at one place.
4. The catalogue in a particular subject may be got printed.
5. It reproduces the systematic order of the classified scheme in use on the shelves.
6. Its class index entries are easier to refer.
7. If and internationally accepted or widely used classification scheme is used it will help
in cooperative cataloguing and will promote international bibliography.
8. In case of change of terminology of subject, only in alphabetical part subject index
cards are to be changed. No change in classified part is needed.
9. It is suggested that it is cheaper to compile, easy to file and find books.
10. In case library using card catalogue, classified and alphabetical part are arranged
separately, more readers can consult the catalogue at a time.
Disadvantages
IN spite of above mentioned several advantages, there are a few disadvantages:
1. Classified catalogue does not offer approach there is a two-step process. First reader
will have to consult the alphabetical part and then classified part. So it is against the 4th
Law of library science and Law of Parsimony.
2. Readers are not pleased with it is notation of classification scheme is not easily
comprehensible to average user.
3. With any growth and new development in the universe of knowledge, the portion of
the classification schedule may become obsolete and thus relevant part of the subject
catalogue has to be revised.
3. Alphabetic classed Catalogue
Cutter has defined alphabetical classed catalogue as ‗an alphabetic subject catalogue in
which the subjects are grouped in broad classes with numerous alphabetic sub-divisions.
18
It may also include author and title entries in the same alphabet‘. It follows two methods
of arrangement
(i) Major subject divisions are arranged in a classified order and subordinate subjects
within major division in the alphabetical order
(ii) Major subject divisions are put in alphabetical order with subordinate subjects are
arranged in classified sequence. For example major divisions are Mathematics,
Physics, Engineering, Chemistry, Technology etc. are arranged in classified sequence
and within major subject like Physics its sub divisions like Dynamics, Electricity,
Gases, Heat, Light, Magnetism etc. will be arranged alphabetically. Like this other
method will be vice-versa to the above arrangement. In this form of catalogue, the
combined advantages of both alphabetical and classified form are achieved. Reader
can get all the related material in a collection in a logical manner. As this form of
catalogue has not been experimented fully, much cannot be said authentically about
this form.
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Unit-3
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGUE AND CATALOGUING CODES

HISTORY OF CATALOGUE CODES
1. British Museum Code (1841)

2. Anglo-American Code (1908)
3. AACR-1 (1967)
4. AACR-2 (1978)
5. AACR-2R (1988)
6. Concept of RDA (2003)
7. Classified Catalogue Code, Ed 5 (1964)
1. Introduction
A catalogue must function properly and grow with the collection of a library. The
entries, description, arrangement and style must be uniform. Hence there was no
uniformity in the catalogues of different libraries.
2. Definition
The catalogue code means a set of rules with defined terminology designed for
cataloguing purposes and rules means single provision to carry out cataloguing work.
The catalogue codes and rules guide the cataloguer as to how the entries for books are to
be prepared so that one and same system and pattern might exist for ever who so ever
has done it. According to Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, ―Library catalogue in an ancient library
tool. But catalogue code of a rigorous kind is of recent origin. It first attained rigorous in
stray local codes i.e. in individual libraries. Now it is attaining rigorous in national
codes. An international code is yet to be established‖.
Development of Cataloguing and Cataloguing Code
After the beginning of the 17th century, Sir Thomas Bodley evolved a catalogue code for
the Oxford University Library. He included, among other regulations, classified
arrangement with an alphabetical author index arranged by surname. He advocated the
entry of noblemen under their family names. However the idea of entry under the
surname was first developed by a British Bookseller Andrew Maunsell in 1595. In 1697,
Federic Rostgaard published in Paris his ''Discourse on a new method for setting up a
library catalogue''. Its second edition was published in 1698. He provided for a subject
arrangement subdivided at once chronologically and by size of volume. Authors are to be
entered by surname. Works bound together are to have separate entries. Author's names
are to be supplied for anonymous works when known. First time in France the use of card
was made for cataloguer in 1775 by Rosier for preparing the catalogue of Paris Academy
of Science. A collation was added which was to include the number of volumes, size, a 3
statement of illustrations, the material of which the book was made, the kind or type, and
missing pages and a description of the binding if it was outstanding in any way.
20
3.1 British Museum Code (1841)
Rules for Compiling the Catalogue of Printed Books, Maps and Music in British
Museum. London, British Museum, Revised edition 1936 reprinted in 1948 and 1951.
The earliest code of cataloguing which has exerted considerable influence over the
subsequent codes is Panizzi's 91 rules printed as prefatory matter in the British Museum
Catalogue of 1841. Sir Anthony Panizzi (1797-1879) with his two associates- J Winter
Jones and Edward Edwards formulated the first version of famous 91 rules in 1837, was
accepted in 1839 and was published in 1841. Panizzi was largely responsible for the
rules. The revised edition was published in 1936, in which the number of rules was
reduced to 41. It laid down the foundation for further codes which covered rules for
author and title entries. The trustees of the British Museum finally approved the adoption
of Panizzi's code of rules for cataloguing and even today, it forms the basis on which the
British Museum catalogue is being complied. The first objective is to enable the user of
the catalogue to determine readily whether or not the library has the book he wants. The
catalogue is constantly searched by many readers and members of the staff, and the
quicker this information can be found the better is catalogue. The second objective is to
reveal to the user of the catalogue, under one form of the author's name, what works the
library has by a given author and what editions or translations of a given work.
3.2 Anglo-American Code (1908)
Author and title entries, Complied by Committees of the Library Association and the
ALA. Published as American Edition and British Edition.
The American Library Association (1876) and Library Association (1877) issued
independent set of rules in 1878 and 1883 respectively. It was issued in 1908. L.S. Jast
and Henry Guppy, the two eminent British librarians, and Melvil Dewey representing the
American libraries, played a significant role in producing the joint code.
AA Code gives more importance to corporate author and commits first time the blunder
of the distinguishing institution from society. Its definitions are more acceptable than that
of RDC. AA Code was criticized as being too elaborate for application to small libraries
and for its omission to provide rules for subject entries. There are no rules for
alphabetization. The rules for maps and atlases are inadequate. Again, there is no rule for
change of name of corporate authors.
The final version appeared in 1949, covering author and title headings, the rules for
description being separately published by Library of Congress as Rules for Descriptive
Cataloguing.
3.3 AACR-1 (1967)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (North American Text), Chicago, ALA, 1967.
(British Text) London, Library Association, 1967. It was prepared by the ALA, The
Library of Congress, The Library Association (London) & The Canadian Library
Association. It was edited by Seymour Lubetzky from 1956-62, but later on due to
difference of opinion on rules for institution, he resigned and Mr. C Sumner Spalding
21
completed the work in 1962-65. British text is having 216 rules while American text 226
rules. It can be called as multi-national code.
It also goes further than previous codes in including rules for a large number of non-book
materials likely to be found in a large library – manuscripts, maps, films, prints, records
etc. The rules for choice of entry are almost always kept quite distinct from that form of
headings, which in turn are clearly distinct from those of description. The cataloguing
process will be more reasonable because the rules are based on principles that are clearly
explained instead of precedents‖.
3.4 AACR-2 (1978)
It is prepared by ALA, The British Library, and the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing,
The Library Association, and the Library of Congress and is edited by Michael Gorman
and Paul W. Winkler.
The increasing mechanization in cataloguing, the growth of centralized and cooperative
bibliographic services and networks, introduction of a number of new media, all these
have necessitated a revised code of AACR. The objectives of AACR-2 are as follows:-
(a) To reconcile in a single text the North American and British texts of 1967.
(b) To incorporate in the single text all amendments and changes already agreed and
implemented under the previous mechanisms.
(c) To consider for inclusion in AACR all proposals for amendment currently under
discussion between the ALA, the Library Association; any new proposals put forward by
these bodies and the British Library; and proposals of national committees of other
countries in which AACR is in use.
(d) To provide for international interest in AACR by facilitating its use in countries other
than the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Some of the important features of AACR-2 are:-
(a) Abandonment of entry under the name of a place of certain institutional bodies.
(b) Substitution of uniform titles for form headings.
(c) Title headings for marks produced under editorial direction.
(d) Provision of standardized framework for the systematic description of all library
materials for machine processing. It is based on ISBD‟s. Hence AACR-2 is an attempt
towards international catalogue code.
(e) It has extended its coverage to new categories of library materials AACR-1 was
generally inadequate in its coverage of audiovisual materials. AACR-2 is an
improvement over AACR-1.
(f) Provision of 3 level of description makes it useful for all types of libraries.
3.4.1. AACR-2R (1988 revision and 2002 revision)
Over the years, AACR-2 has been updated by occasional amendments, and was
significantly revised in 1988 and 2002. These revised editions are known as AACR-2R
(2nd edition, 1988 revision and 2nd edition, 2002 revision) respectively. The 2002
22
revision included substantial changes to sections for non-book materials. Annual updates
began in 2003 and ceased with 2005.
3.5. RDA (2003)
AACR-2R has been succeeded by Resource Description & Access (RDA) which is
developed by the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA with
representatives from the American Library Association, Australian Committee on
Cataloguing, British Library, and Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, CILIP and
Library of Congress. It is the new cataloguing standard that will replace AACR-2R. It
provides guidelines on cataloguing digital resources and a stronger emphasis on helping
users to find, identify, select and obtain the information they want. It is a flexible and
suitable framework for use in a digital environment.
3.6. Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) Ed 5 (1964)
Classified catalogue code used for the preparation of classified catalogue and dictionary
catalogue. It consists of two parts - one is classified parts and next is alphabetical parts.
The Classified Catalogue Code first published in 1934 is a unique contribution of Dr.
S.R. Ranganathan from India. This part contains alphabetical arrangement by authors,
collaborators, series, editor of series and titles. It gives rules for
1. Main Entry, (MIE) : Classified part
2. Class Index Entries,(CIE)
3. Book Index Entries, (BIE)
4. Cross Reference Index Entries, (CRI): Classified part
For single volume, multi volume, composite books, periodicals, national bibliographies,
union catalogue of books and periodicals, indexing and abstracting periodicals. The
foundation of the code is based on the normative principles and the Canons of
Cataloguing which Ranganathan evolved in his ―Theory of Library Catalogue‖ in 1938.
A. Leading section
1. Leading section consist of a call number of the document.
2. The call number is always written in pencil.
B. Heading section
1. The names of personnel's personal author the name of joint personal authors
and a corporate author.
2. The name of join corporate author
3. A pseudonyms or two or more pseudonyms
4. The names of a collaborator
C. Title section
1. The title
2. Information regarding the edition
3. Information regarding's collaborators
4. Note sections
a. Series note b. Multiple series note
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c. Extract note e. Extraction note
d. Change a title note f. Associated book note
5. Accession number
6. Tracing section
Cutter‘s Rules (1876)
In 1876, published Charles Ammi Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (RDC)
containing 205 rules. The latest 4th edition was published in 1904 from Washington. This
edition contains 369 rules. For the Dictionary catalogue it is still the standard code of
rules, and there is every reason to suppose that it will remain so. Cutter's code of rules not
only provides rules for subject entry and the arrangement of entries, but also indicates
methods that may be adopted for brief, moderately full and very full cataloguing. Dr. S R
Ranganathan has remarked him as genius and his work RDC as classic and immortal.
Other features of the code include, rules for corporate authorship more developed and
numerous than British Museum with valuable discussions on the difficulties, entry under
name of the institution, but government organizations under place name, division of
corporate authorship in 4 types, double entry recommended quite often when no
alternative is completely acceptable.
Summaries of History of Cataloguing code: (In point wise)

1. Beginning of the 17th century, Sir Thomas Bodley evolved a catalogue code for the
Oxford University Library.
2. In 1841, Anthony Panzzi Librarian of British Museum Library gave British Museum
Cataloguing Code Known as ''Panzzi's 91 Rules.
3. In 1850, Charles Jewett's containing 39 rules published in 1852.
4. In 1876, Charles Ammi Cutter published ''Rules for a printed Dictionary Catalogue''.
5. He declared that catalogue is an art not a science.
6. In 1899, German Union Catalogue short title: Prussian Instructions came out.
7. In 1908, Anglo American Codes by British Library Association and American
Library Association (for author and Title).
8. In 1927, Vatican library compiled a new catalogue code '' Vatican Code'' published
in 1931.
9. In 1934, Classified Cataloguing Code published by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan. In 1949,
Anglo American Cataloguing Rules. In 1967, AACR (Anglo American Cataloguing
Rules.
10. In 1978, AACR2 published in the same year.
11. In 1978, 2nd edition of AACR2 named as AACR-2.
12. In 1998 AACR2 published in book and CD Rom. In June 2010, AACR-2R replaced
by RDA (Resources Description and Access for online materials.
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Unit 3.1
SUBJECT CATALOGUING AND SUBJECT INDEXING SYSTEM
Subject Heading Lists

• SLSH (Sears List of Subject Headings)
• LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings)
• Chain Procedure
• PRECIS (Preserved Context Index Systems)
• PoPSI (Postulate Based Permuted Subject Indexing)
SUBJECT CATALOGUING
In the card catalogue, it is possible for a document to have a number of representations,

though practical considerations limit this number. Each document representation
(substitute) is in the form of a catalogue card, known as an entry. Each entry indicates
some characteristics of the document, such as authorship or subject content. In other
words, multiple access points are provided for a document in a catalogue. The entries that
indicate the inclusion of documents in classes defined by subject content are known as
`subject entries'. The process of preparing subject entries for documents and organizing
them for subsequent retrieval is known as Subject Cataloguing.
Their Meaning and Purpose and objectives of Subject heading
1. Meaning and Purpose:
It is necessary to provide relevant information for individualizing it so that the document
can be retrieved or located from amongst the others belonging to the same subject
category. This job is usually accomplished with the help of a call number assigned to the
document. In addition to entries for individual documents, the catalogue also contains
directions which refer the searcher from one heading to another heading under which
potentially relevant information in the form of document entries can be found. Such
entries in the catalogue are known as references. These references also help the searcher
in locating information about the related subjects to the subjects of his interest. "The
assigning of headings and references, with retrieval of documents through the medium of
a catalogue, in response to request for information on specific subjects is generally
defined as subject cataloguing". Subject cataloguing forms an integral part of the total
process.
Also, the vast increase in the number of documents in every sphere of human activity,
clubbed with the increased complexity of the pattern of knowledge, calls for a foolproof
method of access to records on any subject. Thus, subject cataloguing is concerned with
subject description of documents.
25
2. Objectives of Subject Cataloguing
All forms of subject catalogues have a two-fold objective: first to enable an enquirer to
identify documents on a given subject and second, to make known the presence of
material on allied or related subjects. Shera and Egan (1956) summarize the objectives of
subject cataloguing as follows:
a) To provide access by subject to all relevant material;
b) To provide subject access to materials through all suitable principles of subject
organization such as matter and applications;
c) To bring together references to materials, which treat substantially the same
subject regardless of differences among groups of subject specialists, and/or from
the changing nature of the concepts with the discipline itself,
d) To show such affiliations among subject fields, which may depend upon use or
application of knowledge?
e) To provide entry through any vocabulary common to a considerable group of
users, specialists or laymen;
f) To provide formal description of the subject content of any bibliographic unit in
the most precise, or specific terms possible: whether the description is in the form
of a class, number or symbol; and
g) To provide means to the users to make a selection from among all terms in any
particular category, according to any chosen set of criteria such as, most thorough,
most recent, etc.
3. THE PURPOSE OF SUBJECT CATALOGING

The subject cataloging deals with what a book or other library item is about. Its purpose
is to list all the materials of a given topic in one uniform word or phrase by the use of
subject authority such as Sears List.
Sears List provides a basic vocabulary of authorized terms together with suggestions for
useful cross-references. It is alphabetical list of terms and it is unique among subject
heading list. The cataloger must develop a larger vocabulary because it is not a complete
list of terms. But it is likely to be needed in a typical small library and a skeleton or
pattern for creating headings as needed
4. DETERMINING THE SUBJECT OF THE WORK

The first step is to ascertain the true subject of the material being cataloged. There is
subject of a work that is easy to determine from its title and cannot be determine from the
title alone. Only when the cataloger determined the subject content and identified it with
explicit words can the Sears List be used to advantage.
There are books that have more than one subject. In that case, a second or third subject
heading would be necessary. More than 3 subject headings should be assigned to a single
item. Rule of three states that ―As many as three (3) specific subject headings in a given
area may be assigned to a work, but if the works treats of more than 3 subject, then a
26
broader heading is used instead and the specific heading is used instead and the specific
headings are omitted.
There are always a few works so indefinite in their subject content is better not to assign
a heading at all.
5. SPECIFIC AND DIRECT ENTRY
Charles A. Cutter‘s Rules for a Dictionary Catalog states ―Enter a work under its subject
heading, not under the heading of a class which includes that subject.‖ In subject
cataloging uniformity means simply that all materials on a single topic are assigned the
same subject heading.
The principle of specific entry holds that a work is always entered under a specific term
rather than under broader heading that includes specific concepts. When a specific
subject is not found in the Sears List, the heading for the larger group or category which
it belongs should be consulted
6. Alphabetical Subject Approach

