Name: ___________________________ BMLS 1___ Seat#_____ Score________ QLLCS

 To be submitted on October 12* , 2019:

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Neuron Anatomy & Physiology

1. The cellular unit of the nervous system is the neuron. What is the major function of this type of cell?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The supporting cells, or neuroglia, have numerous functions. Name three.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Match each statement with a response chosen from the key:
Key: Afferent neuron, Association neuron, CNS, Efferent neuron, ganglion, neurotransmitters, nerve, nuclei,
peripheral Nervous system, synapse, tract, myelin sheath, Schwann cells

________ CNS ________1. The brain and spinal cord collectively

_______synapse ______2. Junction or point of close contact between neurons
_______ganglion _____ 3. A bundle of nerve processes outside the CNS
__ Association neuron _4. Neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons.
________ nerve ______5. Spinal and cranial nerve ganglia
_______ nuclei _______6. Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS
___ Efferent neuron ___7. Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles or glands
__ neurotransmitters __8 chemicals released by axon terminals
___ Afferent neuron ___9. Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.

4. Draw and color a “Typical neuron in the space below. Include and label the ff. structures on your diagram:
cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier.

5. How is one-way conduction at synapse ensured? ____________________________________________-

_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. What anatomical characteristic determines whether a particular neuron is classified as unipolar, bipolar, or
multipolar? __________________________________________________________________________
Make a simple line drawing of each type here:
 The Nerve Impulse:
7. Match each of the terms in Column B to the appropriate definition in Column A.
A B
__ _depolarization______1. Reversal of the resting potential owing action potential
to an influx of sodium ions.
___repolarization_______2. Period during which potassium ions are depolarization
Diffusing out of the neuron
__ action potential____ 3. Transmission of depolarization wave repolarization
Along neuronal membrane
sodium-potassium pump 4. Mechanism that restores the resting sodium-potassium pump
membrane voltage and intracellular
ionic concentrations
Structure of a Nerve:
8. What is a nerve? _______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. State the location of each of the following connective tissue coverings:
Endoneurium ____________________________________________
Perineurium _____________________________________________
Epineurium ______________________________________________
10. What is the importance of the connective tissue wrappings found in a nerve?
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Define mixed nerve: _Nerves carrying both sensory and motor neurons.

GROSS ANATOMY of the BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES

1. In which of the cerebral lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, or temporal) would the following functional areas
be found?
Auditory area _____ temporal___________ Olfactory area ____Temporal_________
Primary motor area ____frontal__________ visual area ____Occipital____________
Somatic sensory area ____parietal________ Broca’s area _____Frontal___________
2. Match the letter on the diagram of the human brain (right lateral view) to appropriate terms listed below
the diagram.

___H_____1. Frontal area ___B____2. Parietal lobe ___J_____3. Temporal lobe

___F_____4. Precentral gyrus ___C____5. parieto-occipital sulcus __ A_____6. Postcentral sulcus
___I_____ 7. Lateral sulcus ___G____ 8. Central sulcus ___E_____9. Cerebellum
 ___L_____10. Medulla ____D___11. Occipital lobe ____K____12. Pons
3. Complete the following statements by writing the proper word or phrase in the corresponding blank at the
right.
1. Gyrus A(n) __(1)__ is an elevated ridge of cerebral tissue. Inward folds of
2. Sulcus cerebral tisuue are called _ (2) _ 0r _( 3 )_ . Gray matter is composed of
3. Fissures __(4) __ . White matter is composed of __(5) __. A bundle of fibers
4. Neuron Cell Bodies that provides for communications between different parts of the CNS
5. _Axons_ is called a(n) __(6)__ , whereas one that carries impulses between the
6. Association/
Commissural Tract periphery and CNS is called a(n) _(7) _. Nuclei deep within the cerebral
7. Projection Tract hemisphere white matter are collectively called the ___(8)___.
8. _Nerves/ Basal Nuclei_______

4. Identify the structures on the following sagittal view of the human brain by matching the lettered areas to
the proper terms.

