Guide - FRP 5.1 MW31 Only

DEPARTMENT OF UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES “Federico II”
STRUCTURAL Science and Technology Pole

Via Claudio, 21 – 80125 Naples
ENGINEERING tel/fax 0817683491 website: www.dist.unina.it
Calculation examples
according to ACI 440.2R-2008
“FRP properties are related to the fabric

impregnated with MAPEWRAP 31”
Unless otherwise stated the following example have reference in “ACI 440.2R-08 Guide for the
Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete
Structures”
1 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM WITH

FRP LAMINATES
1.1 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) METRIC
A simply supported concrete beam reinforced is subjected to a 50% increase in its live-load-
carrying requirements:
Moments Existing loads Anticipated loads

Dead-load moment, MDL 98 kNm 98 kNm
Live-load moment, MLL 117 kNm 176 kNm
Service-load moment, Ms 215 kNm 274 kNm
Threshold strength load combination,
N/A 240 kNm
(1,1 MDL + 0,75 MLL)
Ultimate load combination,
305 kNm 399 kNm
Mu = 1,2 MDL + 1,6 MLL
Cross Section Properties:
- Depth of member: H = 609 mm

- Width of member: B = 305 mm
- Area of steel in tension zone: As = 1935 mm2
- Area of steel in compression zone: A's = 0 mm2
- Cover: d1=d2 = 63 mm
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement: d = 546 mm
Department of Structural Engineering

University of Naples “Federico II”
Pag. 2
The existing reinforced concrete beam should be strengthened with the FRP system following,
specifically, two 12 in. (305 mm) wide x 23 ft (7 m) long plies bonded to the soffit of the beam
using the wet layup technique:
Manifacturer’s reported FRP System Properties ( fiber + resin):

- Ultimate tensile strength: f* fu = 621 MPa
- Ultimate rupture strain: * fu = 0,015
- Modulus of elasticity: E f = 37000 MPa
- Thickness per ply: t f = 1,020 mm
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 305 mm
- Number of plies of FRP reinforcement: n=2
- Area of FRP external reinforcement: = ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 1,02 ∙ 305 = 622
Materials Properties:
Concrete:
= 34,5 MPa
= 4700 = 4700 ∙ 34,5 = 27606
Steel:
= 414 MPa
= 200000
414
 = = = 0,00207
200000
200000
= = = 7,24
27606
By inspection, the level of strengthening is reasonable in that it does meet the strengthening limit
criteria specified in Eq. (9-1):
( ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ + 0,75 ∙ )
(361,4 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 98 + 0,75 ∙ 176 ) = 240

Pag. 3
The minimum strengthening limit of Eq. (9-1) will allow the strengthened member to maintain
sufficient structural capacity until the damaged FRP has been repaired.
FRP system design material properties:

The beam is located in an interior space and a CFRP material will be used. Therefore, for Table
9.1, an environmental reduction factor is:
- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 621 = 590 MPa
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,015 = 0,0143
Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit.

The existing state of strain is calculated assuming the beam is cracked and the only loads acting
on the beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead loads: = 98
∙( − )
=
∙
+ ∙ ∙( − )− ∙ ∙( − )=0
2
305 − 7,24 ∙ 1935 ∙ (546− ) = 0 ⟹ = 182,7

2
= + ∙ ∙( − ) + ∙ ∙( − )
3
182,7
= 305 + 7,24 ∙ 1935 ∙ (546 − 182,7) = 2470270321
3
98 ∙ 10 ∙ (609 − 182,7)
= = 0,00061
2470270321 ∙ 27606

Pag. 4
The design strain of FRP accounting for debonding failure mode is calculated:
= 0,41 ∙ ≤ 0,9 ∙
∙ ∙
34,5
= 0,41 ∙ = 0,0088 ≤ 0,9 ∙ 0,0143 = 0,0128
2 ∙ 37000 ∙ 1,02
= ,
Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis.