There are different means of providing alphabetical subject approach to documents and
information. But, all these methods are confronted with some common problems. These
problems are mainly concerned with the label (name) that is given to a subject in an
alphabetical subject catalogue. Therefore, the basic problem pertains to the naming of a
subject. It is generally agreed that a user-oriented approach should be followed in subject
catalogues in naming the subjects. In order to achieve this objective, the various
approaches of different users must be taken into consideration. If a subject has more than
one name, a library catalogue must bring all material on that subject together (within the
limitations of the scope of the collection) under those names. Specific problems
encountered in this connection are:
a) Synonyms, b) homographs, c) singular and plural forms, d) multiword concepts,
and e) complex subjects. It is rather important to understand as to how the above
mentioned aspects present problems to the subject cataloguer. First of all, let us briefly
discuss about them.
a) Synonyms are terms with the same or similar meanings. Such terms are present in
every subject. Near synonyms are most common. True synonyms which mean exactly
the same thing and which are used precisely in the same context, are rather- unusual.
However, even near synonyms are regarded as equivalent for some purposes. Some
situations in which synonyms arise are :
1. In case of some subjects which have one stem and several derivatives. For
example: steriliser, sterilising, sterilised, or computing, computed, computation.
Sometimes, it is acceptable to treat such words as equivalent to one another, and at
other times it is important to differentiate between them.
2. Some of the subjects might have both common and technical names, and these
must be recognised for the purpose of subject cataloguing so that depending upon the
27
clientele for whom the catalogue is meant, these are reflected in the catalogue.
Examples are `Sodium Chloride' and `Salt', `radish' and `raphanus sativus', etc.
3. Use patterns of terms also present problems to the cataloguer. The cataloguer
should try to keep pace with changes in normal usage.
4. Some concepts are defined differently in different versions of one language.
American and English are examples of such differences in usage for example, lift and
elevator. In all such cases, the user should be guided from the heading that is not chosen
to the one that is chosen (preferred) in the catalogue.
The merging of synonyms carries implications for the effectiveness of a library

catalogue as a retrieval tool.
b. Homographs means words which have the same spelling but different meanings. In
normal language usage, the meaning of such homonyms is established by the context in
which the \ term is, used. But, in a catalogue the term is used as heading and therefore, it
will be difficult to establish the interpretation to be placed on the homograph. In such
cases, qualifying terms must be used to provide proper connotation to the homonyms in
the catalogue. Once this is resorted to, then there might not be any ambiguity. Examples:
1) Pitch (Cricket), Pitch (Music), 2) Tank (Military vehicle), Tank (Water tank), etc.
c. Use of Plural and Singular forms: Generally, the plural and singular forms of the
same noun are regarded as an equivalent, but there are some situations, when it is
necessary to treat them distinct. In case, only one form of heading is permitted in the
catalogue, then it is common practice to adopt the plural form. However specific rules are
provided for the usage of singular or plural form.
d. Multi-word Concept: Some subjects cannot adequately be described by one word,
and require two or more words to specify them fully. Examples are: Information
Retrieval, Country Walks, Underwater Colour Photography, etc:
e. Complex Subjects: Complex subject contains more than one unit concept in them and
a number of terms may be used to fully describe these concepts. -Each of these concepts
might form a potential search key in a catalogue. With complex subjects, citation order
becomes important. By citation `History of Science' is not the same as `Science of
History'. The same- two terms `History' and Science' serve to describe two subjects and it
is only the order in which they are cited that determines the meaning; in the natural
language, the connecting word ìs/are' distinguishes statements of the two subjects.
7. Display of Subject Relationships
The vital problem concerned with the alphabetical, subject approach is the naming
(labeling) of subjects. However, any tool such as the library catalogue used for the
organisation of knowledge, must also take into account the different relationships existing
between the subjects. There are two main categories of relationships between subjects.
These are known as the syntactic relationships and semantic relationships. For example,
in a topic such as `Sugar and Health', the concept `Sugar' and `Health' are drawn-together
in a specific context.
28
8. ALPHABETICAL INDEXING LANGUAGES
The concept of indexing language, its categories and functional use. Let us begin with the
meaning of ìndexing language'. It is the language used to describe a subject or other
aspects of information in an index or in a library catalogue. The generally accepted
difference between a library catalogue and an index is that an index entry merely locates
a subject or a concept, whereas a catalogue entry includes some descriptive specification
of a document containing the subject. But the line of demarcation is not, in practice, hard
and fast. The indexing language can be an alphabetical language or may be a
classification scheme. But, our emphasis would be on alphabetical indexing languages.
There are three main categories of indexing, languages. They are: a) natural indexing
languages; b) free indexing languages; and c) controlled indexing languages.
8.1. Natural Indexing Language
Obviously, a natural indexing language is the language of the documents that are indexed
or catalogued for a library. Hence, it could be static as long as the document collection
remains static. As soon as a new batch of documents is added to the library, the terms of
the indexing language are changed to accommodate the new terms contained in the new
set of documents. Each system will have a different indexing language even if the
documents cover the same subject area. These variations affect the consistency associated
with the library catalogue and so, present many problems. Most of the natural indexing
languages are based upon the language of title, abstract and other text of documents.
There is a debate going on as to the effective use of natural languages for indexing and
subject cataloguing purposes. However, it may be mentioned that controlled indexing
language is extremely time consuming, costly and uneconomic. One of the applications
of natural language indexing is the production of indexes based on words in titles of
documents such as, Key Word in Context (KWIC) indexes.
8.2 Free Indexing Language
It is the nature of free indexing that any word or term-that suits the subject may be
assigned as a subject heading in catalogue or as an indexing term. The terms may be
human assigned or computer assigned although free language indexing is -commonly
used in the computer produced subject catalogues or indexes. The computer generates the
list, by indexing under every word which is provided, unless it is instructed not to do so.
8.3 Controlled Indexing Language
Controlled indexing languages and their use in subject cataloguing and indexing. Control
is necessary in respect of terms used as subject identifiers in a catalogue or index,
because of the variety of natural languages. Such control may involve barring of certain
terms from use as headings or access points in a library catalogue or an index. The terms
which are to be used are specified and the synonyms recognized and as far as possible are
eliminated. Preferred word forms are noted. The list of terms, thus, prepared constitutes
what is called controlled indexing language. One of the methods by which such a
language is formed, is to list or store the acceptable terms in a vocabulary. Such lists
contain specific decisions relating to the preferred words, and also decisions regarding
29
the form of words to be used; for example, singular or plural, nouns or adjectives. There
are mainly two types of controlled indexing languages in verbal plane. They are: subject
heading lists and thesauri. These two types of controlled indexing languages have the
following functions:
1. To control the terminology used in subject catalogues and indexes; and
2. To control the display of relationships in catalogues and indexes. Subject heading
lists are lists of index terms normally arranged in alphabetical order, which can be used
to determine the terms to be used in a catalogue for describing subjects (i.e., as subject
headings) by cataloguers: They serve as guides to the cataloguer and aid him in the task
of subject cataloguing.
The basic functions of a subject headings list may be stated in the following terms:
1. The list records terms which shall be used in a catalogue or database, and also
indicates the form in which they shall be shown. It acts as an authority list for index
terms and their form.
2. The list makes recommendations about the use of references for the display of
relationships in a catalogue in order to guide the users to distinguish associated terms.
'Sear's List of Subject Headings and `Library of Congress List of Subject Headings' are
examples of popular list of subject headings.
8.4 Thesauri
The dictionary meaning of the word `thesaurus' is "a collection of words put in groups
together according to likenesses in their meaning rather than an alphabetical list."
However, in library and information science parlance the word thesaurus means an
authoritative list showing terms which may and sometimes may not be used in a
catalogue or index to describe concepts. Technically, a `thesaurus' could be defined as
"a compilation of words and phrases showing synonymous, hierarchical, and other
relationships and dependencies, the function of which is to provide a standard
vocabulary for information storage and retrieval systems" In a thesaurus, each term is
usually given together with terms; which are related to it in a number of ways. The
primary purpose of thesaurus is to exert terminology control in choosing proper
headings in subject cataloguing and indexing. A number of standards have come into
existence to provide guidance in the construction of thesauri. `Root Thesaurus'
published by the British Standards Institution is one of the best models. Apart from this,
there are a number of thesauri such as TEST (Thesaurus of Engineering, Scientific and
Technical Terms), and others concerned with INIS, INSPEC, AGRIS, etc., which are
being used in information storage and retrieval systems.
9. DIFFERENT ASPECT USED IN SUBJECT HEADING

a. Topical Headings
Topical subject heading is simply the words or phrase for common things to represent the
content of various works. The word commonly used in a literary work should represent
the item cataloged. Common usage is one criterion for subject heading. Abiding Cutter‘s
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rule of specificity and choosing a single word or phrase from among its synonyms and
near-synonyms are necessary to maintain uniformity in a library catalog. Subject
headings should be clear and unambiguous.
In choosing one term as a subject heading from among several possibilities the cataloger
must also think of the spelling, number and connotations of the various forms.
b. Form of Headings
Form headings mean the intellectual form of the materials. Some form headings describe
the general arrangement of the material and the purpose of the work such as Almanacs,
Directories, Gazetteers, Encyclopedias and Dictionaries.
Other form headings are literary forms and genres. Headings for major literary forms are
used for collections only; for example Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Essays. Minor literary
forms (genres) are much more numerous and assigned to individual literary works.
The distinction between form headings and topical headings in literature can sometimes
be made by using the singular form for the topical heading and the plural for the form
heading the peculiarities of language, however, do not always permit the distinction.
c. Geographic Headings
The appropriate subject heading for geographic areas, countries, cities, etc. are the names
of the place in question. The Sears List does not attempt to provide geographic headings,
which are numerous and far beyond the scope of a single volume. The cataloger must
establish geographic headings as needed with the aid of standard reference sources.
d. Names
The appropriate heading for individual persons, families, corporate bodies, literary works,
motion pictures, etc., is the unique name of the entity in question. There are three major
types, personal names, corporate names and uniform titles. Like geographic headings,
name headings, are numerous beyond the scope of Sears List and must be established by
the cataloger as needed.
10. THE GRAMMAR OF SUBJECT HEADING
10. A. Single Nouns
A single noun is the ideal type of the subject heading, the simplest form and easiest to
comprehend. Plural is more common, but in practice both are used for subject headings
when they have two different meaning.
10. B. Compound Headings
Compound headings link two words with ―and‖. Some headings links because they are
form a single topic, they are closely related and they are closely synonymous. Other
headings links with ―and‖ for the relationship between two things.
The only rule is the common usage takes precedence and where there is no established
common usage, alphabetic order is preferred.
10. C. Adjective with Nouns
A specific concept is best expressed by a noun with an adjective. There were two possible
reasons for inversion:
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• An assumption was made that the searcher would think first of the noun.
• The noun was placed first in order to keep all aspects of a broad subject together in an
alphabetical listing, as in a card catalog.
10.D. Phrase Headings
Some concepts that involve two or more elements can be expressed only by more or less
complex phrases, e.g. Insects as carriers of disease; Violence in popular culture.
11.A. Subdivisions
Two ways to specify the entry in subject heading
• Creation of narrower terms as needed.
• Use of subdivisions under an established term to designate aspects of term.
11. B. Topical Subdivision
Topical subdivisions bring out the aspect of a subject or point of view presented in a
particular work.
Uniformity can be more readily achieved with subdivisions.
11. C. Geographic Subdivisions
A topical heading with a geographic subdivision means simply topic in a particular
places. If the work deals with the subject in general, only the heading itself is used, but if
it deals with the subject in a particular place, the heading may be subdivided
geographically. Geographic subdivisions can be either direct or indirect. The Sears List
uses the direct form of subdivision, whereby topics are subdivided directly by cities,
countries, metropolitan areas, etc.
11. D. Chronological Subdivisions
Chronological subdivisions correspond to general accepted period of country‘s history or
to the spans of time most frequently treated in literature. This makes a search much
simpler bringing all works on a single period history. Historical periods vary from one
country to another and usually correspond to major dynastic or governmental changes. It
is also be used under the country with subdivision politics and government. Other
subjects relating to literature and arts may also be subdivided chronologically by century.
11. E. Form Subdivisions
Form subdivisions specify the form an item takes. Most common form subdivisions are
Bibliography; Catalogs; Dictionaries; Gazetteers; Handbook; Manuals, etc. ; Indexes;
Maps; Pictorial works; Portraits; Registers and Statistics. In applying form subdivisions
the cataloger should be guided by the character of an item itself not by the title.
11. F. The Order of Subdivisions
Subdivision followed the standard order of [Topical]—[Geographic]—[Chronological]—
[Form] as of May 1991, organized by Library of Congress in Airlie House, Virginia.
Exceptions been made in the field of art.
11. G. Geographic Headings Subdivided by Topic
Airlie House recommends subdividing geographic headings by topic, when these topics
pertain to history, geography, or politics of a place.
Ex:
California – History
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Peru – Census
Italy – Politics and government
Bolivia – Boundaries
Paris (France) – Population
Alaska – Climate
The subdivision Defenses / Race relations are used under geographic headings. History /
Biography used under geographic headings exactly as they are under topical subjects.
Specific instructions for the application of subdivisions are given at the general reference
for the subdivision in the List. The subdivision foreign relations can be used only under
countries, e.g. United States – Foreign relations.
11. H. vii. Local Materials
State, local or community area materials have an exception to the practice of geographic
subdivision. All local materials are entered under the name of the place.
Example:
Public buildings – Honolulu (Hawaii) would become Honolulu (Hawaii) – Public
buildings
Bridges – Honolulu (Hawaii) would become Honolulu (Hawaii) – Bridges
Materials with geographic specificity other than local materials would still be treated in
the ordinary way, with most topics subdivided geographically.
12. SOME DIFFERENT AREAS OF APPLICATION
There are areas either the complexity of the material or the vagaries of the English
Language create persistent problems.
12. A. Biography
Biography is a form of writing given the topical subject heading Biography as a literary
form. It can be a form heading Biography or the form subdivision Biography. It has two
groups the collective and the individual biographies.
12. A. i. Collective Biographies
There are works containing biographies of more than three persons. Collective
biographies not limited to any area or to any class of persons, e.g. Lives of Famous Men
and Women are simply assigned the heading Biography. Often collective biographies are
devoted to persons of a single country or geographic area.
Ex: Who‘s who in the Arab World
Arab countries – Biography
If there are many entries under any such heading, the biographical dictionaries, with a list
a large number of names in alphabetical order, may be separated from the workers with
longer articles intended for continuous reading by adding the form subdivision
Directories, e.g. United States – Biography – Dictionaries.
Some collective biographies are devoted to lives of a particular class of persons, e.g.
Women – Biography; or persons of a particular occupation or profession, e.g. Librarians
– Biography. To persons connected with a particular industry, institution or field, e.g.
Computer industry – Biography, Catholic Church – Biography. A subject usually broader
in scope than a single category of persons associated at the subject, e.g. – Biography
33
would be player – Biography and would be more suitable for a collective biography that
includes managers, owners of teams, and other persons associated with the sport.
12. A. ii. Individual Biographies
The subject heading needed for the life of an individual is the name of the person. If a
work is an autobiography, the author‘s name is entered in the bibliographic record twice
as the author and as a subject. Works about their writings or other activities –
subdivisions are added to the person‘s name, e.g. Jesus Christ and Shakespeare, William,
1464-1616. It should be noted that the use of subdivisions represents the exceptional, not
the usual, treatment. For most individual biographies the name alone is sufficient.
Occasionally, a biography will include enough material about the field in which the
person worked that second subject heading is required in addition to the personal name.
The additional subject headings should be used only when the work contains a significant
amount of material about the field of endeavor in addition to the subject‘s personal life,
not simply because the subject was prominent in that field.
The real reason for not entering individual biographies under categories of persons is that
it violates the principle of specific entry.
12. B. Nationalities
The general rule in the national aspect of the subjects is expressed by geographic
subdivisions under the topical subject heading.
• Headings that are always stationary are never given national adjectives but subdivided
geographically, e.g. Architecture – France.
• Headings that are not stationary are also expressed as topical headings with geographic
subdivision, e.g. Automobiles – Germany and Corporations – Japan.
• When transported or replicated to foreign country they are given national adjectives to
express national style, ownership or origin and subdivided by the place where they are
found, e.g. German automobiles – United States and Japanese corporations – France.
• Persons are subdivided geographically except authors, novelist, dramatist and poets who
are given national adjectives.
• Writers such as biographers, journalists, etc. are subdivided geographically.
EXAMPLES:
1. Collective biographers of American poets
American poets – Biography
2. Collective Biographers of American composers or journalists
Composers – United States – Biography
• Persons from one country living or working in a foreign country.
EXAMPLE:
1. American composers in France
Composers – United States and Americans – France
12. C. Literature
This includes two distinct types of material:
1. Consist of works about literature and such works are assigned topical subject headings
for whatever they are about.
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2. Consists of literary works themselves and those works are assigned to describe what
the item is rather than what is about,
12. C. i. Works about Literature
Works about literary forms are the headings such as Drama, Fiction and Poetry.
• A work about history of poetry or about criticism of poetry, e.g. Poetry – History and
criticism.
• A work about the technique of writing plays, e.g. Drama – Technique.
• A form subdivision may also be used.
1. Drama – Dictionaries
2. Poetry – Indexes
Lesser genres such as Science Fiction or Epic poetry are also applicable to works about
literature with topical and form subdivisions added as needed.
Literary works are according to the categories characterized by nationality (American
literature, Mexican literature and Brazilian literature), language, regions etc. Again for
specific forms are expressed by subdivision.
There are also literatures characterized by areas larger than countries (such as Latin
America literature or African literature), by languages not limited to or identified with a
single country (Latin literature or Arabi erature) or by religions such as Catholi erature or
Buddhist literature. When it is written in two or more languages it is identified in
parenthesis, e.g. Canadian literature (French). Literatures of minority groups, written in
predominant language of that country‘s literature are identified by subdivision indicating
the author group, e.g. Literature – African American authors. With indigenous minority
groups written in their own language are given the name of that language, e.g. Navajo
literature.
12. C. ii. Literary Works
Two types of literary works
1. Collection of several authors or anthologies.
• Heading for specific literary forms is literary anthologies.
• Heading for general anthologies are given broad headings, e.g. Literature – Collections;
Poetry – Collections; or Drama – Collection.
• For national literatures and the forms of national literatures are given headings
subdivision Collections e.g. American literature – Collections and Italian poetry –
Collections.
• For minor literary genres such as Science fiction or Pastoral poetry are usually assigned
to anthologies without any subdivision
2. Works by a single author or individual literary works.
• It has no subject heading s. Literary works are best known by author and title.
In the Sears list the headings for minor literary forms and genres is about the topic.
12. C. iii. Themes in Literature
The appropriate heading for the material about topics, locales, or themes in imaginative
literature is simply ―Topic in literature‖. Headings of this type are for critical discussions
only, not for literary works.
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• Materials about depiction of historical persons in drama, fiction, or poetry are entered
under the person‘s name with the subdivision in literature such as Napoleon I, Emperor
of the French, 1769-1821 – In literature.
• Materials about the depiction of a particular war in drama, fiction or poetry are entered
under the heading for the war with subdivision Literature and the war, such as World
War, 1939 – 1945 – Literature and the war.
12. D. Wars and Events
Wars fought between two or more nations are given a name followed by a date or dates,
as appropriate, such as War of 1812; Israel-Arab War, 1967; World War 1939-1945; etc.
Civil wars, insurrections and invasions are entered the history of the country involved
(following the dates as with other historical periods.) such as United States – History
1861-1865; Civil war; Cuba – History – 1961, Invasion; etc. Events that have names are
given a heading for the name followed by the place and then by the date, such as
Tiananmen Square incident, Beijing (China), 1989, and World Trade Center Bombing,
New York (N.Y.), 1993. Battles are entered under the name of the battle, but inverted
form, with the place of the battle qualified as needed. Recurring events, such as ,
festivals, etc., are given the recurring name, followed by the date, with the place in
parentheses, if the place changes. Unnamed events such as individual riots or tornadoes
are entered under the kind of event subdivided by the place of the event.
12. E. Non-book Materials
The assignment of subject headings for electronic media and for audiovisual and special
instructional materials should follow the same principles that are applied to books. Non-
book materials often concentrate on very small aspects of larger subjects, the cataloger
may not find in the List the specific heading that should be used. In such instances the
cataloger should be generous in adding new subjects as needed. Topical subject headings
assigned to non-book materials should not include form subdivisions to describe physical
format, such as motion pictures, slides, sound recordings, etc.
13. CLASSIFICATION AND SUBJECT HEADINGS
In any system of classification that determines the arrangement of items in the shelves, a
work can obviously have only one class number and stand in only one place, but in a
catalog the same work can be entered, if necessary, under as many different points of
entry as there are distinct subjects in the work (usually, however, not more than three).
Classification is used to gather in one numerical place on the shelf works that give similar
treatment to a subject. Subject headings gather in one alphabetical place in a catalog all
treatments of a subject regardless of shelf location. Another difference between
classification and subject cataloging is that classification is frequently less precise than
the subject entries for the catalog.
14. MAINTAINING A CATALOGUE
The library catalog is vital function at the very center of a library, and as such it is always
growing and changing to reflect the growing collection and to meet the changing needs of
the users. It is a challenge to the cataloger to add new records, revise existing records,
36
and make all the appropriate references, and at the same time maintain the integrity of the
catalog.
15. A. Adding new headings
The first thing to be determined is whether or not there is already an existing heading in
the List for that concept. Upon consulting the List it becomes clear that those words are
not headings but references. At other times the appropriate heading for a book is not a
new heading but a new combination of an established heading and a subdivision.
The cataloger should keep in mind that it is not only appropriate but essential that types
of things and examples of things not found in the List be established as headings and
added to the List locally as needed. The general references in the List should reinforces in
the List should reinforce the point that the List does not aim at completeness and must be
expanded. Even where there is no general reference, narrower terms for types of things
and examples and instances of things must be added as needed.
15. B. Revising subject headings
All the inverted headings in the Sears List, for example, were eventually revised to the
un-inverted form. With each new edition of the Sears List a library should consult the
List of Canceled and replacement Headings in the front of the volume and revise its
catalog accordingly. Any headings created locally based on the pattern set by a Sears
heading, and strings consisting of a Sears heading and a subdivision, must also be revised
if that heading is revised in Sears.
In card catalogue the subjects are physically erased and retyped, either on all the cards on
which they appear or on the subject entry cards alone. If in card catalog replacement of a
term ids desirable but the number of bibliographic records to be revised is prohibitive, a
history note can be used instead.
In an online catalog the revision process depends upon the software employed in the
catalogue. If the software provides global update capability, the revision of many
bibliographic records at once is simple.
15. C. Making References
References direct the user from terms not used as headings to the term that is used, and
form broader and related terms to the term chosen to represent a given subject. The Sears
List uses the symbols found in most thesauri to point out the relationships among the
terms found in the List and to assist the cataloger in establishing appropriate references in
the public catalog based upon these relationships. There are three types of references: See
references, See also references and general references.
15. C. i. See References
A cataloger may want to use some or all of them as references, and many catalogers and
other see references they deem useful. The references will be more useful; if the cataloger
considers materials from the reader‘s point of view. The readers profile depends on age,
background, education, occupation, and geographical location and takes into account the
type of the library such as school, public, university or special.
These are some term that might be used as See references in a catalog
1. Synonyms or terms so nearly synonyms that they would cover the same material.
37
2. Compound headings
3. The inverted form of heading, either an adjective-noun combination or a phrase
heading, especially if the word brought forward is not also the broader term.
4. Variant Spelling
5. The opposite of term, when it is included in the meaning of the term without being
specifically mentioned.
6. The former forms of headings revised to reflect the common usage, when the older
term is still having much currency.
When the same heading is subsequently assigned to other works, the references are
already in place. When the catalogers adds a heading to the authority file as needed, all
the appropriate See references are entered as well the first time the heading is used.
15. C. ii. See also References
Under most headings in the sears list, following the Broader term label, is a term that is
broader in scope than the heading itself. As a rule, a term has only one broader term,
unless it is an example or aspects of two or more things. The broader term serves two
functions in the list. The first is to aid the cataloger in finding the best term to assign to a
work, and the second is to indicate where See Also references should be made in the
public catalog.
Many headings in the sears list following the Related Terms label, one or more terms are
listed that present similar or associated subjects. A reference is never made to the heading
until there is work entered under the heading in the collection, and if the only work
entered under a heading is lost or disregarded the references to that heading must be
deleted. References to headings under which there is no materials in the collection are
called blind references and to be avoided.
15. C. iii. General References
The field contains a general reference, not to a specific heading, but to a general group or
category of things that may be established as headings as needed. An example is the
subject heading, Clothing and dress, where the general reference on the record is to See
also ―types of clothing articles and accessories, {to be added as needed}.‖
Another function of the general reference is to provide instruction in the application of
subdivisions. For every subdivision provided, there is a general reference spelling out the
use of that subdivision.
15. D. Recording Headings and Reference
All the subject headings used in the catalogue and all the references made the cataloger
should always kept it. This local authority file may be kept on cards or on a computer.
Some catalogers are tempted to do without this process and nothing more consult the
catalogue whenever there is a question of previous practice. It is not possible to consult
the catalogue at the heading.
Original cataloging do many libraries instead of getting their cataloging records from
outside sources, either from computerized cooperative cataloging utilities or from
vendors, often the same companies that sell them their books and other library materials.
A library using sears list subject heading will need to apprise the vendor of the fact.
38
When the cataloging records arrive in the library, only a cataloger can made the
appropriate references in the local catalogue, tailored to that library‘s particular
collection, which make the records useful to the users.
15. CATALOGING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (MARC)