1. P
2. M
3. A
4. L
5. H
6. K
7. B
8. N
9. D
10 F
11. C
12 Q
13 E
14 J
15 G
16 O
17 I
5. Using the anatomical terms from item 4, match at the appropriate structures with the following
descriptions:
1. _ HYPOTHALAMUS Most important autonomic center of the brain.
2. CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and hearing.
3. _ CEREBELLUM__ coordinates complex muscular movements.
4. _MEDULLA OBLONGATA contains autonomic centers regulating heart rate, respiration , and other
Visceral activities
5. _CORPUS CALLOSUM large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
6. _PITUITARY GLAND__part of the endocrine system
7. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT canal that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
8. __THALAMUS_______the intermediate mass is part of it.
6. Explain why trauma to the base of the brain is often much more dangerous than trauma to the
frontal lobes. ( Hint: think about the relative function of the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
structures . Which contain centers more vital to life?)
- Trauma to the base of the brain might damage the medulla oblongata, which contains vital respiratory,
cardiac, and vasomotor centers. Also, the reticular activating system, which helps to maintain consciousness,
spans the length of the brain stem-

Damage to brainstem area will cause loss of heart rate and breathing control hence it’s more dangerous
than frontal damage

MENINGES of the BRAIN

7. Identify the meningeal (or associated ) structures described below:
1. DURA MATER___ outermost layer; tough fibrous connective tissue.
2. _PIA MATER_____ innermost vascular layer covering the brain; follows every convolution.
3. ARACHNOID VILLI drains Cerebrospinal fluid into the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses.
4. CHOROID PLEXUS structure that forms the cerebrospinal fluid.
5. ARACHNOID MATER middle layer; delicate with cottony fibers.
6. _FALX CEREBRI___ a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull.

Cerebrospinal Fluid
8. Fill in the following flowchart to indicate the path of cerebrospinal fluid from its formation site (assume
that this is one of the lateral ventricles) to where it is reabsorbed onto venous blood.
*Lateral ventricle (1) ______________ (2) ___________________ (3) _____________
th
(4) _________________ via openings in the wall of the 4 ventricle (5)________________
Surrounding the brain and cord (and central canal of the cord) (6) __________________________
(7) ______________ containing venous blood.
1. 3RD Ventricle
2. Cerebral aqueduct
3. 4th ventricle
4. Central Canal of Spinal Cord
5. Subarachnoid space
6. Arachnoid villi
7. Dural sinuses / Superior Sagittal Sinuses
CRANIAL NERVES
9. Using the following terms, correctly identify all structures indicated by leader lines on the diagram
Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

10. Complete the following statements by inserting the proper anatomical terms in the answer blanks.
 The superior boundary of the spinal cord is at the level of the _FORAMEN MAGNUM, and its inferior
boundary is at the level of vertebra _LUMBAR VERTEBRAE___________. The collection of spinal nerves
travelling in the vertebral canal below the terminus of the spinal cord is called CAUDA EQUINA_.

11. Using the terms below, correctly identify on the diagram all structures provided with leader lines.

Ventral (anterior) horn arachnoid mater central canal

Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve dorsal root ganglion dorsal root of spinal nerve
Dura mater lateral horn pia mater
Dorsal(posterior) horn spinal nerve ventral ramus of spinal nerve
Ventral root of spinal nerve white mater

12. The spinal cord is enlarged in two regions, the __CERVICAL___ and the ___LUMBAR___ regions
13. What is the significance of these enlargements ? BECAUSE THE SPINAL CORD IS NOT THAT THICK
BUT ALL THE NERVES THAT BRANCH OUT OF THE BODY HAVE TO FIT IN THESE AREAS.