The depth to the neutral axis c is found by simultaneously satisfying Eq. (10-3), (10-9), (10-10),
(10-11), and (10-12), thus establishing internal force equilibrium and strain compatibility. To
solve for the depth of the neutral axis, c, an iterative solution procedure can be used.
−
= ∙ − ≤
= ∙
−
= + ∙
−
= ∙ ≤
∙ + ∙
=
∙ ∙ ∙
The terms are parameters defining a rectangular Stress Block in the concrete equivalent
to the nonlinear distribution of stress:
= 0,85

Pag. 5
0,85 17 ≤ ≤ 28
* = − 28
0,85 − 0,05 ≥ 0,65 > 28
7
34,5 − 28
= 0,85 − 0,05 = , ≥ 0,65
7
Whereas the Parabolic stress-strain relationship for concrete, the terms can be
calculated with the following report:
4 − 3 −
= ; =
6 −2 3
where is strain corresponding to calculated as:
1,7 ∙ 1,7 ∙ 34,5
= = = 0,0021
27606
The results of the final iteration for the Parabolic [Stress Block] relationship are:
= 0,781 [ = 0,804]
= 0,927 [ = 0,85]
= , [ = , ]
609 − 131,7
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00061 = , > = ,
131,7
= = ,
609 − 139,5
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00061 = , > = ,
139,5
= = ,
Note that for the neutral axis depth selected, FRP debonding would be in the failure mode
because the second expression in this equation controls, so the concrete strain at failure may
be less than 0.003 and can be calculated using similar triangles:
*
ACI 318-05 Section 10.2.7.3
Pag. 6
= + ∙
−
131,7
= (0,0088 + 0,00061) ∙ = 0,0026
609 − 131,7
139,5
= (0,0088 + 0,00061) ∙ = 0,0028
609 − 139,5
546 − 131,7
= (0,0088 + 0,00061) ∙ = , > = 0,00207
609 − 131,7
546 − 139,5
= (0,0088 + 0,00061) ∙ = , > = 0,00207
609 − 139,5
= =
= 37000 ∙ 0,0088 = 324
The nominal flexural strength of the section with FRP external reinforcement is computed from
Eq. (10-13). An additional reduction factor for FRP, = 0,85, is applied to the flexural-
strength contribution of the FRP reinforcement:
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
The design flexural strength refers to the nominal strength of the member multiplied by
a strength reduction factor :
0,90 ≥ 0,005
⎧
⎪ 0,25 ∙ −
= 0,65 +  < < 0,005
⎨ 0,005 − 
⎪ 0,65 ≤
⎩
where is the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
Because = , > 0.005 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.

Pag. 7
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
546 − 0,781 ∙ 131,7

= 0,90 1935 ∙ 414 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 622 ∙ 324 ∙
2
609 − 0,781 ∙ 131,7
∙ = ,
2
546 − 0,80 ∙ 139,5 609 − 0,80 ∙ 139,5

= 0,90 1935 ∙ 414 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 622 ∙ 324 ∙
2 2
= ,
The strength design approach requires that the design flexural strength of a member exceed its
required factored moment:
≥
where the factored moment refers to the moment calculated from factored loads:
= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 98 + 1,6 ∙ 176 = 399
= , > =
[ = , > = ]
The strengthened section is capable of sustaining the new required flexural strength.

Pag. 8
1.2 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) ENGLISH
A simply supported concrete beam reinforced is subjected to a 50% increase in its live-load-
carrying requirements:

Dead-load moment, MDL 72 k-ft 72 k-ft
Live-load moment, MLL 86 k-ft 130 k-ft
Service-load moment, Ms 158 k-ft 202 k-ft
N/A 177 k-ft
(1,1 MDL + 0,75 MLL)
224 k-ft 294,4 k-ft
Mu = 1,2 MDL + 1,6 MLL
- Depth of member: H = 24 in.

- Width of member: B = 12 in.
- Area of steel in tension zone: As = 3 in.2
- Area of steel in compression zone: A's = 0 in.2
- Cover: d1=d2 = 2,5 in.
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement: d = 21,5 in.
The existing reinforced concrete beam should be strengthened with the FRP system following,
specifically, two 12 in. wide x 23 ft long plies bonded to the soffit of the beam using the wet
layup technique:

- Ultimate tensile strength: f* fu = 90 ksi
- Modulus of elasticity: E f = 5360 ksi
- Thickness per ply: t f = 0,040 in.
Pag. 9
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 12 in.