A library in the twenty-first century is certain to be quite different from what it has been
therefore. More information will be available in machine readable form, and ready access
to the internet will do doubt charge the way and users seek and find information. The
challenge of catalogers in the future is to approach every new technology and theory
knowledgeably and fearlessly, judge them against what we know are the soundest
principles and embrace the good and reject the spurious, always keeping in mind the
ultimate goal of meeting.
SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS
Basic Branches of Cataloging

a) Descriptive cataloging
b) Retrieval by title, author, date, etc.
c) Subject cataloging
d) What an information package is about
e) Subject Heading: uniform word or phrase used in library catalogs to express topic
History
a) Minnie Earl Sears (1st 3 ed.) on1923 AD
b) Like LCSH, but for small libraries
c) Surveyed 9 other small libraries
d) Nova Southeastern University, Florida
How is Sears different?
Flexibility & Simplification:
PRINCIPLES OF THE SEARS LIST ARE:

1. Purpose of Subject Headings
2. Determining the Subject of the Work . subject Artists . Snakes and Lizards. .
3. Specific and Direct Entry heading Birds or Water birds
4. Types of Subject Headings . . . . . . . . .
4. A. Topical Headings Gun control. . African Americans .
4. B. Form Headings . Almanacs, Directories, Gazetteers
4. C. Geographic Headings . United States, Ohio
4. D. Names . Clinton, Bill . Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 . . .
5. The Grammar of Subject Heading . . Reptiles or Electricity . . . . .
5. A. The Forms of Headings . . . . . . . .
5. A. i. Single Nouns . Biology or Existentialism.. .
39
5. A. ii. Compound Headings Forests and forestry or Publishers and publishing
5. A. iii. Adjectives with Nouns Unemployment insurance or Buddhist art.
5. A. iv. Phrase Headings Insects as carriers of disease
5. B. Subdivisions . Agriculture—Bibliography. Birds—Eggs.
5. B. i. Topical Subdivisions Automobiles—Law and legislation. Clothing and
dress—History
5. B. ii. Geographic Subdivisions Bridges—France .. and Agriculture—Ohio
5. B. iii. Chronological Subdivisions United States—History or United States—
History—1945-1953
5. B. iv. Form Subdivisions Children’s literature— Bibliography. Geology—Maps
5. B. v. The Order of Subdivisions . Sports— United States—Statistics.
5. B. vi. Geographic Headings Subdivided by Topic California—History . Alaska—
Climate
5. B. vii. Local Materials Public buildings—Honolulu (Hawaii) or Bridges—
Honolulu (Hawaii)
6. Some Difficult Areas of Application . . . . . . .
6. A. Biography . Biography. . . .
6. A. i. Collective Biographies Biography. ..
6. A. ii. Individual Biographies Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 ,
Presidents—United States .
6. B. Nationalities . Architecture—France. Automobiles—Germany. American
poets—Biography,
6. C. Literature . . .. . .
6. C. i. Works about Literature Science fiction., Drama—Dictionaries . Poetry—
History and criticism.
6. C. ii. Literary Works Literature— Collections; Poetry—Collections.
6. C. iii. Themes in Literature Literature—Themes. World War, 1939-1945—
Literature and the war
6. D. Wars and Events War of 1812; Israel-Arab War, 1967; World War, 1939-
1945.
6. E. Native Americans . Native American women, Native American children,
6. F. Government Policy. Fiscal policy or Social policy
6. G. Mythology and Folklore Celtic mythology or Roman mythology
6. H. Nonbook Materials . Biographical films; Comedy television programs.
7. Classification and Subject Headings. . . Flower gardening, Perennials
8. Maintaining a Catalog . .
8. A. Adding New Headings . Employees—Alcohol use; Youth—Alcohol use
8. B. Revising Subject Headings . Title insurance and Health insurance—Law and
legislation..
8. C. Making References Antique and vintage. .
8. C. i. See References Theory of knowledge .
8. C. ii. See also References Clothing and dres. . .
8. C. iii. General References Plants—Folklore. Day lilies, Orchids, Peonies,
Poppies,
8. D. Recording Headings and References Teachers—Ethics,. Psychologists—Ethics
40
LIBRARY CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS
Introduction
 Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is the list of headings /the subject
authority file
 Maintained by the United States Library of Congress for use in bibliographic
records.
 It is popularly known by its abbreviation as LCSH .It is an alphabetical general list
of Standard Name of Subjects Headings arranged word by word [ALA Filing
Rules)
 Sometimes it is also called Subject Authority File of Library of Congress.
 Now it does have about 6,67,734 authority records
Subject Heading
 A word or phrase selected from a standard list of subject headings or thesaurus to
express the main subject/s of a book in the library catalogue or electronic
bibliographic database
 A word or phrase which represents the subject of a book. Also called Subject
descriptor
 Keywords (Database)
 Subject descriptor
 A subject heading list is a controlled vocabulary or standard printed list of
synonym terms
 Local Authority List of Subject headings for Subject authority
 File Assign subject heading by Standard Subject Heading List or Local Subject
Authority List
 Subject heading list instructs a cataloguer how to assign Subject heading while
cataloguing and indexing the resources.
How to Get the Subject Heading?
 Do not depend upon the title of a book only unless it is simple book (where titles
do have the subjects) but titles of some books do not give or disclose their subjects
Example
1. Textbook chemistry (Chemistry)
2. Theory of philosophy (Philosophy)
3. Five Figures of Nepal ( May be Biography or Political science or Economics
4. Seto Bagh (Literature or White Tiger or ? )
 Should consult – Full title page; Verso page; preface, Contents; Index; Reference
Bibliographies; Authorship
 If not, We should read some pages of the main body of the book
History of LCSH
 LC decided to switch to a dictionary catalog with subject headings based on
ALA‘s List of Subject Headings for Use in Dictionary Catalogs in 1898 AD
41
 Then LC started to list preferred terms to be used as subject headings
 This collected list of subject headings was published as the name of ―Subject
Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogues of the Library of Congress‖ in 1909
AD
 Since 1975 AD – renamed as ―Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)‖

 1982-1984
◦ American Library Association –sponsored regional institutes on LCSH
◦ Formation of Cooperative Subject Cataloguing Project for enriching LCSH
◦ Published of Subject Heading Manual
 LCSH converted to machine-readable form in 1986
 Subject Authority Cooperative Program (SACO) formed in 1995 AD and other
libraries have contributed subject heading to LCSH through SACO
 Implementation of MARC subfield code $v for form subdivisions in 1999 AD
 Web Version of LCSH started 2002 AD
 Print version of LCSH- sometimes called the Big Red Books
 33rd ed. published 6 volumes (Printed).Now it stopped publishing in print form
Subject Area/Usefulness
 Multidisciplinary vocabulary- includes headings in all subjects – from science,
religion, social sciences, education, literature, language, Literature, philosophy,
Arts etc
 It includes heading for geographic features, ethnic groups, historic events, building
name
 It is the model for many other vocabularies in English and other languages and has
been translated numerous languages
 It is the subject headings of Library Congress (NL-US)
 It is also being used as indexing vocabulary in a number of published
bibliographies.
 It is very useful for big libraries (Like OCLC –Online Computer Library Center
and RLIN (Research Library Information Network)
Other Tools of LCSH
In Print
 Free-floating Subdivisions: An Alphabetical Index
o -list of all the words that can be used as a subdivision
 LC's Subject Cataloging Manual. 2004
o -provides all you need to know about subject headings
In Online
 LC Subject Headings Weekly Lists on
- changes, new headings, deletions
- good idea to assign a staff person to monitor these lists to help with maintenance
of your catalog
42
Subject Headings: Tw
o Types
 Bold Face Type
Select and use bold type only
Eg.
Taxation-Law and Legislation
UF Tax law
Tax legislation
Tax regulation
Taxation law
 Light Face Type
To search the subject heading in LCSH and follow the instruction
Eg.Tax law
Taxation-Law and legislation
◦ Subject Headings: Two types
Principles of LCSH
1. Literary Warrant
2. Uniform Heading and Unique Heading
3. Specific entry
4. Consistency
5. Dynamism
6. Precoordination and post-coordination
1. Literary Warrant
 Literary Warrant - E. Wyndham Hulme‘s concept as the basis of book
classification and the definition of subject classes, where in classes and names of
classes would be derived from existing literature rather than a preconceived
philosophical order of sciences
 Subject headings are created for use in cataloging and reflect the topics covered in
a given literature [book]
 The terminology selected to formulate individual subject headings reflects the
terminology used in current literature
 Catalogers examine what is written, the terminology in use and the context in
which the terms appear in the literature
2. Uniform Heading- [one heading per subject]
 One Heading is chosen to represent a topic
 This allows materials about a topic to be retrieved together, even if they contain
different terms for the topic Eg
Music (Uniform Heading)
Choral music
Guitar music
Violin music
 Choice Among Terms:
43
◦ based on standard, contemporary American English-language usage
 Vocabulary
 attempts are made to choose neutral, inclusive, or unbiased terminology,
especially regarding topics that might be controversial
Unique Heading [one subject one heading]
 Each heading in LCSH represents only one topic
 If a term could represent more than one concept, it is modified:
Venus (Planet) Essays (Nepali language)
Venus (Roman deity) Essays (Hindi language)
OR
 In cases where a deliberate decision is made to allow a heading to represent more
than one concept, a scope note is generally provided. For example:
1. Letter writing
Scope note: Nepali letter writing.
2. Speeches
Scope note: Politicians 'speeches
 Each heading in LCSH represents only one topic
 If a term could represent more than one concept, it is modified:
Venus (Planet) Essays (Nepali language)
Venus (Roman deity) Essays (Hindi language)
OR
 In cases where a deliberate decision is made to allow a heading to represent more
than one concept, a scope note is generally provided. For example:
1. Letter writing
Scope note: Nepali letter writing.
2. Speeches
Scope note: Politicians 'speeches
 Each subject is represented by the most precise term naming the subject, rather
than a Broader or Generic term that encompasses it
 Provides direct access to specific subjects not generic subjects
 Example
1. For a work on school library, use:
School library
not Academic library
 Each subject is represented by the most precise term naming the subject, rather
than a Broader or Generic term that encompasses it
 Provides direct access to specific subjects not generic subjects
 Example
1. For a work on school library , use:
4. Consistency
 Attempts are made to maintain consistency in form and structure among similar
headings
44
 Assures stability and consistency, subject headings need to be consistent.
 Because LCSH was developed over the past century, it contains numerous
inconsistencies in styles of headings
 When headings are changed or new headings established, headings in bibliographic
records need to be updated
5. Dynamism
 Changes to headings are made continuously to maintain the currency and viability
of LCSH
 Some examples in LCHS (Recent Change)
Handicapped
 People with disabilities
Internet (Computer network)
 Internet
Machine-readable dictionaries
 Electronic dictionaries
Medicine, State
 National health services
6. Precoordination & Postcoordination
Precoordination
 Combining elements into one heading string in anticipation (guess) of a
search on that compound topic
 LCSH is primarily a precoordinate system
1. Furniture design—France—History—20th century
2. Culture—Nepal—18th century
Postcoordination
 Postcoordination
◦ Combining of headings or keywords by a user at the time he/she looks for
materials
◦ Many complex or multi-element topics require postcoordination in LCSH
 Example:
◦ For a work on the library system of Rana period in Nepal:
Library system, Rana period—Nepal
Subject Headings
 Subject Headings may appear in many formats in LCSH:
1. Single Heading –Surgery; Roses; Flowers
2. Simple and compound phrase –Surgical tools; Nepalese economic condition; Mobile
culture
3. Heading with subdivisions to create strings - Alcoholic beverages-
th
Taxation-Law- Nepal; Culture—Nepal—18 century
Types Subject Headings in LCSH
 Topics are identified by terms or phrases that represent what the material covers
45
 Headings can also reflect the form of the material
 Three general categories of subject headings:
◦ Topical Subject Heading
◦ Form Subject Headings
◦ Names Subject Heading
Topical Subject Headings
 The topical subject headings are the simple word or phrases used for reflecting the
major subject content of work or book /
 A topical heading represents a identifiable concepts. These can be…
Things; Concept; Philosophies; Disciplines; Activities and Processes; Organisms;
Some types of events ; Classes of people; Ethnic groups; Names of Individual Animals;
Places, and Organizations etc
Form Subject Headings
 Form Subject Headings –the headings which do not describe the subject content of
a work or book but describe their form. Form means their intellectual form not the
physical form
 Genre headings indicate what a work is, rather than what it is about .Example
Artists‘ books; Nigerian drama; Silent films; Yearbooks; Periodicals; Almanacs;
Atlases; Dictionaries; Essays; Poetry; Short stories; Science fiction; Nepali fiction;
American novel;
Name Subject Headings
 Personal Names :
◦ Personal name headings are constructed according to AACR2. eg Koirala,
B.P (1935-2038 BS)
 Corporate Names
 Corporate name headings are constructed according to AACR2. eg. United
Nations; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
 Works about conferences and organized events can have subject headings
for the name of the conference or event.
◦ eg. World Cup 2018 (Football); World Conference on Digital Library
Management 2018 July 21-29, India
 Geographic Names
◦ Headings can be assigned for political jurisdictional areas and geographic
features that may range from large continent like to small city or local place.
Eg. Thamal (Nepal); Bhedetar (Nepal)
 Note:
◦ It is not possible to cover all geographical name available in the world for
any subject headings list in a single volume. So the cataloger must establish
geographical headings as needed with the help of standard reference sources
suitable to their need such as National Geographical Atlas the World; Times
Atlas of the World
46
Syntax (Word Formation)
 LCSH may be in direct form using natural language or qualified forms
 Direct form
Electric cars not Cars, Electric
Political parties not Parties, Political
 Represent an object or concept
CD-ROMs not CD-ROM Heat not Heats
Scooters not Scooters Love not Loves
Agriculture not Agricultures Trees not Tree
 Adjective or participle noun-equivalents
Blind; Poor etc
 LCSH may be in direct form using natural language or qualified forms
 Direct form
Electric cars not Cars, Electric
Political parties not Parties, Political
 Represent an object or concept
CD-ROMs not CD-ROM Heat not Heats
Scooters not Scooters Love not Loves
Agriculture not Agricultures Trees not Tree
 Adjective or participle noun-equivalents
Blind; Poor etc
Articles (A ; An and The)
 Articles are not in the initial position
Arts not The arts
Education not The education
 Articles may be retained for grammatical purposes
State, The not The State
Comic, The not The Comic
Nation, The not The Nation
 Headings representing objects or classes of people are usually plural
Pencils; Physicians
 Biological species are generally singular, higher levels are plural
Bald eagle Eagles
Australian caw Cows
Western lily Lilies
Phrase Headings: Single concept
 Used when a single noun cannot represent an object or concept:
Classical rhythms
Library ethics
 May be prepositional phrases:
Figures of speech
Quality of life
47
Adult children of alcoholics
Components of Entries in LCSH
 Authorized Headings
 Class numbers : About 36% of the headings in LCSH have class numbers
 References
◦ USE, Used For (UF)
◦ Broader Term (BT) & Narrower Term (NT)
◦ Related Term (RT)
◦ General References (SA –See Also and USE)
 Scope notes
Authorized Headings
Note:-Authorized Headings are listed in boldface type