The nerves in these areas serve the upper and lower limbs.
 Spinal Nerves & Plexuses
14. In the human, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves named according to the region of the vertebral column
from which they arised. The spinal nerves are named below. NOTE: by number and the vertebral level at
which they emerge:
Cervical nerves _____ - _____; _____ Sacral nerves _____ - ____ ; ____ - _____
Lumbar nerves _____ - ______ Thoracic nerves _____ - ____

15. What would happen (i.e. , loss of sensory or motor function or both) if the following structures were
damaged or transected?
1, Dorsal of a spinal nerve ___LOSS OF SENSORY _________________
2. ventral root of a spinal nerve ___LOSS OF MOTOR________________
3. ventral ramus of a spinal nerve ___ LOSS OF BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY_________________

16. Define plexus: ___ INTERWINING OF NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS_________________

17. Name the major nerves that serve the following body areas.
___________________ 1. Deltoid muscle
___________________ 2. Diaphragm
___________________ 3. Posterior high
___________________ 4. Lateral leg and foot
___________________ 5. Flexor muscles of forearm and some hand muscles
___________________ 6. Flexor muscle of the arm
___________________ 7. Lower abdomen and anterior high
___________________ 8. Triceps muscle
___________________ 9. Posterior leg and foot.

Human Reflex Physiology

18. Define Reflex: _____________________________________________________________________
19. Name the 5 essential components of a reflex arc. : (1)_____________ , (2) ______________,
(3) ________________, (4) _______________ and (5) ______________.
20. In general, what is the importance of reflex testing in a routine physical examination?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Somatic & Autonomic Reflex

21. Name one somatic reflex in which the higher brain centers participate . ________________
22. Differentiate between the types of activities accomplished by somatic and autonomic reflexes .
Autonomic reflexes _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Somatic reflexes __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SPECIAL SENSES
1. Several accessory eye structures contribute to the formation of tears and/or aid in lubrication of the
eyeball. Match the described accessory structures with their secretion by choosing answers from the key.
___CONJUNCTIVA______________ 1. Mucus
___TARSAL GLANDS____________ 2. Oil
___LACRIMAL GLANDS__________ 3. Salt solution
2. The eyeball is wrapped in adipose tissue within the orbit. What is the function of the adipose tissue.
TO ACT AS A CUSHION___________
3. What is a sty? ___INFLAMMATION OF TARSAL GLAND_
4. What is conjunctivitis? ___ INFLAMMATION OF CONJUNCTIVA_
5. Enumerate the seven bones that form the bony orbit.? 1. _FRONTAL__, 2 _SPHENOID_____________
3._PALATINE_, 4. _ETHMOID___, 5._LACRIMAL_,6. ___ZYGOMATIC__
7. ___MAXILLA____.
6. Match the key responses with the descriptive statements that follows.
Key: Aqueous humor cornea lens sclera choroid
Canal of Schlemm Iris optic disc fovea centralis conjuctiva
Suspensory ligaments retina ciliary body vitreous humor
__ Suspensory ligaments 1. Attaches the lens to the ciliary body
_ Aqueous humor 2. Fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye.
_____ optic disc _______3. The blind spot
______iris _________ 4. Contains muscle that controls the size of the pupil
__Canal of Schlemm ___ 5. Drains the aqueous humor from the eye
____retina________ 6. “sensory tunic”
__vitreous humor_ 7. Substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball
_____choroid_____ 8. Forms most of the pigmented vascular tunic
__fovea centralis 9. Tiny pit in the macula lutea; contains only cones
____lens__________ 10. Important light-bending structure of the eye; shape can be modified
____cornea________ 11. Anterior transparent part of the fibrous tunic
____sclera_______ 12. Composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue.
7. Match the terms in Column B with the descriptions in Column A
Column A Column B
__ refraction________ 1. Light bending accommodation
_ accommodation____ 2. Ability to focus for close (under 20ft) astigmatism
Vision convergence
 _ emmetropia_______ 3. Normal vi sion emmetropia
__ hyperopia________4. Inability to focus well on close objects refraction
__ myopia _________ 5. Nearsightedness hyperopia
__ astigmatism_____ 6. Blurred vision due to unequal myopia
Curvature of the lens or cornea presbyopia
__ convergence_____ 7. Medial movement of the eyes during
focusing on close objects.

8. Identify all indicated structures and ear regions that are provided with leader lines or brackets in the
diagram.