- Number of plies of FRP reinforcement: n = 2
- Area of FRP external reinforcement: = ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 0,040 ∙ 12 = 0,96 .
Concrete:
= 5000 psi
= 57000 = 57000 ∙ 5000 = 4030509
Steel:
= 60000 psi
= 29000000
60000
 = = = 0,00207
29000000
29000000
= = = 7,2
4030509
( ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ + 0,75 ∙ )
(268 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 72 + 0,75 ∙ 130 ) = 177

- CE = 0,95

Pag. 10
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 90000 = 85500 psi
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,015 = 0,0143

The existing state of strain is calculated assuming the beam is cracked and the only loads acting
on the beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead loads: = 72 = 864 .
∙( − )
=
∙
+ ∙ ∙( − )− ∙ ∙( − )=0
2
12 − 7,2 ∙ 3 ∙ (21,5− ) = 0 ⟹ = 7,2 .

2
= + ∙ ∙( − ) + ∙ ∙( − )
3
7,2
= 12 + 7,2 ∙ 3 ∙ (21,5 − 7,2) = 5910 .
3
864 ∙ 103 ∙ (24 − 7,2)

= = 0,00061
5910 ∙ 4030509
= 0,083 ∙ ≤ 0,9 ∙
∙ ∙
5000
= 0,083 ∙ = 0,009 ≤ 0,9 ∙ 0,0143 = 0,0128
2 ∙ 5360000 ∙ 0,04
= ,
Pag. 11

The depth to the neutral axis c is found by simultaneously satisfying Eq. (10-3), (10-9), (10-10),
(10-11), and (10-12), thus establishing internal force equilibrium and strain compatibility. To
solve for the depth of the neutral axis, c, an iterative solution procedure can be used.
−
= ∙ − ≤
= ∙
−
= + ∙
−
= ∙ ≤
∙ + ∙
=
∙ ∙ ∙
4 − 3 −
= ; =
6 −2 3
1,7 ∙ 1,7 ∙ 5000
= = = 0,0021
4030509
The results of the final iteration for the Parabolic relationship are:
= 0,785 ; = 0,928 ; = , .
24 − 5,17
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00061 = , > = ,
5,17
= = ,

Pag. 12
= + ∙
−
5,17
= (0,009 + 0,00061) ∙ = 0,0026
24 − 5,17
21,5 − 5,17
= (0,009 + 0,00061) ∙ = , > = 0,00207
24 − 5,17
= =
= 5360000 ∙ 0,009 = 48240
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
0,90 ≥ 0,005
⎧
⎪ 0,25 ∙ −
= 0,65 +  < < 0,005
⎨ 0,005 − 
⎪ 0,65 ≤
⎩
where is the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
Because = , > 0.005 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.

Pag. 13
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
21,5 − 0,785 ∙ 5,17

= 0,90 3 ∙ 60000 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 0,96 ∙ 48240 ∙
2
24 − 0,785 ∙ 5,17
∙ = ,
2
≥
= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 72 + 1,6 ∙ 130 = 294,4
= , > = ,

Pag. 14
2 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

WITH FRP LAMINATES
2.1 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) METRIC
The continuous prestressed concrete beam is located in a parking garage that is being converted
to an office space so required an increase in its dead and live-load-carrying capacity following:

Dead-load moment, MDL 199 kNm 220 kNm
Live-load moment, MLL 115 kNm 171 kNm
Service-load moment, Ms 314 kNm 391 kNm
N/A 371 kNm
(1,1 MDL + 0,75 MLL)
423 kNm 538 kNm
Mu = 1,2 MDL + 1,6 MLL

- Depth of slab: h = 102 mm
- Width of slab: L = 2210 mm
- Width of web: b = 610 mm
- Area of prestressing steel: Aps = 495 mm2
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement: d=571 mm
- Depth of web: ( H - h ) = ( 635-102) = 533 mm
The existing prestressed concrete beam should be strengthened with the FRP system following,
specifically, one-ply 24 in. (610 mm) wide strip:

Pag. 15

- Ultimate tensile strength: f* fu = 621 MPa
- Modulus of elasticity: E f = 37000 MPa
- Thickness per ply: t f = 1,020 mm
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 610 mm

- Area of FRP external reinforcement: = ∙ ∙ = 1 ∙ 1,02 ∙ 610 = 622
Concrete:
= 27,6 MPa
= 4700 = 4700 ∙ 27,6 = 24692
Steel:
= 414 MPa
= 200000
414
 = = = 0,00207
200000
200000
= = = 7,24
27606
Prestressing Steel:
= 1860 MPa
= 1138 MPa
= 1720 MPa
= 196000
1138
 = = = 0,0058
196000

Pag. 16
( ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ + 0,75 ∙ )
(463,3 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 220 + 0,75 ∙ 171 ) = 370


- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 621 = 590 MPa
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,015 = 0,0143