References
 Equivalence relationship
◦ USE and UF (Used for)
 Hierarchical relationships
◦ BT (Broader Term) and NT (Narrower Term)
 Associative relationships
◦ RT (Related Term)
 General references
◦ SA (See Also)
Scope Notes
48
Scope note (―Here are entered…‖) provides guidance in application of the heading
Subdivisions in LCSH
 Has provision of giving subdivision of headings for specific subject entry to
express specific aspect of a subject of a book (Bring out specific aspects of a
subject)
 Topical subdivision
 Helicopters — Flight testing
 Library science—Law
 Form subdivision
 Engineering — Periodicals;
 English —Dictionaries
 Geographical Subdivision
 Library -Education — Nepal;
 Nepal — History
 Physicians — Nepal — 19th century
 Chronological Subdivision
 Printing — History —19th century
 Nepal — History —1951-1990 AD
 Free-Floating Subdivision
 Add the other subjects in main subject heading to making the subject
heading mores specific or more individual.
 Gorkhali—Attitude
 Education — Policies
ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOGUE (OPAC)

By late 1970s, libraries began to use computers for cataloguing purpose and the idea of
making the catalogue of a library available to its users online began to be accepted and
has been implemented in a number of libraries. This computerized online catalogue,
which can he searched by the users directly for the retrieval of records without the
assistance of a trained intermediary is commonly known as Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC).
SUBJECT ACCESS TO OPAC
49
The typical OPAC interaction process requires the matching or crude translation of user
vocabulary to system vocabulary. It became apparent that the amount of subject
information included in standard MARC records is not adequate to meet the users'
subject approach to the OPAC. Online capabilities offer many possibilities for
improved subject access. Two important search devices used in OPACs are discussed
below:
MARC and the Subject Approach

The concept of MARC (Machine Readable Catalogue) has brought in a new era in the
field of library and information services. MARC stimulated the development of library
automation and information networks. Planning for MARC – I begun in 1966 and
concluded in 1968. For forms of materials other than books, Library of Congress (LC)
published formats for serials and maps in 1970, films in 1971 and manuscripts in 1973.
Designing of MARC – II was based on the experiences gained during the evaluation of
MARC - I format. The idea behind MARC - II was to develop one common format
structure capable of containing bibliographic information for all forms of documents.
Not all the information in the MARC record is relevant to the subject of a document,
but certain fields are likely to be more productive than others in providing a range of
subject descriptions. Some fields are related specifically to notation/class number
derived from different schemes of library classification, such as those of LCC, UDC,
DDC and NLM; and others are related to alphabetical subject headings, such as those
drawn from LCSH, PRECIS, and other alphabetical systems.
INDEX AND INDEXING
Index and Indexing

• Index and Indexing
• Subject indexing
• Chain Procedure
• PRECIS
• PoPSI
Indexing
Indexing is a technique for providing service operation and an index or a subject
catalogue is a tool. It is a means to an end, never an end in itself. In other words, it is a
communication link between a collection (of a library) and those who intend to obtain
some information from it.
50
Definition of an Indexing System
One such definition states that "an indexing system is a set of prescribed procedures for
organizing the contents of records of knowledge or documents for the purposes of
retrieval and dissemination." Another definition reads that "an indexing system is the
means whereby an indexing language can be applied to make an index."
• An index entry merely locates a subjects

• A catalogue entry includes some descriptive specification of a document
containing the subject.
• The indexing language can be alphabetical or may be a classified scheme.
Indexing language
Three types
1. Natural indexing
2. Free indexing
3. Controlled
• Natural Indexing language
- Language of the document those are indexed or catalogued for a library
• Free indexing language
- Nature of free that any words may be assigned as a subject heading in catalogue or as
an indexing term
• Controlled indexing language
– List of terms prepared
– Subject heading list and thesauri are the prepared by using controlled
indexing language
Indexing systems
• ―an indexing system is
– a set a prescribed procedures for organizing the contents of records of
knowledge or documents for the purposes of retrieval and dissemination‖
• An indexing system is
– the means whereby a indexing language can be applied to make an index‖
• Types of indexing system
– Pre-coordinate
– Post coordinate
• Pre-coordinate indexes are mostly prevalent as printed indexes
– Relating to
• Abstracting and Indexing Journals
• National Bibliographies and Subject Indexes to Library Catalogues
• Post-coordinate indexing systems also start from the identification of multi-concept
subjects and analysis of such subjects into their component single concepts. But the
indexing is confined only to single concepts.
51
• Indexing systems have been designed and developed with standard rules and
procedures for constructing subject headings.
• The subject refers to subject heading which represent the subject contents of a
document.
• Objectives of providing subject headings for documents in catalogues are to
– Identify a relevant or pertinent document of a given specific subject.
– Enable to find material on all related specific subject.
Indexing principles
• Guiding principles for indexer in the choice and rendering of SH are:
– The reader as focus
– Unity
– Usage
– Specificity
Factors Governing Subject Indexing Systems
• Content analysis of documents to select the right key words that represent their
specific subject.
• Rendering the selected key words in a logical sequence according to prescribed
principles and postulates
• Establishing main and added entries in standard formats.
• Provisions of cross references to subject concepts to obtain as many relevant
documents as are available in the index file
• Arrangement of entries
• Subject Indexing Models
• LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings)
• SLSH (Sears List of Subject Headings)
• Chain Procedure
• PRECIS (Preserved Context Index Systems)
• PoPSI (Postulate Based Permuted Subject Indexing)
• All these indexing models are Pre-coordinate indexing models
• LCSH and SLSH represent a type which enumerate a pre-determined authority list
of subject headings based on a type of principles
• To use these models (SLSH and LCSH), the indexer, after identifying the key
words from the document, has to choose from this standard headings, the ones that
are appropriate to the document guide by the key words identified
• Other three systems largely based on classificatory principles which fix the citation
order of concepts.
52
Chain Procedure
• Ranganathan designed this method of deriving verbal subject headings to provide
subject approach to documents through the alphabetical Part of a Classified
Catalogue.
• This method was distinctly different from the enumerated subject heading systems
like SLSH and LCSH
• The chain of a class number is retranslated into its verbal equivalent to formulate a
subject heading that represent the subject contents of the document.
• The Class Number itself is the result of subject analysis of a document into its facet
ideas and linked together by a set of connecting symbols particularly when a
classification systems like Colon Classification is used for the purpose.
• As the chain is used for deriving subject entries on the basis of a set of rules and
procedures, this system was called ‗chain procedures‘.
• Chain procedure or chain indexing is also a pre-coordinate indexing.
• The principle behind chain indexing is that it attempts to represent in natural
language, the chain concepts that constitutes subject while classifying a document
• It is controlled by the nature and structure of classification
• It can be said that it is a methodology which systematizes the presentation of index
entries for the Classified Catalogue
• Steps of Chain Procedure
• Take the Class Number for the given document
• Consult the classification scheme and write the notation at each step and the
correspondence term or phrase
• Identify the sought, unsought and false link
• Invert the chain
• eg.
1. Library finance 025.11
0 = Generalities
(Unsought Link)
02 = Library Science
(sought link)
025 = Operation, Libraries
(Unsought Link)
025. = connecting symbol
(false link)
025.1 = Administration, Library
(sought link)
025.11 = Library Finance
(sought link)
Invert the chain

Library finance 025.11
53
Library Administration 025.1
Library Science 020
2. The harvesting of the apple J371:7

J = Agriculture
(SL)
J3 = Food
(SL)
J37 = Fruit
(SL)
J371 = Apple
(SL)
J371: = (F.L.)
J371:7 = Harvesting
(SL)
Invert the chain
Harvesting J371:7
Apple J371
Fruit J37
Food J3
Agriculture J
3. Harvesting of Rice J381.7

J= Agriculture (S.L.)
J3=Food, Agriculture (S.L.)
J38= Seed, Food, Agriculture (U.L.)
J381= Rice, Seed, Food, Agriculture (S.L.)
J381.= Connecting symbol (F.L.)
J381.1= (F.L.)
J381.7= Harvesting, Rice, Agriculture (S.L.)
Invert the chain
Harvesting, Rice, Agriculture =J381.7
Rice, Seed, Food, Agriculture =J381
Food, Agriculture =J3
Agriculture =J
Agriculture
For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number J
Food
54
Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number J3
Rice

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number J381
Harvesting

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number J381.7
4. Treatment of Children Retinal disease of the eye L9c, 18517:4:6

L=Medicine (S.L.)
L9C= Child, Medicine (S.L.)
L9C,= Connecting symbol (F.L.)
L9C,1= Basic & Regional , Child, Medicine (U.L.)
L9C,18=Head , Child, Medicine (S.L.)
L9C,185= Eye, Child, Medicine (S.L.)
L9C,1851=Coat, Eye, Child, Medicine (U.L.)
L9C,18517= Retina, Child, Medicine (S.L.)
L9C,18517: = Connection symbol (F.L.)
L9C,18517:4= Disease, Retina, Child, Medicine (S.L.)
L9C,18517:4:= Connection Symbol (F.L.)
L9C,18517:4:6= Treatment, Disease, Retina, Child, Medicine(S.L.)
Invert the chain

L9C,18517:4:6= Treatment, Disease, Retina, Child, Medicine
L9C,18517:4= Disease, Retina, Child, Medicine
L9C,18517= Retina, Child, Medicine
L9C,185= Eye, Child, Medicine
L9C,18=Head , Child, Medicine
L9C= Child, Medicine
L=Medicine
Medicine

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number L
55
Child

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number L9C
Head

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number L9C,18
Eye

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number L9C,185
Retina

Classified Part of the Catalogue under the Class Number
L9C,1851
Disease

Treatment L9C,1851:4

L9C,1851:4:6
5. The wasteland by TS Eliot 0111,1M88,1

0 = Literature(L.S.)
01= Indo European literature
011= Teutonic literature
0111 = English literature(L.S.)
56
0111,= F.L.
0111,1=English Poetry(L.S.)
0111,1M= English poetry of poet born in 1800's (U.L.)
0111,1M8= English poetry of poet born in 1880's
0111,1M88= English poetry of poet born in 1888's i.e. Eliot. (L.S.)
0111,1M88, = F.L.
0111,1M88,1= The wasteland by Eliot (L.S.)
Invert the chain
0111,1M88,1= The wasteland by Eliot
0111,1M88= English poetry of poet born in 1888's i.e. Eliot.
0111,1=English Poetry
0 = Literature
Literature

Merits/advantage of Chain Indexing Procedures
1. Economical method
By saving the time of cataloguer (no need to search specific subject of the book) for
compiling and publishing huge SH lists. Chain procedure is economical, as it drops each
term after it has been indexed, thus, avoiding the permutation of component terms.
2. Save the Time of the indexer
Chain indexing saves the time of the indexer, as he makes use of the class number
provided by the classifier, thus, avoiding duplication of work, in analyzing the document
and the formulation of class number.
3. Mechanical nature
It provides simple mechanical way. Chain procedure is just like a magic. One reached the
relevant link and the subject heading is ready. Chain procedure is agreeable to
computerization. Programs have been successfully written to generate subject headings
both from class numbers and feature headings following the reverse rendering method.
4. Uniformity and accuracy

It will give accurate and uniform subject heading, no matter whoever is the cataloguer.
57
5. Symbiosis between classification and cataloguing
A Class Number is assigned by the classifier and the cataloguer turns it into subject
headings
6. Alphabetic key
It provides an alphabetical entry under the idea denoted by every digit in the class
number.
7. Alternative approach
Chain indexing provides alternative approaches through reverse rendering to its classified
file.
8. Mirror of document
In the case of chain indexing, only one index heading with complete subject formulation
is prepared for a specific document. Other entries are prepared by the successive
dropping of terms serve a successfully larger number of specific subjects. This provides
the facility for generic as well as specific searches.
9. Logics base Method:
Chain procedure may be used to derive indexes to classification schemes and books.
Similarly, it may be used in formulating headings necessary for guide cards on catalogue,
stock room guides, shelf guides, etc., in a systematic way.
10. Based on Universal Scheme:
This procedure, i.e., chain indexing can be applied with ease to any classification scheme
whose notational symbols indicate the subordination of each step of division e.g. Colon
Classification (CC), Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Library of Congress
Classification (LCC), etc.
As chain procedure is based on the structure of the classification scheme and on the
terminology found in the schedules, its operation is speedy and semi-mechanical.
DEMERITS OF CHAIN INDEXING Procedure.
1. Cataloguers are deprived of the opportunity of studying books from the point of
view of specific subject.
2. If the classifier has allotted the wrong class numbers, and the cataloguers fails to
detect it, the defective subject entries will be prepared.
3. Chain procedure is entirely dependent on the classification scheme and as a result
it can be only as good as the classification scheme used.
4. There may not actually be a separate document in the library dealing with the
subject represented by one or more of the sought upper links in a chain, which
may be confuse the readers.
5. It is totally dependent on a scheme of classification; as a result, it tends to suffer
demerits related to the scheme of classification automatically.
58
6. The entries prepared through chain indexing has only one specific entry, others
are all broad entries.
7. In chain indexing, sometimes a step of a division may go unrepresented, by a
further digit of the class number. This creates the problem of the missing chain.
8. Reverse rendering of terms, while preparing the entries is confusing to the user.
PRECIS
(Preserved Context Indexing System)
• Designed and developed by Derek Austin in 1968.
• New system of subject indexing
• It was the result of long research which was undertaken by the Classification
Research Group(CRG, London)
• It is supposed to be free from all the limitations which chain procedure was
suffering from.
Chief characteristics of PRECIS
• It is independent of classification scheme
• The headings to be generated by PRECIS are to be coextensive with the contents
of the document at all access points.
• The entries generated by the system are to the meaningful so as to enable the users
to interpret them correctly.
Major tasks involved in creating PRECIS
• Analysis of the document and identifying key concepts.
• Organization of concept basing on context dependency
• Assigning codes (operators) to signify the syntactical function of each term
(location to the document)
• Deciding the terms as access points.
• Adding further prepositions, auxiliaries or phrases for clarity.
• Making necessary references
String Making
• Two principles are followed in the preparation of string
– Context dependence and
– One-to-one relationship
Example
Recruitment of staff in the colleges Rajasthan
1. Here component terms are
Recruitment, Staff, Colleges, Rajasthan
Hence we can say that there is a state Rajsthan which has Staff, whose Recruitment is the
theme of the document
2. The arrangement of the components in the string will be as follows:
Rajsthan. Colleges. Staff.Recruitment
Here each term is directly related to the next term in the string.
59
Role Operators
The principles of ‗context dependency‘ and ‗one-to-one relationship‘ are adopted for the
order of terms in the string.
Format
Rajsthan. Colleges. Staff.Recruitment
Or
Recruitment. Staff. Colleges. Rajsthan
• This is not so in the following entries
Colleges. Rajsthan. Staff. Recruitment
Or
Staff. Rajsthan. Colleges. Recruitment
Generation of entries
3. Index entries are generated from the string by ‗shunting‘.