The existing state of strain is calculated assuming the beam is uncracked and the only loads
acting on the beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead loads: = 199
− ∙ ∙
= 1+ +
∙ ∙
where:
= ∙ = 495 ∙ 1138 = 563310
= ∙ℎ+ ∙ ( − ℎ) = 2210 ∙ 102 + 610 ∙ 533 = 550550
Distance from extreme bottom fiber to the section centroid, :
= −
Distance from the top fiber to the section centroid, ∶

Pag. 17
ℎ −ℎ 102 533
+ ∙ ( − ℎ) ∙ ℎ + 2210 + 610 ∙ 533 ∙ 102 +
= 2 2 = 2 2 = 238,5
550550
= − = 635 − 238,5 = 396,5
ℎ ℎ ( − ℎ) −ℎ
= + ∙ℎ − + + ∙ ( − ℎ) −
12 2 12 2
102 102 533

= 2210 + 2210 ∙ 102 238,5 − + 610 + 610 ∙ 533 ∙
12 2 12
635 − 102
∙ 238,5 − = 21312212728 mm
2
Radius of gyration:
21312212728
= = = 197
550550
Eccentricity of prestressing force:
= − = 571 − 238,5 = 333
Initial strain in the beam soffit:
−563310 333 ∙ 396,5 199 ∙ 10 ∙ 396,5

= 1+ + = −0,00003 = −3 ∙ 10
24692 ∙ 550550 197 24692 ∙ 21312212728
= 0,41 ∙ ≤ 0,9 ∙
∙ ∙
27,6
= 0,41 ∙ = 0,0111 ≤ 0,9 ∙ 0,0143 = 0,0128
1 ∙ 37000 ∙ 1,02
= ,

Pag. 18

The depth to the neutral axis c is found by simultaneously satisfying Eq. (10-21), to (10-25), thus
establishing internal force equilibrium and strain compatibility. To solve for the depth of the
neutral axis, c, an iterative solution procedure can be used.
−
= ∙ − ≤
= ∙
= + 1+ + ≤ 0,0035
∙
where is the net tensile strain in the prestressing steel beyond decompression, at the
nominal strength. The value of will depend on the mode of failure, and can be calculated
using Eq. (10-23):
−
= ∙ ℎ
−
= + ∙
−
196500 ∙ ≤ 0,0086
= 0,276
1860 − > 0,0086
− 0,007
∙ + ∙
=
∙ ∙ ∙
The terms are parameters defining a rectangular Stress Block in the concrete equivalent
to the nonlinear distribution of stress:
= 0,85
0,85 17 ≤ ≤ 28
† = − 28
0,85 − 0,05 ≥ 0,65 > 28
7
So for = 27,6 ⟹ = ,
†
ACI 318-05 Section 10.2.7.3
Pag. 19
4 − 3 −
= ; =
6 −2 3
1,7 ∙ 1,7 ∙ 27,6
= = = 0,0019
24692
The results of the final iteration for the Parabolic [Stress Block] relationship are:
= 0,698 [ = 0,85]
= 0,571 [ = 0,85]
= [ = ]
635 − 48
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00003 = , > = ,
48
= = ,
635 − 26
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00003 = , > = ,
26
= = ,
= + ∙
−
48
= (0,0111 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
635 − 48
26
= (0,0111 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
635 − 26

Pag. 20
= + 1+ + ≤ 0,0035
∙
−
= + ∙
−
571 − 48
= (0,0111 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
635 − 48
563310 333
= 0,0058 + 1+ + , = , ≤ 0,0035
24692 ∙ 550550 197
= ,
571 − 26
= (0,0111 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
635 − 26
563310 333
= 0,0058 + 1+ + , = , ≤ 0,0035
24692 ∙ 550550 197
= ,
So for = , > 0,0086 ⟹

0,276 0,276
= 1860 − = 1860 − = 1829
− 0,007 , − 0,007
So for = , > 0,0086 ⟹

0,276 0,276
= 1860 − = 1860 − = 1829
− 0,007 , − 0,007
= 37000 ∙ 0,0111 = 410
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
Pag. 21
⎧ 0,90 ≥ 0,013
⎪ 0,25 ∙ − 0,010
= 0,65 + 0,010 < < 0,013
⎨ 0,013 − 0,010
⎪0,65 ≤ 0,010
⎩
where is the prestressing steel strain at nominal strength.
Because = , > 0,013 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.
− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
571 − 0,698 ∙ 48 635 − 0,698 ∙ 48