Each component term in the string (sequence) becomes an approach term for the users by
turn. This portion is shown below:
Rajsthan. Colleges. Staff. Recruitment
Rajsthan
Colleges. Staff. Recruitment
Colleges. Rajsthan
Staff. Recruitment
Staff. Colleges. Rajsthan

Recruitment
Recruitment. Staff. Colleges. Rajsthan
Example
Selection of staff in the libraries of Nepal
Lead Qualifier
Display
Lead –lead term which acts as an approach term (Primary filing element)
Qualifier- terms of sets of term which qualifier the lead term to bring it into its proper
center
Display-the remaining part of the string to help to preserve the context
60
PoPSI [Postulate-Based Permuted Subject Indexing]
Designed by Ganesh Bhattarcharya of the Documentation Research and Training Centre

(DRTC)
It is another indigenous indexing model besides Ranganathan‘s Chain Procedure.
It is based upon the Postulate & Principles of SR Ranganathan of general theory of
classification
It can be applied to micro and macro level document available in the form of non-
print/non-book
PoPSI is not based upon any particular system of classification
Steps in PoPSI
1. Verbal representation
2. Display of components
3. Short display
4. Approach display
5. Deriving subject index entries
6. Display of subject index entries
7. Cross references
8. Alphabetical arrangement of entries
Principles & Process
A. Elementary categories
Discipline (D), Entity (E), Action (A) and Property (P)
 Discipline (D) = covers conventional field of study e.g. Physics, Medicine,
Agricultural, Social Science etc.
 Entity (E) = includes manifestations having perceptual correlates eg. Energy,
Plants, Place, Time etc.
 Action (A) = includes manifestations denoting the concepts of ―doing‖. eg.
Teaching, walking, writing etc.
 Property (P) = includes manifestations denoting the concepts of ―attribute‖. eg
Effect, Efficiency, Power, Property etc.
Working of PoPSI
Document: Treatment of Tuberculosis of Lungs
It may be analyzed as:
First step: Verbal Representation
 D= Medicine
 E= Lungs
 P of E =Tuberculosis
 A on P = Treatment=Therapeutic
Second step: Formulation of the sequence of components or analysis
Medicine(D), Lungs(E), Tuberculosis(P of E), Treatment Therapeutic(A on P)
Third step : Standardization and is concerned with semantics
61
Medicine(D), Lungs(E), Tuberculosis(P of E), Therapeutic(Treatment) (A on P)
Fourth step: Modulation with arguments
Medicine, Man> Respiratory System>Lungs, Disease> Tuberculosis, Treatment
>Therapeutic (Treatment)
Fifth step: preparation of the Entry for organizing classification
Medicine, Man>Respiratory system>Lungs, Disease>Tuberculosis, Treatment
>Therapeutic
Sixth step: to decide to terms of approach
Treatment
See
Therapeutic
Seventh step: to prepare entries under each term of approach as given below
Therapeutic
Medicine, Man>Respiratory system>Lungs, Disease>Tuberculosis >Therapeutic
Tuberculosis
Disease
Lungs
Respiratory System
‗Man‘ and ‗Medicine‘ will be left out
Eight step: alphabetization of all the index entries and references.
Potentialities of PoPSI
1. It can be used in various ways
2. To construct subject headings
3. To generate subject index entries for Classified Catalogue etc.
4. It is being used in a number of bibliographical and indexing publications
Advantages of PoPSI
1. Formulating subject headings
2. Deriving subject entries for a classified index or for an index to a book etc.
3. Determining the subject of a reader‘s query in a consistent and helpful way.
4. Formulating strategies for searching information about a subject in a catalogue or
other surrogate files etc.
62
Unite-4
Description and Standard of Cataloguing

Introduction:
A sort of description of document being catalogued. Descriptive cataloguing is that
aspect of cataloguing which is ''concerned with the information given in the body of the
entry as distinct from the meaning.'' It is used to identify and describe a particular
document.
The part of descriptive of books (and other materials) on catalogue cards/ worksheet to be
listed before the cataloguing operation the stage of processing cataloguing which concern
about with the identification and description of the books.
A catalogue as be to used his / her judgment on the number and degree of the minutes of
details to be adopted. It should be authentic, resize and standard.
LC rules of descriptive cataloguing (adopted by) in 1949 provide the full direction for the
user of library of congress (personal author, corporate author, publishers) fairly standard
uniform.
Following are principles of descriptive of cataloguing:

a. Objectives of descriptive cataloguing are:
1. To state the significant features of an item with the purpose of distinguishing it
from other items and describing its scope, contents, and bibliographic relation to
other items;
2. To present these data in an entry which can be integrated with the entries for
other items in the catalogue and which will respond best to the interests of most
of the catalogue.
b. Description of a perfect copy: an attempt is made to describe a physically complete
copy,
c. Extent of description: The item is described as fully as necessary to achieve the
objectives stated above, but with economy of data and expression.
d. Terms of description: The terms used by the author, composer, publisher or other
issuing authority in or on the item generally form the basis of the description.
e. Organization of the description: The descriptive elements are given in the entry in
the order that will best meet the needs of entry in a catalogue and will facilitate the
integration of the entry in a catalogue with entries for other items.
f. Documentation: The source of information contained in an entry need be specified
only when the information is questionable or the source is unusual.
g. Style: A uniform style is adopted for all catalogue entries covering spelling,
capitalization, punctuation, abbreviations, use of numerical, indentions, and for printed
cards, typefaces.
63
AACR2 description is upon the frame work of ISBD (G). It begins with a general
chapters containing which applied to all libraries materials.
a. 1 for general
b. 2 for printed monograph (books pamphlets and printed sheets)
c. 3 for cartography materials
d. 4 for manuscripts
e. 5 for music's
f. 6 for sound recording
g. 7 for motions pictures and video recording
h. 8 for graphic materials
i. 9 for machine readable data files
j. 10 for three D(3D) facts and reliable
k. 11 for microforms
l. 12 for serials
Standard of cataloguing
Define here as a documents in which are formulated the agree requirement of a product a
process for a given purpose with the object of reducing or necessary the waste ISO.
Standardization is an important for networks these days without standard it is not possible
to continue, cooperative, copy cataloguing and centralized cataloguing. It is equally
important for content arrangement of the cataloguing entry.
The amount of details to be included in the catalogue entry upon the requirements of the
particular cataloguing agency.
First level of description with the sufficient for library system but for the national and
central library it is not sufficient.
Despite the difference in the amount of the details require it is advantages for various
cataloguing agency for agree to work to be used by all the standard will be described how
the content entry to be organised?
How the headings or the access points are to be selected.
In USA standardization of author, title, was started since 1901 AD. AACR1 -1967 was
the one reflecting Paris Principles. But published in two text British and North America
because of the not uniformity of description and corporate heading.
Elements of Descriptive Catalogue

The elements usually consist of title, subtitle, alternative title, author statement, edition,
imprint, collation, series, notes, and annotation.
TITLE is the most important feature of a document essential for its identification. In
computerize catalogue, it is the principal element for identification. It is given in full as
found on cover or title page. Subtitle, alternative title also added in differently.
64
AUTHOR STATEMENT in AACR1 practice is repeated after the title, if there are two
or more authors. The names of translator(s), editors(s), illustrator(s), etc. are also added
after the title.
EDITION is a must for a catalogue. However, information regarding impression or a
reprint is ignored.
IMPRINT includes, place of publication, publisher's name, and date of publication. It
helps in identification of different editions. Date of publication is the important item.
COLLATION is concerned with pagination or number of volumes illustrations, size, etc.
the number of volume and indication about illustrations, if considered significant are
regarded essential in an entry, AACR1 and AACR2 regard even size essential.
SERIES is often referred by the users, especially casual readers. Sometimes it may give
an indication about the level of the work. It helps the checking the catalogue to find out
whether the library possesses a complete set in the series or not.
NOTES follow the formal description (that is after the body of the entry). Note amplify
or qualify formalized description, either when the rules do not permit the inclusion of the
needed information in any form other than a note or when the incorporation of
information in the formalized description would be misleading, cumbersome, or
inappropriate''.
ANNOTATION/ TRACING (Short note) may cover information about authorship,
subject, relationship with other documents, etc. very few library catalogues include
annotation. It may be added that an annotation falls outside the purview of descriptive
cataloguing. However, certain notes - which provide necessary additional information
relating to title, edition, imprint, collation, sometimes list of contents- fall within the
scope of orthodox descriptive cataloguing.
Punctuation Mark :( sing, symbol, marks)
a. To show the beginning of each area

b. To separate the elements within each area
b) To identify the particular elements by the punctuation that precedes them.
c) Punctuation precedes (or comes before) each area or element within an area.
Thus size is always preceded by semicolon (;) whatever is in the physical
description.
Operation of cataloguing
1. Choice and creation of heading of main entries, added entries of section of main as
well as added entries.
2. Reading of information in the section of entries
3. Determination of style of writing punctuation of marks, capital, small, space and
indention, etc.
4. Writing call number on all section
5. Filing of catalogue card manually
6. Preparation of guide entry
7. Maintaining, maintenance and update of entries in the catalogue.
65
Cataloguing:
Cataloguing is the preparing of the bibliography information for catalogue records/ cards.
Cataloguer's use of catalogue tools, which are agreed international rules and standards
cataloguing consist of
- Descriptive cataloguing
- Subject cataloguing (by assigning subject heading)
- Classification
- Call number
- Author's
- Title
- Edition
- Publication, publishers, place
- Description
- Subject - for subject cataloguing (above all elements are exception of subject, are
descriptive cataloguing.
Descriptive cataloguing:
Descriptive cataloguing describe an item, identity access point and format access point
assign the Anglo American cataloguing rules and appropriate name and authority files.
Subject Cataloguing:
Subject cataloguing according to subject heading for items which represent the
subjects of the work in words and or phrases using sears list of subject heading
(SLSH) or a similar authentic subject heading list.
Copy cataloguing: copy cataloguing means one library from other library each other
librarian import /export of their cataloguing system is called copy cataloguing. Now
library congress has permitted to other for some limited libraries
Cataloguing networks:
There are many cataloguing networks with in library sectors, regions.
OCLC online computer library centre inc. has over 80 million items catalogue and
libraries all over the world share its records.
The development of web must of the library software have the protocol of the z39.50.
These protocols allowed others libraries to download their records.
Integrated library software
Moodle , Dspace, Khoha, Etc.
Purpose of cataloguing rules
1. To provide consistency with in a single library.
2. To provide consistency between libraries.
3. To reduce tie involved in cataloguing.
4. To provide ease of use for library users using more than one library.
5. To ensure that purposes of the catalogue are achieved.
e.g. xi, 309 p. : ill ; 23 cm.
665 p. ; 21 cm.
66
AACR2 Part -1 Description Chapter 1-12(TEMPPSNS) International standard
bibliographic description (ISBD)
a. Heading
b. Body of the entry
c. Physical description
d. Series area
e. Note area ( brief / clear)
f. Standards number & terms of availability
g. Tracing
h. Call number
i. Accession number
j. Imprint collision
Descriptive cataloguing Rules
Anglo American cataloguing rules 2nd edition (AACR2)
1) International standard bibliographic description
2) There were no prescribed rules.
3) IFLA Developed code TEMPPSNS in 1970.
4) It was developed by IFLA to provide a standard way of describing items being
catalogued.
5) A general frame work ISBDS called ISBD (G) was agreed upon by IFLA is early
1970s published in 1977 and revised in 1992 and 2004.
6) The objectives of new format were 3 fold:
a. The record produced in one country or by the users of one language can be
early under stood in other countries by the users of others language.
b. Record in written or printed form can be converted in to machine readable
form with the minimum of edition
7) The description used in the Anglo American cataloguing rules 2nd ed.( AACR2) is
based on ISBD (G)
8) Specific types of materials are described using ISBD9G). They includes:
a. ISBD(M) Monographic Publications
b. ISBDC(CR) Serial and other cataloguing resources, 2002
c. ISBD(CM) Cartographic Materials 1987
d. ISBD(NBM) Non book Materials 1987
e. ISBD(A) Antiquarian 1991
f. ISBD(PM) (Printed Music) 1991
g. ISBD(CP)(Component Parts)1988
h. ISBD(ER)(Electronic Resources)1997
Areas of Description
The description is divided into the following eight areas
1) Title and statement of responsibility
2) Edition
67
3) Material (or type of publication) specific details
4) Publication, distribution, etc.
5) Physical description
6) Series
7) Note
8) Standard number and terms of availability
Rules for Elements and use punctuation marks
Each area of the description contains a number of elements. The rules in AACR2 Part 1
describe the elements of each area in detail.
Punctuation is used in the ISBD / Punctuation Marks
. full stop () Parenthesis

, comma ? Question Mark
: colon = equal sign
; semicolon + plus sign
- Hyphen -- dash
[ ] square brackets / diagonal slash
... marks of omission(only by 3 dots)
No accession number and tracing till ISBN is written.
Areas and Elements of Description - Monographs
Sl. N. Areas of Elements included in each area Description
1 T Title proper (Rule 1.1 B and 2.1 B)
Other title information (Rule 1.1E and 2.1E)
Statement of responsibility ( 1.1F and 2.1F)
2 E Edition statement (Rule 1.2B and 2.2B)
Statement of responsibility relating to the edition (1.2C and 2.2C)
3 M No need for monographs
4 P Place of publication (Rule 1.4C and 2.4C)
Publisher (Rule 1.4D and 2.4D)
Date of publication (Rule 1.4F and 2.4F)
5 P Pagination (Rule 1.5B and 2.5B)
Illustrations (Rule 1.5C and 2.5C)
Dimension (Rule 1.5D and 2.5D)
Accompanying material (1.5E and 2.5E)
6 S Series (Rule 1.6 and 2.6)
Series title (Rule 1.6B1 and 2.6)
Statement of responsibility relating to series (Rule 1.6E1 and 2.6)
ISSN of the series (Rule 1.6F1 and 2.6)
Series numbering (Rule 1.6G and 2.6)
7 N Notes (in the order given in AACR2) (Rule 1.7 and 2.7)
8 S ISBN (Rule 1.8 and 2.8)
Terms of availability (Rule 1.8D and 2.8C)
68
Levels of description
1) The rules allows for three levels of description, with different degrees of detail at
each level
2) The choice of level depends on the detail required by a particular library or
cataloging agency, based on ―the purpose of the catalog or catalogs for while the
entry is constructed‖ – AACR2 Rule 1.0D.
3) For each level, the description should include at least the elements given in
following illustrations:
―First level‖ of description includes the following elements:

• Title proper / first statement of responsibility, if different from main entry heading
in from or number or if there is no main entry heading . – Edition statement . -
Material (or type of publication) specific details . – First publisher,
• etc., date of publication, etc. – Extent of item.
• – Note(s). – Standard number
―Second level‖ of description contains more details:

• Title proper [general material designation] = Parallel title : other title information /
first statement of responsibility ; each subsequent statement of responsibility. -
Edition statement / first statement of responsibility. - Material (or type of
publication) specific details. – First place of publication etc. : first publisher, etc.,
date of publication, etc. – Extent of item : other physical details ; dimensions. –
(Title proper of series / statement of responsibility relating to series, ISSN of series
; numbering within the series. Title of subseries, ISSN of subseries ; numbering
within subseries). - Note(s). – Standard number
―Third level‖ of description includes all elements of the second level plus other
information that is important for the library user.
MARC Coding: Once decision are made by applying AACR2 rules, MARC coding
consists of identifying the tags, indicators and subfield code (called content designators),
and adding the bibliographic data, including the punctuation, to the record. MARC needs
the punctuation to be entered as part of the coding process.
It is easier to learn descriptive cataloguing by transcribing the description manually first,
then coding it. In the workplace however, cataloguers usually transcribe the directly into
MARC format, and increasingly often key is straight into a computer.
69
SPECIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
1. TITLE AND STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY AREA
Contents 1.1 Title proper
1.2 General material designation (optional)
1.3 Parallel title
1.4 Other title information
1.5 Statements of responsibility Punctuation
A. The general material designation is enclosed in square brackets, the first bracket being
pattern preceded and the second followed by a space ( [ ] ). B. Each parallel title or other
parallel statement is preceded by a space, equals sign, space ( = ).
C. Each unit of other title information is preceded by a space, colon, space ( : ), unless a
word or phrase is given in the publication to link a second or subsequent unit with the
preceding unit.
D. The first statement of responsibility following any title is preceded by a space,
diagonal slash, space ( / ).
E. Each subsequent statement of responsibility is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space
( ; ), unless the statements are considered to form a single phrase.
F. Titles of individual works by different authors contained in a publication are separated
by a point, space (. ), unless a linking word or phrase is given in the publication.
G. Titles of individual works by the same author contained in a publication are separated
by a space, semi-colon, space ( ; ).
H. In the case of titles made up of common and dependent titles, each dependent title
designation, if any, or each dependent title following the common title is preceded by a
point, space (. ).
I. Each dependent title following a dependent title designation is preceded by a comma,
space (, ).
Examples
Title proper [General material designation] = Parallel title = Parallel title / statement
of responsibility
Title proper [General material designation] : other title information : other title
information / statement of responsibility
Title proper [General material designation] : other title information = Parallel title :
parallel other title information / statement of responsibility
Title proper [General material designation] / statement of responsibility = Parallel title /
parallel statement of responsibility
Title proper [General material designation] / statement of responsibility ; second
statement of responsibility ; third statement of responsibility
Title [General material designation] / statement of responsibility. Title / statement of
responsibility
70
Title [General material designation] : other title information ; Title : other title
information / statement of responsibility
Title [General material designation] = Parallel title ; Title = Parallel title / statement of
responsibility
Common title. Dependent title designation, Dependent title [General material
designation]
Common title. Dependent title [General material designation]
2. EDITION AREA
Contents
2.1 Edition statement
2.2 Parallel edition statement (optional)
2.3 Statements of responsibility relating to the edition
2.4 Additional edition statement
2.5 Statements of responsibility following an additional edition statement
A. The edition area is preceded by a point, space, dash, space (. – ).

B. Each parallel edition statement is preceded by a space, equals sign, space ( = ).
C. The first statement of responsibility relating to the edition (or following an additional
edition statement) is preceded by a space, diagonal slash, space ( / ).
D. Each subsequent statement of responsibility relating to the edition (or following an
additional edition statement) is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space ( ; ).
E. An additional edition statement following either an edition statement or a statement of
responsibility relating to the edition is preceded by a comma, space (, ).
Examples
. – Edition statement
. – Edition statement = parallel edition statement
. – Edition statement / statement of responsibility
. – Edition statement / statement of responsibility ; second statement of responsibility ;
third statement of responsibility
. – Edition statement / statement of responsibility = parallel edition statement / parallel
statement of responsibility
. – Edition statement, additional edition statement
. – Edition statement / statement of responsibility, additional edition statement / statement
of responsibility
3. MATERIAL (OR TYPE OF PUBLICATION) SPECIFIC AREA
General note
No general use of this area is made for printed monographic publications. However, in
using ISBD(M) to describe publications that by their content fall within the scope of
other special ISBDs (e.g. an atlas), it is recommended that the provisions for this area of
the appropriate special ISBD be followed.
4. PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC., AREA
71
Introductory
The publication statement is that of the edition or issue being described. In describing a
facsimile or other photographic reprint, the place and name of the reprint publisher and
the date of the reprint are given in area 4. The publication statement of the edition
reproduced is given in area 7.
e.g. . – New York : Johnson Reprint Corp., 1971
Note: Facsimile reprint. Originally published: Boston : Houghton, Mifflin, 1881
Contents
4.1 Place of publication and/or distribution
4.2 Name of publisher and/or distributor
4.3 Statement of function of distributor
4.4 Date of publication and/or distribution
4.5 Place of printing or manufacture
4.6 Name of printer or manufacturer
4.7 Date of printing or manufacture Punctuation
A. The publication, distribution, etc. area is preceded by a point, space, dash, pattern
space (. – ).
B. A second or subsequent place is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space ( ; ).
C. Each name is preceded by a space, colon, space ( : ).
D. A supplied statement of function of a distributor is enclosed in square brackets ( [ ] ).
E. The date is preceded by a comma, space (, ).
F. The place of printing or manufacture, name of the printer or manufacturer and date of
printing or manufacture are enclosed in one pair of parentheses ( () ). Within the
parentheses the same punctuation is used as in B, C and E.
Examples .
– Place of publication : name of publisher, date
. – Place of publication : name of publisher ; place of publication : name of publisher,
date
. – Place of publication ; place of publication : name of publisher, date place of printing :
name of printer, date)
. – Place of publication : name of publisher, date ; place of distribution : name of
distributor [function], date
e.g. . – Paris : Imprimerie nationale
. – Dublin : Cuala Press
4.2.10 When no name can be given as that of the publisher or distributor, the abbreviation
"s.n." (sine nomine) or its equivalent in another script is supplied, enclosed in square
brackets.
e.g. . – Paris : [s.n.]
. – [S.l. : s.n.]
4.3 Statement of function of distributor
72
4.3.1 When the prescribed source of information includes as an integral part of the
publication statement an indication of the function performed by the distributor, the
statement is transcribed in full.
e.g. . – London : Boyars : distributed by Calder and Boyars
4.3.2 When the function performed by the distributor is not explicitly stated, a brief word
or phrase, indicating the nature of the activity, may be added, enclosed in square brackets.
e.g. . – Cincinnati : National Directory Service ; Oxford : Vacation Work [distributor]
5. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AREA
5.1 Specific material designation and extent
5.2 Illustration statement (optional)
5.3 Dimensions
5.4 Accompanying material statement (optional)
A. The physical description area is preceded by a point, space, dash, space (. – ).
B. The illustration statement is preceded by a space, colon, space ( : ).
C. The dimensions statement is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space ( ; ).
D. The accompanying material statement is preceded by a space, plus sign, space ( + ).
Examples
. – Specific material designation and extent : illustration statement ; dimensions
. – Specific material designation and extent : illustration statement ; dimensions +
accompanying material statement
6. SERIES AREA
Introductory
Area 6 is used only when all parts of the publication are published (or are intended note
to be published) in the same series or sub-series. In other cases the series or sub-series
statement(s) may be given in area 7.
When a publication belongs to more than one series and/or sub-series, the area is
repeated. The order of the statements is determined by the order of preference of the
sources for the area; in the case of these being of equal value, the order follows the
sequence of information found in the chosen source.
In the case of series and sub-series, it is necessary to consult ISBD(CR) for an
understanding of the elements pertaining to area 6 (e.g. selection of sources, transcription
of data). Especially important to note is the explanation of the terms "common title" and
"dependent title" in ISBD(CR) 0.3.3.1, that states that these terms, as used in stipulations,
cover a) all common/section titles and b) those main/sub-series titles in which the sub-
series title is dependent.
Contents
6.1 Title proper of series or sub-series
6.2 Parallel title of series or sub-series
6.3 Other title information of series or sub-series
6.4 Statements of responsibility relating to the series or sub-series
6.5 International Standard Serial Number of series or sub-series (optional)
73
6.6 Numbering within series or sub-series Punctuation
A. The series area is preceded by a point, space, dash, space (. – ). pattern
B. Each series statement is enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ).
C. A second and each subsequent series statement is preceded by a space.
D. Each parallel title is preceded by a space, equals sign, space ( = ).
E. Each statement of other title information is preceded by a space, colon, space ( : ).
F. The first statement of responsibility is preceded by a space, diagonal slash, space ( / ).
G. Each subsequent statement of responsibility is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space
( ; ), unless the statements are considered to form a single phrase.
H. The International Standard Serial Number is preceded by a comma, space (, ).
I. Numbering within a series or sub-series is preceded by a space, semi-colon, space ( ; ).
J. The section or sub-series designation or dependent title following a common title is
preceded by a point, space (. ).
K. The dependent title following a section or sub-series designation is preceded by a
comma, space (, ).
Examples
. – (First series) (Second series)
. – (Title proper of series = Parallel title of series)
. – (Title proper of series : other title information of series / statement of responsibility
relating to series ; numbering within series)
. – (Title proper of series, ISSN ; numbering within series) . – (Common title. Section or
sub-series designation, Dependent title)
. – (Common title. Dependent title = Parallel common title. Parallel dependent title)
7 NOTE AREA
Punctuation pattern: Each note is separated from the next one by a point, space, dash,
space (. – ). These are replaced by a point when each note is given on a separate line.
e.g. . – Translation of: La muerte de Artemio Cruz
. – Translation of: Tajna Ostrva Kirin
Originally published as: Five on Kirrin Island again
8 TRACING AREA
74
Unit-5
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES-PART I
Ranganathan has adopted a convenient regarding the use of terms like law, canons, and
principles. These are all normative principles which are used in a particular context as
given below.
Law: In the context major discipline such as library science.
Canons: In the contest of division of the first order of the major discipline such as book
classification, Classification, cataloguing.
Principles: In the context of division of the second or later order of the major discipline,
such as facet sequence in classification and alphabetization in cataloguing.
Canon refers to being rules. In the context of cataloguing normative principles are those
rules which given the preparation of cataloguing codes and various types of entries,
choice of heading, description of other relation to cataloguing of documents.
Canon means a general principles or standard by which judgment may be formal.
Ranganathan has used term in context of division of the first order of the major
discipleine sch as cataloguing, classification, book classification.
1. Historical Development of Normative Principles
Classified Catalogue Code came out in 1938, All the normative principles of cataloguing
were not developed in one stretch; they were developed in different stages as detailed
below:
2.1 Formulation 1(stage-1)
Normative principles of cataloguing first time were included in Theory of Library
Catalogue published in 1938 with six canon published in first stage. There were
following six canons:
1. Canon of Consistency 4. Canon of Permanence
2. Canon of Relevance 5. Canon of Currency; and
3. Canon of Ascertainability 6. Canon of Prepotence
In addition to these canons, the general Law of Parsimony was also mentioned as guiding
principle.
2.2 Formulation 2(stage-2)
The second stage, Ranganathan‟s Heading and Canon published in 1955 with addition
two canons was extended to eight by the addition of the following two:
7. Canon of Context 8. Canon of Purity
The Canon of Relevance of the Theory (1938) was renamed as Canon of Sought
Heading.
2.3 Formulation 3 ( Stage-3)
In the third stage / Catalogue Code, Ed 5 published in 1964. It has omitted the Canon of
Purity and added the Canon of Individualization. This edition also mentions the following
General Laws applicable to cataloguing:
1. Laws of Interpretation 3. Law of Symmetry
2. Law of Impartiality 4. Law of Parsimony
75
5. Principle of Local Variation and 6. Principle of Osmosis
2.4 Formulation 4
In the fourth stage latest formulation of Canon published in December, 1969 issue of
Library Science. In this time, following canon and principles were added:
1. Canon of Recall Value
2. Principle of Unity of Idea
3. Principle of Probability
So at present there are in all 9 Canons, 5 laws of Library Science, 4 Basic Laws and 4
Principles. Those are given below.
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES

 Normative principles have been recognized for a long time and have proved to be
highly useful.
 These have provided a scientific basis to the field of cataloguing.
Purpose of Normative Principles
1. Provide guidelines to the designer of catalogue code
2. Critical study of a given code can be carried out with the help of these principles
3. Comparing rules of different codes
4. If problem arises, interpretation of rules can be done
5. Guidance to a cataloguer can be provided through these principles
Ranganathan has adopted the use of terms like laws, canons, and principles. These are all
normative principles. Which are used in a particular context as given below?
Law: in the context of major discipline, such as Library Science.
Canon: in the context of divisions of the first order of the major discipline, such as Book
Selection, Classification, cataloguing etc.
Principles: in the context of division of the second or third/later order of the major
discipline. Such as Facet sequence in Classification and Alphabetization in Cataloguing.
 Canon refers to being a rules or a body of rules. In context of cataloguing
normative principles are those rules which given the preparation of cataloguing
codes and various types of entries, choice of heading , description of others relation
to cataloguing of documents. Canons mean a general principles or standard by
which judgment may be formal.
 Ranganathan has used term in context of division of the first order of the major
discipline such as cataloguing, classification, Book classification.
 Five laws of library science are fundamental laws. In case a canon can‘t give a
solution (or there is a conflict between canons) then an appeal to the laws of library
science helps in solution.
Canons of cataloguing,
According to Ranganathan
1. Canon of Ascertainability 3. Canon of Individualisation
2. Canon of Prepotence 4. Canon of Sought -Heading
76
5. Canon of Context 8. Canon of Consistence
6. Canon of Permanence 9. Canon of Recall Value
7. Canon of Currency
Details
1. Canon of Ascertainability:
For rendering of ME, Cross ref. entry, Book Index Entry (BIE) , ascertain the
information from the title page and its over flow pages.
 Immediately succeeding or preceding the title page
 Better satisfied if an international standard for the title page.
Rule:2.0B1, 2.0B2; 21.0B,21.6B1, 21.6C1, 22.1A, 22.2A, 24.1-AACR2…….
2. Canon of Prepotence:
Concentration of potency (power or strength) in the leading section. The minimum
possible potency should be allowed to overflow beyond it to later sections.
 TEMPPSNS
3. Canon of Individualization:
The name of an entity used as a heading of catalogue entry should be individualized with
the help of individualizing elements.
 Name of entity- person, geographical names, corporate body, series document,
subject etc.
 Headings for persons-22.12-22.18
 heading for corporate body-24.4A4-24.4C10
 Government as headings-24.6A-24.6D
 Conference, Congress, Meetings as headings-24.7B1-24.7B4
 Exhibitions, fairs,….-24.8A and 24.8B
4. Canon of Sought-Heading:
It is likely to look under that heading. Basically for added entries and Class Index Entries
(CIE). This canon requires flair (natural aptitude) based on experience of reference
service and book selection. Law of parsimony feels satisfied due to proper application of
this canon
5. Canon of Context:
Catalogue code should be formulated in the context of prevalent nature of cataloguing
features of the book in relation to the
 Mode of book (information) production-*form
 Quality of library services*close access or open access; special library or other;
types of users
 Existence of published bibliographies
 The nature of books, readers and library services keep changing. Thus the canon
demands that cataloguing practices also be changed to keep step with changes.
And rules of cataloguing code should also be revised
6. Canon of Permanence :
No elements on the entry should be changed unless there are changed in other rules.
7. Canon of currency :
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Current usage terms to be used in CIE in Classified Catalogue and Subject Entry in
Dictionary Catalogue. It is essential that terms in current usage should be used because
users likely to be more familiar with current terms.
Geographic name; corporate body and person name etc.
 Bombay-Mumbai; Madras- Chennai;
 Nepal—!!!!!!!
8. Canon of Consistence:
Added entries should be consistent with Main Entry;
 And the entries of all documents should be consistent with other in certain
essentials such as choice, rendering and style of writing of heading and other
sections.
9. Canon of Recall Value:
The entry element to be chosen should be the one having highest probability of being
called back to memory by a majority of the readers.
This canon prescribes that ―in a multiword name of a
(a) Person,
(b) Government,
(c) Near sovereign body
(d) Quasi Government
(e) Institution
(f) Conference
(g) Organ of Government, Institutions and Conference;
Example:
KP Oli; Prachanda; Ranganathan; Makune; Balkhu(Panika, Balkhu) akhtiyaar;
University ; central library; etc.
Fundamentals Laws of Library Science:
In case of conflict between the canons, as appeal is made to the five laws of library
science to resolve the conflict. So the 5 laws serve as a higher court.
Basic Laws
1. Laws of Interpretation: Laws of interpretation are applicable –
 To solve the conflict between different rules
 To solve the problem arises from a new kind of cataloguing
 To solve the conflict between the law of parsimony
2. Law of impartiality: between two or more claimants should be made on sufficient
ground.
 Joint authorship, multiple series
 In case of joint authorship, the author of a document should have an equal right for
being chosen as a heading
 Same as series
3. Law of Parsimony: economical
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 The one leading to overall economy of manpower, material, money and time
considered together with proper weightage is to be preferred.
Heading for CIE leads to economy in CCC
Three levels of description have been provided in AACR2.
4. Law of Symmetry: two entities or situation should be given equal weight.
Two authors….
Canon's Principles
1. Principle of Local Variation: Importance of local colour corresponding to the four
stages should be recognized
 International
 National
 Linguistic
 Local codes
 International catalogue should deal with the style of writing or printing only in
general terms
 National catalogue code or Linguistic code deal with the actual method of
implementing these prescription
 Only national code prescribed the rendering the name of person belonging that
country
 Linguistic code prescribed the arrangement of word
 The number of entries to be prepared and amount of information to be given
depend on the local code.
2. Principle of Osmosis: change the cataloguing code and the classification scheme
becomes essential-then from a particular date, the following work should be carried out.
A- Catalogue and classify all newly accessioned material according to new code and
new scheme.
 Re-catalogue and re-classify that old collection which is much use
 Re-catalogue and re-classify of returned books from patron.
B- Maintain old catalogue and new catalogue sequentially
C- Provide reference service to the users about two catalogue.
A catalogue code should deal with the following elements:
1. Definition of cataloguing terms;
2. Interpretation of cataloguing terms in deferent contexts;
3. Choice of information for a section of an entry;
4. Rendering of it; and
5. Style to record it.
This principle prescribes that no rule in a catalogue code should deal with more than one
of the elements mentioned above, in respect of any problem.
Principle of Unity of Idea is a basic principle which should guide the work of formulation
of rules in a code. Rules of catalogue code should guide in determining authorship,
rendering and recording (place of writing and style of writing) based on unity of idea.
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4. Principles of Probability
The principle was introduced by Ranganathan in 1969. This principle prescribes that
''making the word belonging to the more numerous group of entry, increases the
probability for satisfying the Canon of Prepotenc''. Thus this principle indicates that a
word belonging to the more numerous group if used as entry element has a greater
probability for satisfying the Canon of Prepotence.
Describe the Relation between Canon of Recall Value and other canons
1. Canon of Ascertainability
Recall value should only be searched in the term used on the title page or overflow pages.
So canon of ascertainability will request the publishing world to give the entry word or
name of personal or corporate author in deeper impression, as they are the best judge of
the term having highest recall value. For example in Association of Special Libraries and
Information Centers, neither Special Libraries nor Information Centers are the terms of
highest recall value. It is the term libraries having the highest recall value.
2. Canon of Prepotence
According to Canon of Recall value, the entry element which has the highest potency will
be entered in the heading. For example in Association of Public Libraries, According to
Canon of Prepotene it will be rendered as – PUBLIC LIBRARIES (Association of -)
while according to Recall value as LIBRARY (Association of Public -ies). Difference:
Canon of prepotence is primarily concerned with the arrangement of entries among the
various entries. Recall value is concerned with the finding out of the entry element, to be
used in a Heading with the highest recall value. Prepotence is satisfied in CCC by using
call number in the leading section while Recall deals mainly with the alphabetical part of
the catalogue.
3. Canon of Individualization
Individualization is to resolve homonym. Its sway is over the heading section of the
entries may it be person, geographic entity, corporate bodies, series, document, subject or
a language while Recall has its sway over the names of persons and corporate bodies
having multi worded names. Individualization does not make any distinction on the basis
of the number of words of an entry while Recall is only applicable if it is a multi-worded
entry. The duty of Recall is over with the selection of the term having highest recall
value.
4. Canon of Context
According to Canon of Context, with the change in the mode of book production, the
nature of the organization of libraries and the quality of library service, the rules should
be amended from time to time. The Canon of Recall value has emerged due to this
change in the practice. Due to multiplicity of learned bodies and readers capacity to
remember it, this canon was produced.
5. Canon of Sought Heading
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Canon of Sought Heading, Canon of Prepotence and Canon of Recall Value seem to be
the members of the same family having close relationship.
It is the duty of Canon of Sought Heading to see that all the sought approaches of the
readers are served by the catalogue and there should not be any entry which is not likely
to be referred by the readers and the staff.
Approach of the readers towards the catalogue is the backbone of both the canons and
both are the instruments in the hands of the catalogue for making the journey of the
readers through the library catalogue speedy, smooth and pleasant one. Answers to the
demands of both the canons are basically the matter of flair, common sense and the
intelligence of the cataloguer.
General /Basic Laws of Cataloguing
General laws are those laws which are applicable to the library science as a whole as well
as all the branches of library science including cataloguing. There are following general
laws:
1. Laws of Interpretation 3. Law of Symmetry
2. Law of Impartiality 4. Law of Parsimony
1. Laws of Interpretation
CCC defines Laws of Interpretation as „the well-known principles of interpretation, such
as the 1,008 principles of interpretation listed in the Nyaya-kosa‟.
Implications
A catalogue code is a like a legal document. Therefore, it should be interpreted like a
legal text. This law prescribes that in the situation of conflict between two canons or rules
it should be resolved with the help of this canon. This also prescribes that if a document
cannot be catalogued under any existing rule, the solution may be sought after the fresh
interpretation of rules or necessary amendment should be made in the code.
2. Law of Impartiality
This law prescribes „that between two or more claimants-say, for use as heading – the
preference of any one should be made only on sufficient grounds, and not arbitrarily‟.
Implications
For books written by two joint authors both the authors have an equal right for being
chosen as a heading. For a book having alternative title, alternative title entry is prepared.
In the same manner in case of multiple series, this law directs that all series should get
equal right for being given as a series.
3. Law of Symmetry
This law prescribes „that if two entities or situations which admit of being regarded as
symmetrical counterparts of each other, if one of the entities or the situations is given
weight in any particular context, the other entity or situation should also be given a
corresponding weight‟.
Implications
For books of two joint authors both the names are used in heading section. As a result of
this law two book index entries are to be prepared. In first book index entry first author
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will come first and second author will precede it. In second book index entry their names
will be reversed.
4. Law of Parsimony
This Law prescribes „that between two or more possible alternative rules bearing on a
particular phenomenon, the one, leading to overall economy of man-power, material,
money and time considered together with proper weightage, is to be preferred‟.
Implications
This law demands economy and saving in the library practices. It functions just like a
finance secretary. The Law of Parsimony struggles with the other laws of library science
and canons. This law stresses that in open access library, as readers are free to refer the
books personally, there is no need of giving information about the physical details and
imprint in the catalogue entry. It also suggests of making difference between main entry
and added entries in case of typewritten or handwritten and printed cards and there will
be no difference in case of unit card system in which catalogue cards are either printed or
duplicated by some mechanized method.
Cross Reference Index Entries are the creation of compromise between Law of
Parsimony and Canon of Sought Heading. Canon of Sought Heading demands to satisfy
Editor of Series approach by preparing book index entry, while it is objected by Law of
Parsimony. As a compromise situation, in place of many book index entries, one cross
reference index entry is prepared.
Sobering of chain procedure was also possible due to Law Parsimony. Before the
introduction of this Law, all the entries of chain procedure were treated as sought links,
which was against the Law of Parsimony. After its introduction, only relevant headings
are used in preparing class index entries.
Canon Principles of Cataloguing
CCC has recognized following
1. Principle of Local Variation
No code can function successfully on the international level without any provision of
local consideration as now days there are much diversity in the publications of various
languages.
There should be clear instructions in International catalogue code that what factor will be
tackled by a national catalogue code. In the same way national catalogue code should
mention the preview of local catalogue code or linguistic catalogue code, viz in English
there are capital, small and italics but in Hindi and other languages this is not the facility.
Hence catalogue code should deal with style-viz dominance, subordination and the like.
And the actual method of implementing these prescription will have to be stated only in
national code.
1. Rules regarding transliteration
2. Rendering of personal name problems
3. Single worded surnames Saxena, Jain, Dasgupta
4. Catalogue of fleeting materials-Bank nationalization, Simla pact
5. To keep it in a classified order is sufficient
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6. Selective cataloguing – some book require only shelf listing, but for incunabula
detailed cataloguing is necessary.
2. Principle of Osmosis
Principle of Osmosis means when a change in a catalogue code or in the scheme of
classification becomes necessary in deference to the Canon or Context … that should be
adopted and implemented: There are 2 ways:
1. To re-classify or re-catalogue the entire collection immediately with additional staff. If
this is done, it will cost enormously. The law of parsimony will not allow. Book fund will
be shortened, Reference service will to be cut out etc.
2. Second way is to close the eyes to the change in catalogue code or classification
scheme. Then laws of library science and canon of context will cry.
And the compromise in both the situations is the Principle of Osmosis:
1. All the new accessions to be classified and catalogued according to new systems.
2. Out of old collection, which are in much use, be reclassified and recatalogued, with
additional temporary staff during first few months.
3. They should be kept separately and kept with new collection. Their cards also to be
kept with new collection cards.
4. The rest of the collection be known as old collection. Similarly their cards be kept
separately.
5. Readers attention to be invited towards new collection and old.
6. When any book is taken out from old collection, after return it should be reclassified
and recatalogued and kept with new collection.
A catalogue code should deal with the following elements:
1. Definition of cataloguing terms;
2. Interpretation of cataloguing terms in deferent contexts;
3. Choice of information for a section of an entry;
4. Rendering of it; and
5. Style to record it.
This principle prescribes that no rule in a catalogue code should deal with more than one
of the elements mentioned above, in respect of any problem.
Principle of Unity of Idea is a basic principle which should guide the work of formulation
of rules in a code. Rules of catalogue code should guide in determining authorship,
rendering and recording (place of writing and style of writing) based on unity of idea.
4. Principle of Probability
The principle was introduced by Ranganathan in 1969. This principle prescribes that
"making the word belonging to the more numerous group of entry, increases the
probability for satisfying the Canon of Prepotence". Thus this principle indicates that a
word belonging to the more numerous group if used as entry element has a greater
probability for satisfying the Canon of Prepotence.
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Unit-6
Symbiosis relation between cataloguing and classification.