= 0,90 495 ∙ 1829 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 622 ∙ 410 ∙
2 2
=
571 − 0,85 ∙ 26 635 − 0,85 ∙ 26

= 0,90 495 ∙ 1829 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 622 ∙ 410 ∙
2 2
≥
= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 220 + 1,6 ∙ 171 = 538

= > =
[ = > = ]
Pag. 22
2.2 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) ENGLISH
The continuous prestressed concrete beam is located in a parking garage that is being converted
to an office space so required an increase in its dead and live-load-carrying capacity following:

Dead-load moment, MDL 147 k-ft 162 k-ft
Live-load moment, MLL 85 k-ft 126 k-ft
Service-load moment, Ms 232 k-ft 288 k-ft
N/A 273 k-ft
(1,1 MDL + 0,75 MLL)
312 k-ft 396 k-ft
Mu = 1,2 MDL + 1,6 MLL

- Depth of slab: h = 4 in.
- Width of slab: L = 87 in.
- Width of web: b = 24 in.
- Area of prestressing steel: Aps = 0,765 in.2
- Cover: d1=d2 = 2,5 in.
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement: d=22,5 in.
- Depth of web: ( H - h ) = ( 25-4) = 21 in.
The existing prestressed concrete beam should be strengthened with the FRP system following,
specifically, one-ply 24 in. wide strip:

- Ultimate tensile strength: f* fu = 90 ksi
Pag. 23
- Modulus of elasticity: E f = 5360 ksi

- Thickness per ply: t f = 0,040 in.
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 24 in.
- Area of FRP external reinforcement: = ∙ ∙ = 1 ∙ 0,040 ∙ 24 = 0,96 .
Concrete:
= 4000 psi
= 57000 = 57000 ∙ 4000 = 3604997
Steel:
= 60000 psi
= 29000000
60000
 = = = 0,00207
29000000
29000000
= = = 7,2
4030509
Prestressing Steel:
= 270 ksi
= 165 ksi
= 230 ksi
= 28500
165
 = = = 0,00578
28500
( ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ + 0,75 ∙ )
(343 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 162 + 0,75 ∙ 126 ) = 370
Pag. 24

- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 90000 = 85500 psi
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,015 = 0,0143

The existing state of strain is calculated assuming the beam is uncracked and the only loads
acting on the beam at the time of the FRP installation are dead loads: = 147
− ∙ ∙
= 1+ +
∙ ∙
where:
= ∙ = 0,765 ∙ 165000 = 126,2
= ∙ℎ+ ∙ ( − ℎ) = 87 ∙ 4 + 24 ∙ 21 = 852 .
Distance from extreme bottom fiber to the section centroid, :
= −
Distance from the top fiber to the section centroid, ∶
ℎ −ℎ 4 21
+ ∙ ( − ℎ) ∙ ℎ + 87 + 24 ∙ 21 ∙ 4 +
= 2 2 = 2 2 = 9,39 .
852
= − = 25 − 9,39 = 15,6 .
ℎ ℎ ( − ℎ) −ℎ
= + ∙ℎ − + + ∙ ( − ℎ) −
12 2 12 2
4 4 21 25 − 4
= 87 + 87 ∙ 4 ∙ 9,39 − + 24 + 24 ∙ 21 ∙ 9,39 − = 51151 .
12 2 12 2
Pag. 25
Radius of gyration:
51151
= = = 7,75 .
852
Eccentricity of prestressing force:
= − = 22,5 − 9,39 = 13,1 .
Initial strain in the beam soffit:
−126225 13,1 ∙ 15,6 147 ∙ 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 15,6

= 1+ + = −0,00003 = −3 ∙ 10
3604997 ∙ 852 7,75 3604997 ∙ 51151
= 0,083 ∙ ≤ 0,9 ∙
∙ ∙
4000
= 0,083 ∙ = 0,0113 ≤ 0,9 ∙ 0,0143 = 0,0128
1 ∙ 5360000 ∙ 0,04
= ,

The depth to the neutral axis c is found by simultaneously satisfying Eq. (10-21), to (10-25), thus
establishing internal force equilibrium and strain compatibility. To solve for the depth of the
neutral axis, c, an iterative solution procedure can be used.
−
= ∙ − ≤
= ∙
= + 1+ + ≤ 0,0035
∙