Classification helps to arrange documents on the shelf in a logical order bringing together
documents on like subjects and separate those on different subjects. Library catalogue
interprets the collection of the library and helps the user to select and locate the desired
document. These are two interrelated processes which help the readers in laying hands on
their requisite information. Classification and cataloguing satisfy the laws of library
science and work for their mutual help. Where classification fails to satisfy the need of
the users, catalogue, comes to the rescue by preparing the suitable entries and vice versa.
This mutual relation between classification and cataloguing is termed as symbiosis. This
mutual cooperation is necessary for providing effective and expeditious services to the
clientele.
Now let us discuss the possible areas where the classifier comes to the aid of cataloguer:
i) Use of classification scheme automatically brings a systematic and logical order of
the documents on shelf as well as the entries in the classified part of a catalogue. All the
books on a subject and its subdivisions are arranged in close vicinity due to classification.
ii) According to the Canon of Pre-potency, the call number is an individualizing
number, a part of the leading section of the main entry. As such the place of main entry
among various entries is totally concentrated in the leading section.
iii) The class number assigned by the classifier helps the cataloguer in assigning
subject headings to a document.
iv) The class index entries are derived from the class number.
Similarly, the cataloguer helps the classifier, as mentioned below:
i) Some books deal with more than one subject or are interdisciplinary in nature but
are classified in one place only. To bring to the notice of the readers, the cataloguer
prepares more than one subject entry providing access from different subjects dealt with
therein.
ii) In case of books bound together/ printed together in one cover, another main entry
is to be prepared for the second book as the book will have one place only on the shelf as
per the classification number assigned. Hence by preparing cross reference entries the
location of second part of the book can be shown to the users. So also for seminar and
conference proceeding and edited books etc., analytical entries are prepared under the
specific articles/papers contained in the above documents.
iii) The books acquired by the library may not be available all time on the shelves as
these might have been issued or misplaced making the reader to think that these books
are not available in the library. A library catalogue will inform the reader about the
availability of such books in the library. Hence, both classification and cataloguing act as
complementary and supplementary to each other for effective organization of collection
and providing best services to the users.
OR
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Symbiotic Relation between Cataloguing & Classification
• Cataloguing and classification are two interrelated processes that are performed in
a library.
• The basic purpose of these two operations is to aid users in locating and selecting
appropriate reading materials required for study, research or any purpose.
• These two process are complementary and supplementary to each other
Classification Cataloguing
Classification is arranges of doc. in a document It is complementary to
in a subject wise hierarchical relation classification
Artificial language -Notation The leading section of ME in call
number.
Classification is used for providing a logical Catalogue serves the purpose of
subject approach to the physical organization of a retrieval tool and also projects
doc. on the shelves of a library the contents possessed by a
library.
First, we select the appropriate terms forming In subject cataloguing, we
subject concepts from the documents concerned endeavor to provide suitable
and subsequently we translate them into an terms as access points to a
artificial language of ordinal numbers specific subject contained in the
(notation) depending upon the scheme of documents
classification
Subject is determined by a classifier The same is translated into
natural language by cataloguer
Systematic arrangement logical Alphabetical arrangement
One doc. in one place Informs readers about missing
doc. ; information by author,
title, series…
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Unit-7
Filing of Entries
FILING OF ENTRIES – CLASSIFIED AND ALPHABETICAL
1. Introduction
Catalogue entries are filed by their access or approach points. The access points are
either alphabetical words or notational symbols (Class Numbers or Call Numbers). That
is to say, there will be Alphabetical Entries and Classified Entries. Sometimes, there
may be some other characters and symbols also as part of, or substitute for, the name of
a person or the title of a work.
It may appear that the alphabetical entries and classified entries consisting of numerals
and letters of alphabets can he filed easily because of our familiatity with numerals and
alphabets. But in actual practice we face many some guiding principles are worked out.
The American Library Association (ALA); The Library of Congress (LC); and a: few
other bodies have,, worked- out filing rules, The rules are prescribed in catalogue codes
in some cases, Ranganathan also in his Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) has taken care
of the filing rules.
1.2 FILING
"A place for everything and everything in its place" is an old saying. We are aware of the
implications of this saying in our daily life. If everything in our house or office is not in
its place, then it creates utter chaos and confusion. Similarly, there must be a proper place
for the things we have. If we dump them together for one reason or the other, then every
time we need particular- item we will have the ordeal of searching them among all the
other things. Hence the need to put things in proper places arises.
1.2.1 Meaning and Purpose
We use the worst filing in our day-to-day life when we arrange related things in an order
- for example, filing of papers on a topic, Webster's Dictionary defines filing as: "to
arrange in order for preservation or reference", Hunter and Bakewell in their work on
cataloguing define a file as "a collection of related and usually similarly constructed
records treated as a unit, e.g., the catalogue of a library."
Filing helps to find a place for everything and also helps in bringing order among things.
Thus, filing serves both the purposes of preservation and ready use of things preserved
through a logical approach. It saves time in using a collection and also brings together
closely related things when filing is done scientifically.
1.2.2 Need for Filing of Catalogue Entries
In Unit I of this course you have noted that the word catalogue has been derived from a
Greek phrase Katy Logos. "Kate means "by" or "according to" and "Logos" has different
86
meanings like "word" or "order" or "reason". Thus, this definition of a catalogue implies
arranging entries according to some definite plan. Therefore, filing of entries assumes
significance in a catalogue.
Earlier in Unit 3 of this course you learnt about various physical forms of catalogues.
Whatever be the physical or inner form, the entries are to be arranged in a catalogue
according to some plan, That is to say, filing of entries on the basis of certain principles,
is a must.
A good system of filing of entries in a catalogue will
1) Save the time of filing of the people who use it;

2) Bring together related entries at one place,
3) Expose the items about which the user may not know till the time of the search; and
4) Facilitate manipulation and handling of the catalogue with ease, once the logic behind
the arrangement is known.
Further, an entry misfiled is en entry lost. The user may miss the entry and thereby the
details of the document for which the entry is misfiled. The user may think that the
particular document is not available in the library.
1.2 3 Nature of Entries to be Filed
We have noted that catalogue entries are either word entries or notational entries. In a
dictionary catalogue they are word entries. In a classified catalogue they are both word
entries and entries under Class Number or Call Number notation.
Ranganathan‘s Classified Catalogue consists of two parts-alphabetical and classified. The
alphabetical part is the word entry part and the classified part is the notation
entry part.
Even in the alphabetical part of a classified catalogue or in a dictionary catalogue,
sometimes, we come across numbers or symbols as entry element, For example, the name
of the author may be given in symbols like.
7 0 7
etc., or the title of the work may not be in words but may be in numerals or symbols
Eg. 100 Most Important People
Y2K Problem
Further, the shelf-list of a library is generally filed in the sequence in which the books are
arranged on the shelves according to their call number Therefore, it is also in classified
order, Filing of catalogue entries would therefore mean filing entries in a
1) Shelf list;
2) Classified Catalogue; and
3) Dictionary Catalogue.
Filing of word entries is known as ‗Alphabetization‘ and filing of numerical and/or
symbol entries is known as classified arrangement.
87
1.2.4 History of Filing Systems
The history of filing systems can be traced back to the history of libraries because
basically man prefers order and early librarians, therefore, would have thought of orderly
arrangement,
Orderly arrangement of a library collection, however, laid the foundations for the
schemes of library classification.
Filing systems for catalogue entries evolved over a period of time, such entries were
prepared for a large library collection. When the number of documents is limited, filing
of entries is not much of a problem. Only when the number of documents increases, the
need for a good and effective filing system becomes necessary.
Some of the catalogue codes like Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue and the
'Vatican Code' have included filing rules also in their cataloguing rules. Let us briefly
learn about a few filing systems that have evolved over time.
i) Berghoeffer System
Towards the end of the 19th century Christian W. Berghoeffer introduced an interesting
filing system for the Frankfurter Sammelkatalog. This system suggests the division of the
catalogue into three sections as-a personal section, a geographical section, and a title
section. In the personal section, only the surnames of the authors are taken into
consideration ignoring forenames and initials. Titles are arranged in alphabetical
sequence under each surname. This system is very useful for union catalogues.
ii) ALA Filing Rules
The American Library Association published in 1942 the A.L.A. Rules for Filing
Catalogue Cards. This code for filing entries "is based on a comparative study of filing
rules which have appeared in printed codes and in manuals of library science, and also of
the practices in a number of large and medium-sized public and university libraries". The
revised version of the code appeared as a new set of rules under the title ALA Filing
Rules in 1968. These Rules appeared in two formats-a full text, and an abridged
paperback edition.
The 1968 rule is related to the provision of AACR-2. The Committees responsible for
AACR-2 and for 1968 rule on Filing Rules worked in co-operation. The structured
uniform titles recommended by AACR-2 are an effort towards a better scheme of filing
the entries in some cases.
iii) Library of Congress Filing Rules
For the Library of Congress the rules that were in practice, namely; Filing Rules Pr the
Dictionary Catalogues in the Library of Congress (1956) and the subsequent provisional
Filing Arrangement in the Library of Congress Catalogs by John C Rather (1971) were
replaced by the Library,-of Congress Filing Rules published in 1980. These rules are
more elaborate than the ALA Filing Rules. Emphasis in these rules is on the practical
adaptability of the rules for computer processing of the entries:
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iv) Computer Filing
Computers can relieve the burden of laborious filing of entries. They can do the job
quickly and automatically. Computers are now being used in library operations and in
bibliographic control. But there are certain drawbacks in computer filing also because
they cannot think like human beings. Suppose you give the instruction to a computer
saying ignore the initial articles like "A" "An" The "while filing. Then for a title like
ABC of Atomic Physics the computer will file the title as BC of Atomic Physics, which
is rather unhelpful filing. However, with proper programming instructions
some of the problems can he solved. The first code to deal specifically with computer
filing was published in 1966 by Theodore C. Hines and Jessica L. Harris under the title
Computer Filing of Index Bibliographic and Catalogue Records.
v) BLAISE Filing Rules
Automated information service provided by the British Library is known under acronym
BLAISE (British Library Automated Information Service). "The BLAISE filing rules had
their origins in the report of a Working Party on Computer Filing set up by the Library
Association Cataloguing and Indexing Group". These rules for computer filing were
prepared on the basis of the principles developed by the International Organisation for
Standardization (ISO).
Vi) Ranganathan's Principles

Earlier you were told that in Ranganathan's Classified Catalogue there are two parts
classified part and alphabetical part. In the Classified part we come across Class Numbers
and Call Numbers as entries to be filed. A class number or call number includes
numerals, letters, punctuation marks and symbols or characters like etc. Ranganathan
uses the word `digits' for these characters used by him as notation. In
his Colon Classification he has assigned values for these digits which will guide us in
filing entries in classified part. Further his Classified Catalogue Code Ed. 5 Chapter EG
and EH deal with the filing of entries in Classified Part and in Alphabetical Part
respectively. We will discuss them at the appropriate places in the coming sections of this
Unit.
1.3 CLASSIFIED ENTRIES
In this section, you will learn about classified filing a) only when letters of an alphabet
are used for entries; b) when numerals, letters of an alphabet and other symbols are used
in entries all together. We shall also learn the rules provided by Ranganathan in CCC.
Filing entries in a shelf list is also discussed in this section.
1.3.1 Filing Classified Entries
By classified entries, we mean entries which hear notation; that is, Class Number and
Call Number entries. A Subject Catalogue and an Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue also are
known as Classified Catalogues. Ranganathan considers a Classified Catalogue as a
"Catalogue in which some entries are number entries and some are word entries".
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Filing of number entries will be easy when a simple scheme of Classification like Dewey
Decimal Classification is used. The numerals and their sequential value is quite familiar
to us. So the arrangement is simple.
For example when numbers like 030; 360; 130; 505; 330; 720; etc., are to be arranged we
an-arrange them in the sequence
030
130
330
360
505
720
Similarly, when Class Numbers are based on pure notation using letter of alphabets like
ABCD we can conveniently arrange them in a sequential order
AAC
AAH
AAL
ABC
ABG
ABK
ACD
ACM and so on
When both - alphabet letters and numerals are used in a mixed notation their arrangement
needs some guidance as to whether letters should be taken first or numerals. If both
capital letters and small letters are used and in addition both Arabic numerals and Roman
numerals are also mixed up, then again some guiding principles of preference and
sequence are needed.
Filing becomes much more complicated when characters and symbols like - " " &; etc.,
appear as indication digits. These and some other issues we shall consider in the
succeeding sections of this Unit.
1.3.2 Entries in Classified Part of Ranganathan's Classified Catalogue at per CCC
As stated earlier Ranganathan provided the rules to be followed while arranging entries in
the classified part of the Classified Catalogue in Chapter EG of his CCC. Some of these
rules are quoted below.
EG 1 "The entries in the Classified Part are to be arranged by the Class Numbers in their
-respective Leading Sections".
EU 21 "Among the entries with the same Class Number in their respective Leading
Sections, those with one or more Book Numbers are to have precedence over those
without them".
EU 22 "Entries with Book Numbers in their respective Leading Sections are to be
arranged among themselves by the Book Numbers",
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EU 24 "Entries with the same Class Numbers as well as Book Numbers in their
respective Leading Sections will be a sequence of "Continued" entries and they are to be
arranged among themselves its numerical sequence":
EC 11 "Etudes with the same Class Numbers and without Book Numbers in their
respective Leading Sections are to he arranged by the Book Numbers, if any, in their
respective Third Sections".
EU 32 "Such of the entries coming under rule 11 of this Chapter as have the same Book
Numbers in their respective Third Sections, are to be arranged among themselves by the
Class Numbers occurring in their respective Third Sections",
These statements in the above rules are quite cleat According to CCC, we arrange entries
according to the Class Numbers in the Leading Sections, if two entries are similar but one
entry is with a Book Number and the other does not have any Book Number the entry
with Book Number is to be filed first. Among the entries with
Book Numbers the arrangement will be according to Book Numbers, For entries with
same Class Number hi the Leading Sections and without any Book Numbers we will
have to arrange them according to the Book Numbers in the Third Swains, if there are
such Book Number in the Third Sections, If all Numbers are common then the entries
should be filed in numerical sequence.
1.3.3 Class Number Arrangement
Unlike the Cities Numbers of Dewey Decimal Classification the Colon Class Numbers
have not only Arabic Numerals but also capital letters of the Roman alphabet and also
punctuation marks and other symbols. So, arrangement of entries according to class
numbers in the classified part will be difficult unless the order of precedence is given for
the various digits. Ranganathan suggested the order of precedence for these digits.
The Seventh Edition (1987) of Colon Classification provides the following ascending
value of digits.
* <- ― & ‗ . : ; , - = ab …Z 12 …9A …Z
The following Class Number arrangement illustrates the precedence of Numbers:
B*Z
B <- C
B "a
B
B&C
B ‗N65
B.44
B: 36
B; 4
B, 5
B-9N B=9R
1.3.4 Shelf List Filing
91
Shelf list reflects the arrangement of documents in the library. That is to say, the
classificatory arrangement of the documents in a library can be seen through the entries in
its shelf list. Entries in a Shelf list are, therefore, Class Number and Call Number entries.
Some examples of filing shelf list entries when Dewy Decimal Classification (DDC)
scheme is used, are given below:
Example 1: DDC Class Number Order

001 Knowledge
001,424 Operations research
001.43 Research
001.5 Information and Communication
001.51 Communication Theory
001.534 Perception theory.
001.575 Artificial Intelligence
017 Subject Catalogues
018 Author Catalogues
027 Central Libraries
Example 2: DDC Call Numbers with three figure Cutter Numbers

530 W582 A work on physics by the author White, Harvey E.
530 W586 A similar work by the author White, Marsh W.
530 W739 A similar work by the author Willowa, S.
530 W748 A similar work by the author Wilson,
When two or more books in the library get the same Class Number, we individualise
them so that no two books have the same number. For this purpose Cutter Numbers are
used. These numbers, known as Book Numbers, are constructed through the use of either
Cutter two or three figure alphanumeric tables or the Cutter Sunburn tables. These tables
provide alphanumeric numbers for the letter sequence of the English alphabet. On the
basis of the surname of the author of the book the relevant number is constructed.
If there are several works by the same author on the same subject we may add the work
consisting of "lower case letter representing the first significant word (of the title of the
work. Arrangement of the Call Numbers will then be according to the work mark letter
sequence.
Example 3:
181.4 R12c Contemporary Indian Philosophy by Radhakrishnan, S
181.4 R12i Indian Philosophy by the same author.
181.4 Rl2m My search for truth by the same author.
181.4 R12s Source books in Indian Philosophy by the same author.
In some small libraries instead of lasing Cutter tables one to three or four letters of the
main entry word are taken to individualise a book. The example given below illustrates
the filing arrangement in such cases.
92
Example 4:
352 MIS A book on municipal government by an author surname Mishra.
352 MUN A similar hook on municipal government by an author surnamed Munro.
353 NAI A similar hook on municipal government by an author surnamed Nair.
1.4 APLPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT
Rules for alphabetical arrangement give a number of clear-cut directions forming a set of
guidelines. These relate to:
a) Letter by letter arrangement
b) Word by word arrangement
c) Initial articles at the beginning of headings
d) Filing of initials and acronyms
e) Problems of alphabetical filing
Some of the more important ALA Rules of filing are given in this section.
1.4.1 Familiar Filing Problems
We are familiar with the English alphabet and the sequence of its letters. Naturally, we
feel that there can be no difficulty in filing word entries in a catalogue. In fact, the ALA
Rules for Filing Catalogue Cards mentions a Basic Principle as follows:
"Filing should be straight forward, item by item through the entry, not disregarding or
transposing any of the elements, nor mentally inserting designations".
So, we may feel that alphabetical arrangement is quite simple. But as we try to file the
entries for authors, titles, and alphabetical subjects we face some difficulties. The very
first problem we encounter is to decide whether to file `letter by letter' or `word by word'.
Letter by Letter Arrangement

This type of filing is also known as "all through alphabetization': or "solid system" where
the letters are taken in their sequence irrespective of their word division. For example
New York and Newark are arranged in the order.
New York
New York
Since the first three letters are common and the fourth letter à' comes first and `Y' later.
Word by Word Arrangement

This form of filing is also called "Nothing before something" method. Each word is taken
as' a unit in this form of filing. Between word and word there is `nothing'. That is to say
the space that we leave between word and word we treat as nothing. So "something"
should follow only after "nothing" is filed.
93
For the two terms we considered earlier, namely, New York and Newark the filing under
this system would be
New York
Newark
The first three letters are common for both. Then by the principle of `nothing before
something' the tern New York with `nothing' immediately after the three letters has to
come first.
Observe how the following terms get filed under the two systems:
Man the Unknown
Mathematical Instruments Mystics
Machines Speak
Mystic Prayers
Materials
Mysticism
Material Sciences
Men of Mathematics
Mend your Self
Letter by Letter Word by Word

Machines Speak Machines Speak
Man the unknown Man the unknown
Materials Material Science
Material Science Materials
Mathematical Instruments Mathematical Instruments
Mend Your Self Men of Mathematics
Men of Mathematics Mend Your Self
Mysticism Mystic Prayers
Mystic Prayers Mysticism
Mystics Mystics
As you can see from the above Table the filing sequence differs in the two systems.
Initial Articles
Initial articles at the beginning of headings, titles, etc.; when taken into consideration may
disperse similar and closely related headings in alphabetisation.
For example:
A Manual of Technical Drawing will be filed under letter À' if the initial article is also
taken. But if it is 'omitted or ignored in filing, the same title entry will be filed under the
letter `M' and filed by the side of similar manuals. Further, the user may be searching the
catalogue under `M' since he may be remembering the title of the book only as `Manual
of Technical Drawing' rather than À Manual of Technical Drawing'.
Filing rules usually prescribe omission of initial articles unless they form an integral part
of a proper name heading.
94
e.g.;
The Wonder That Was India
A Mid Summer Night's Dream
In these titles the initial articles are not to be omitted.
Initials and Acronyms

How to file initials and acronyms? Whether we are to treat them as words or as individual
letters is another problem. BLAISE files them as words whether they contain full stops or
not. But if the initials are separated by spaces they file as letters. ALA Rules and LC file
them as words whether they contain full stops or not. But if the initials are separated by
spaces they file as letters. ALA Rules and LC file them as letters if they are separated by
spaces or marks of punctuation. See the example given below:
BLAISE ALA AND LC
UFO UFO
UK UK
UNESCO U.N.O.
Unity in diversity U.S.A.
U.N.O. UNESCO
U.S.A. Unity in Diversity
Abbreviations
Another problem in alphabetical filing is how to treat abbreviations. We come across
prefixes like M', Mc and Mac in names of Irish and Scottish origins. In such cases how to
file these prefixes. ALA, LC and Ranganathan suggest filing them according to their
apparent alphabetical make-up; i.e., as given. But BLAISE rules prefer filing such
prefixes under Mac.
Similarly, other abbreviations like St., Dr., etc., need clarification before filing. Are we to
expand them as Saint, Doctor, etc., or are we to file them as such as St. and Dr. ALA, LC,
BLAISE and Ranganathan's CCC-all of them suggest taking such abbreviations as they
appear without trying to expand them.
There are many more problems of filing like filing entries with numerals at the
beginning, middle or at the end of an entry element.
1.4.2 ALA Filing,Rules
In Section 7.2.4 of this Unit a brief history of the AEA Filing Rules is given. It is very
difficult to summarise all the rules in a section of a Unit. We will only note now some of
the useful and prominent rules. It is better for you to go through either the frill text or the
abridged version of the second edition, 1968. The numbers given below are not
consecutive since only select rules are given.
1. Basic Rule
A Alphabet "Arrange all entries, both English and foreign, alphabetically according to
the order of the English alphabet"
B Word by Word "Arrange word by word, alphabeting letter by letter within the word.
Begin with the first word on the first line, then go to the next word, etc. Apply the
95
principle of `nothing before something', considering the space between words as
`nothing'.
4. Articles
A Initial articles "Disregard an initial article in all" languages and file by the word
following it... An exception to this rule is certain foreign proper names beginning with an
article..., B Articles within the entry "Every word in the entry, including articles and
prepositions, is generally regarded".
5. Initials
A "Arrange initials, single or in combination, as one-letter words"
B "Arrange initials standing for names of organizations as initials, not as abbreviations,
i.e. not as if spelled in full".
E Arrange acronyms as words unless written all in capitals with a space or period
between the letters".
Examples
W.M.O
Wanderer Speaks
Where Eagles Dare
WHO
World in Crisis
6. Abbreviations
A "Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full in the language of the entry except `Mrs.',
which is filed as written"
B "Arrange initials and other abbreviations for geographical names... as if written in full".
C "If subject subdivisions are abbreviated in subject headings as they commonly are in
the tracing, arrange them as if written in full".
8. Signs and symbols
A "Disregard signs such as ... or ---, at the beginning of or within titles"

B "Arrange the ampersand (&) as ànd', èt', ànd', according to the language in which it
is used".
C "Arrange signs and symbols that are ordinarily spoken as words as if they were written
out".
Examples:
Art and animation
Art & artists
Art and culture
Rs.500 per month (Five hundred rupees per month) Rs. and Ps. (Rupees and Paise)
96
9. Numerals
A "Arrange numerals... as if spelled out in the language of the entry. Spell numerals and
dates as they are spoken...".
10. Order of Entries under Same Word
A "When the same word, or combination of words is used as the heading of different
kinds of entry, arrange the entries in two main groups as follows:
1) Single surname entries, arranged alphabetically by forenames.

2) All other entries, arranged alphabetically word by word, disregarding kind of entry,
form of heading, and punctuation".
B "Arrange subject entries under a person or corporate name immediately after the author
entries for the same name".
C ―Intertile title added entries and subject entries that are identical and subarrange
alphabetically by their main entries"
11. Author Arrangement
A "Under an author heading arrange different kinds of entries in groups in the following
order":
1) Works by the author, subarranged alphabetically by their titles.
2) Works about the author
a) Without sub-division, subarranged alphabetically by their main entries.
b) With sub-divisions, subarranged alphabetically by the subdivisons.
12. Subject Arrangement
A "Subject entries follow the same word used as a single surname".

B "Arrange entries with the same subject heading alphabetically by their main entries'
then by title".
Similarly, rules are provided for filing title entries and references. Rule 33 of 1968
edition .provides for problems like identical title added entries, arrangement of different
editions of the same title etc., Details of sub arrangement under title main entries are also
given in this rule.
For cross references Rule 35 is as follows:
13. Cross References

97
A "A reference or explanatory note precedes all other entries under the same word or
words".
B "File see references in their alphabetical places.
C "File a see also reference before a first entry under the same word or words. If see also
references are made for headings under which there are no entries in the catalogue, file
the reference where the heading itself would be filed".
1.4.3 Ranganathan's Alphabetisation Principles
For the alphabetical part of the classified catalogue according to CCC, Ranganathan has
provided the Rules in Chapter EH. He suggests arrangement of entries in a strict
alphabetical order as in a dictionary and prefers avoiding the rule "Nothing before
Something". Instead he prefers giving an ascending scale of ordinal values to the
numerals, letters and symbols.
Rule EH 70 says:
"The following ascending scale of ordinal values is to be borne in mind in arranging the
entries in the Alphabetical Part:
1) Section Space;
2) Full stop;
3) Comma;
4) Numerals in their natural sequence;
5) Bracket;
6) Words in Roman;
7) Words in italics or underlined words;
8) The word "and", or its substitution semicolon; and
9) Etc.
Other important rules of CCC are
EH 2 "In the alphabetical arrangement no attention is to be paid to initial articles".
EH 31 "German words spelt with the vowels a,o,u are to be arranged as if they were spelt
a,o, and u respectively". Such vowels are known as umlauts and written as a,o,u.
EH 4 "Scottish names with the prefix Mac and its abbreviated forms such as Mc and M
are to be arranged according to their apparent alphabetical make-up".
EH 5 Names beginning with St and Ste are to be treated according to their apparent
alphabetical make-up as in EH-4.
EH 6 "The superior comma in Scottish or Irish name or in a possessive case is to be

ignored".
98
Gestalt Alphabetisation
Ranganathan was following the Gestalt Aplhabetisation to a severe degree in the earlier
editions of CCC up to the 3rd edition published in 1951. In the fourth edition of CCC, he
preferred All-through alphabetisation, which is the other extreme of Gestalt
alphabetisation. But in the 5th edition he preferred midway position. For this purpose the
code itself provided the Rules on the style of writing in Chapter ED and they are so
coordinated with the Rules in Chapter EH to implement the midway position.
In Gestalt alphabetization ordinal values are given to. "Word Space", "Sentence Space"
and "Paragraph Space". Different ordinal values are also given to "Capital Letters",
"Small letters" and "Letters in Italics".
1.5 RUNG PROCESS
In a library we classify and catalogue a book after it is acquired and entered in the
Accession Register. After cataloguing the book, the entries will be filed in the catalogue.
Normally in modern times we maintain a card catalogue. Hence, the entries on the cards
will have to be filed at appropriate places in the card catalogue of the library.
In general terms we may say that the entries should be filed immediately after
cataloguing the book. But in actual practice we file the entries only after some books are
processed. Filing individually for each and every book separately would mean waste of
time and energy. Filing may be done once or twice a week after accumulating sufficient
number of cards. Till the filing is done the newly processed books may be kept on
display.
1.5.1 Arrangement of Entries
The actual process of filing starts when sufficient number of cards accumulate.
Preliminary arrangement
In the preliminary arrangement we sort out the cards. If the library is. maintaining author,
title and subject entries in a single sequence of a dictionary catalogue we separate only
the shelflist cards. If individual sequences are maintained for author, title and subject then
we separate them individually in addition to shelflist cards. Series added entries are filed
in title sequence.
In a classified catalogue according to Ranganthan's CCC the classified entries and
alphabetical entries are to be separated in the preliminary arrangement.
Final Arrangement
The final arrangement of the entries will be done according to the rules adopted by the
library. As noted in the earlier sections some catalogue codes themselves prescribe filing
rules. Otherwise the library may have to adopt -any one of the standard filing rules for
filing the entries. Any minor changes or adoption to suit the needs of the library have to
be noted in the Àuthority File' for ready reference as and when needed.
99
Unit-8
Tools of Cataloguing
1. Subject heading list / Thesauri (LCSH), SLSH, AGRO VoC, MeSH etc.those are
needful things according to nature and types of library.
2. AACR2 Cataloguing Code CCC, RDA etc.
3. Book number - CA Cutter Table, Three Figure.
4. Classification Scheme- DDC, UDC, CC, etc,
5. Search engine
Reference Tools for Cataloguing.
1. Dictionaries- Different Languages, Translate dictionaries
2. Who is who
3. Ulrich international
4. Encyclopedias - Micro, Macro of Britannica and American
5. Publishers Catalogue
6. Book in Print (different)
Manpower for Cataloguing dependent on-
1. Types of library 3. No of collection to the library
2. No of user to be served
Machinery and others
1. Accession register 17.Photocopy
2. Catalogue card Furniture
3. Bay guide card 18.Book trolley
4. Book card 19.Rack / shelve
5. Due date slip 20.Stepladder
6. Book pocket 21.Easy step
7. Catalogue cabinet 22.Charging Tray
8. Work sheet 23.Card sorter tray
9. Processing sleep (P sleep) Stationaries
10.Spine / gum / glue 1. Date stamp
11.Type writer/ Printer 2. Stamp seal
12.Slide reader 3. Stamp pad
13.Micro reader 4. Pencil and Eraser
14.Computer 5. Ruler
15.Scanner 6. Cutter
16.Barcode 7. Pen
100
Library Catalogue and Indexing
AACR-1 (1967) and AACR-2 (1978) 20
Anglo-American Code (1908) 19
Areas of Description 62
British Museum Code (1841) 19
Canons of cataloguing, 71
CATALOGUE AND CATALOGUING CODES, DEVELOPMENT 18
CATALOGUE 4
Chain Procedure 52
Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) Ed 5 (1964) 21
Cutter’s Rules (1876) 22
Definition of an Indexing System 47
DEMERITS OF CHAIN INDEXING Procedure. 50
Description and Standard of Cataloguing 59
Description of Areas of catalogue 62
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGUE AND CATALOGUING CODES 18
DIFFERENT ASPECT USED IN SUBJECT HEADING 28
Filing of Entries- classified & Alphabetical 81
Function of Library Catalogue 5
Fundamentals Laws of Library Science: 73
Index and Indexing 51
INDEXING SYSTEMS 47
Levels of description 64
Library catalogue and the Five Laws of Library Science 8
LIBRARY CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS (LCSH) 38
Meaning of library Catalogue 4
Merits of Chain Indexing Procedures 50
Natural Indexing Language 27
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES 71
NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES-PART I 70
Objectives of a Library Catalogue 4
PHYSICAL FORM OF CATALOGUE (INNER FORM OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE) 13
PHYSICAL FORMS (OUTER FORM) CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN 9
PoPSI [Postulate-Based Permuted Subject Indexing] 56
PRECIS 55
Purpose of a library catalogue 5
RDA (2003) 21
Rules for Elements and use punctuation marks 63
SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS 37
Some of the important features of AACR-2 are:- 20
SPECIFICATION OF ELEMENTS 65
SUBJECT CATALOGUING AND SUBJECT INDEXING SYSTEM 23
Subject Heading Lists 23
Symbiosis relation between cataloguing and classification. 79
Their Meaning and Purpose and objectives of Subject heading 23
101

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LIBRARY CATALOGUING & INDEXING

COURSE COVER NOTE

Objectives of a Library Catalogue

PHYSICAL FORMS (OUTER FORM) CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN

SUBJECT ACCESS TO OPAC

PHYSICAL FORM OF CATALOGUE (INNER FORM OF LIBRARY

DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGUE AND CATALOGUING CODES

1. British Museum Code (1841)

Summaries of History of Cataloguing code: (In point wise)

SUBJECT CATALOGUING AND SUBJECT INDEXING SYSTEM

Subject Heading Lists

In the card catalogue, it is possible for a document to have a number of representations,

3. THE PURPOSE OF SUBJECT CATALOGING

4. DETERMINING THE SUBJECT OF THE WORK

6. Alphabetical Subject Approach

The merging of synonyms carries implications for the effectiveness of a library

9. DIFFERENT ASPECT USED IN SUBJECT HEADING

15. CATALOGING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (MARC)

SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS

Basic Branches of Cataloging

PRINCIPLES OF THE SEARS LIST ARE:

 Since 1975 AD – renamed as ―Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)‖

Note:-Authorized Headings are listed in boldface type

ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOGUE (OPAC)

MARC and the Subject Approach

INDEX AND INDEXING

Index and Indexing

• An index entry merely locates a subjects

Invert the chain

2. The harvesting of the apple J371:7

3. Harvesting of Rice J381.7

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

4. Treatment of Children Retinal disease of the eye L9c, 18517:4:6

Invert the chain

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

5. The wasteland by TS Eliot 0111,1M88,1

For documents in this Class and its subdivisions, see the

Merits/advantage of Chain Indexing Procedures

4. Uniformity and accuracy

DEMERITS OF CHAIN INDEXING Procedure.

3. Index entries are generated from the string by ‗shunting‘.

Rajsthan. Colleges. Staff. Recruitment

Staff. Colleges. Rajsthan

Designed by Ganesh Bhattarcharya of the Documentation Research and Training Centre

‗Man‘ and ‗Medicine‘ will be left out

Eight step: alphabetization of all the index entries and references.

Description and Standard of Cataloguing

Following are principles of descriptive of cataloguing:

Elements of Descriptive Catalogue

a. To show the beginning of each area

. full stop () Parenthesis

―First level‖ of description includes the following elements:

―Second level‖ of description contains more details:

A. The edition area is preceded by a point, space, dash, space (. – ).

NORMATIVE PRINCIPLES: LAWS, CANONS AND PRINCIPLES