Pag. 26
where is the net tensile strain in the prestressing steel beyond decompression, at the
nominal strength. The value of will depend on the mode of failure, and can be calculated
using Eq. (10-23):
−
= ∙ ℎ
−
= + ∙
−
28500000 ∙ ≤ 0,0086
= 0,04
270000 − > 0,0086
− 0,007
∙ + ∙
=
∙ ∙ ∙
4 − 3 −
= ; =
6 −2 3
1,7 ∙ 1,7 ∙ 4000
= = = 0,0019
3604997
The results of the final iteration for the Parabolic:
= 0,699 ; = 0,582 ; = , .
25 − 1,87
= 0,003 ∙ − 0,00003 = , > = ,
1,87
= = ,

Pag. 27
= + ∙
−
1,87
= (0,0113 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
25 − 1,87
= + 1+ + ≤ 0,0035
∙
−
= + ∙
−
22,5 − 1,87
= (0,0113 + 0,00003) ∙ = ,
25 − 1,87
126225 13,1
= 0,00578 + 1+ + , = , < 0,0035
3604997 ∙ 852 7,75
= ,
So for = , > 0,0086 ⟹

0,04 0,04
= 270000 − = 270000 − = 269996
− 0,007 , − 0,007
= 5360000 ∙ 0,0113 = 60765

− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2

Pag. 28
0,90 ≥ 0,013
⎧
⎪ 0,25 ∙ − 0,010
= 0,65 + 0,010 < < 0,013
⎨ 0,013 − 0,010
⎪0,65 ≤ 0,010
⎩
where is the prestressing steel strain at nominal strength.
Because = , > 0,013 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.

− ∙ − ∙
= ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ ∙
2 2
22,5 − 0,699 ∙ 1,87

= 0,90 0,765 ∙ 269996 ∙ + 0,85 ∙ 0,96 ∙ 60765
2
25 − 0,699 ∙ 1,87
∙ =
2
≥
= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 162 + 1,6 ∙ 126 = 396

= > =

Pag. 29
3 SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF T-BEAM
3.1 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) METRIC

- Depth of slab: h = 100 mm
- Width of slab: L = 1000 mm
- Width of web: bw = 450 mm
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension reinforcement: d=560 mm
- Depth of web: ( H - h ) = 510 mm
- Effective depth of FRP shear reinforcement: dfv = 406 mm
- Diameter of the stirrups: #10
- Area of stirrups: Av= 79 mm²
- Spacing of the stirrups: 200 mm
Concrete:
= 20,7 MPa
= 4700 = 4700 ∙ 20,7 = 21384
Steel:
= 414 MPa
= 200000

Pag. 30
The design shear strength of the existing beam is:

( ) = ∙( + )
where the strength reduction factor = 0,75 for shear application.
= 0,17 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 20,7 ∙ 450 ∙ 560 = 194, 9 ∙ 10 = 194, 9
∙ ∙ 79 ∙ 414 ∙ 560
= = = 91,6 ∙ 10 = 91,6
200
( ) = 0,75 ∙ (194, 9 + 91,6) = 214,5 ∙ 10 = 215
The factored required shear strength, including the increased live load, is Vu= 253,5 kN
Manifacturer’s reported FRP System Properties MapeWrap C UNI-AX 300 impregnated

with MapeWrap 31:
Gross-laminate area property
Thickness per ply tf 0,759 mm
Ultimate tensile strength f*fu 614 MPa
Ultimate rupture strain *fu 0,011 mm/mm
Modulus of elasticity E f 55012 MPa
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: wf = 254 mm

- Center-to-center spacing between the strips: sf = 305 mm.

Pag. 31

- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 614 = 583 MPa
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,011 = 0,0105
Calculate the effective strain level in the FRP shear reinforcement:

The effective strain in FRP U-wraps should be determined using the bond-reduction coefficient
kv :
∙ ∙
= ≤ 0,75
11900 ∙
where:
/ /
20,7
= = = 0,838
27 27
23300 23300
= , = = 48,8 mm
∙ ∙ (1 ∙ 0,759 ∙ 55012) ,
− 406 − 48,8
= = = 0,880
406
0,838 ∙ 0,880 ∙ 48,8
= = , ≤ 0,75
11900 ∙ 0,0105
So the effective strain is given by:

= ∙ = 0,289 ∙ 0,0105 = , ≤ 0,004
Calculate the contribution of the FRP reinforcement to the shear strength:

The effective stress in the FRP can be computed from Hooke’s law:
= ∙ = 0,0030 ∙ 55012 = 166 MPa

Pag. 32
The shear contribution of the FRP is:
Area of FRP external reinforcement:
=2∙ ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 0,759 ∙ 254 = 385,6

∙ ∙ (sin + cos ) ∙ 385,6 ∙ 166 ∙ 1 ∙ 406
= = = 85 ∙ 10 N =
305
The design shear strength is given by:
( ) = ∙ + + ∙
where the reduction factor = 0,85 for U-Wrap application:

( ) = 0,75 ∙ (194, 9 + 91 + 0,85 ∙ 85) = ,
The check is satisfied if:

∙ ≥ ⟹ , ≥ ,
so the strengthened section is capable of sustaining the required shear strength.
Finally, the total shear strength provided by reinforcement should be taken as the sum of the
contribution of the FRP shear reinforcement and the steel shear reinforcement. and should be
limited by the following relation:
+ ≤ 0,66 ∙ ∙ ∙
91 kN + 85 kN ≤ 0,66 ∙ 20,7 ∙ 450 ∙ 560

, ≤ , ⟹

Pag. 33
3.2 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) ENGLISH

- Depth of slab: h = 6 in.
- Width of slab: L = 40 in.
- Width of web: bw = 18 in.
- Cover: d1=d2 = 2 in.
- Distance from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension reinforcement: d=22 in.
- Depth of web: ( H - h ) = ( 24-6) = 18 in.
- Effective depth of FRP shear reinforcement: dfv = 16 in.
- Diameter of the stirrups: # 0.4
- Area of stirrups: Av= 0,126 in²
- Spacing of the stirrups: 8 in
Concrete:
= 3000 psi
= 57000 = 57000 ∙ 3000 = 3122019
Steel:
= 60000 psi
= 29000000

Pag. 34
The design shear strength of the existing beam is:

( ) = ∙( + )
where the strength reduction factor = 0,75 for shear application.
=2∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 1 ∙ √3000 ∙ 18 ∙ 22 = 43,4
∙ ∙ 0,126 ∙ 60000 ∙ 22
= = = 20,7
8
( ) = 0,75 ∙ (43,4 + 20,7) = 48,1
The factored required shear strength, including the increased live load, is Vu= 57 kips

with MapeWrap 31:
Thickness per ply tf 0,0301 in
Ultimate tensile strength f*fu 89000 psi
Ultimate rupture strain *fu 0,011 in/in
Modulus of elasticity E f 7979000 psi
- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: wf = 10 in.

- Center-to-center spacing between the strips: sf =12 in.

Pag. 35

- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 89000 = 84550 psi
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,011 = 0,0105
Calculate the effective strain level in the FRP shear reinforcement:
The effective strain in FRP U-wraps should be determined using the bond-reduction coefficient
kv :
∙ ∙
= ≤ 0,75
468 ∙
where:
/ /
3000
= = = 0,825
4000 4000
2500 2500
= , == = 1,9 .
∙ ∙ (1 ∙ 0,0301 ∙ 7979000) ,
− 16 − 1,9
= = = 0,881
16
0,825 ∙ 0,881 ∙ 1,9
= = , ≤ 0,75
468 ∙ 0,0105
So the effective strain is given by:
= ∙ = 0,282 ∙ 0,0105 = , ≤ 0,004
Calculate the contribution of the FRP reinforcement to the shear strength:

The effective stress in the FRP can be computed from Hooke’s law:
= ∙ = 0,0029 ∙ 7979000 = 23494 psi

Pag. 36
The shear contribution of the FRP is:
Area of FRP external reinforcement:
= 2∙ ∙ ∙ = 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 0,0301 ∙ 10 == 0,6
∙ ∙ (sin + cos ) ∙ 0,6 ∙ 23494 ∙ 1 ∙ 16
= == == ,
12
The design shear strength is given by:
( ) = ∙ + + ∙
where the reduction factor = 0,85 for U-Wrap application:

( ) = 0,75 ∙ (43,4 + 20,7 + 0,85 ∙ 18,8) = ,
The check is satisfied if:

∙ ≥ ⟹ , ≥
so the strengthened section is capable of sustaining the required shear strength.
Finally, the total shear strength provided by reinforcement should be taken as the sum of the
contribution of the FRP shear reinforcement and the steel shear reinforcement. and should be
limited by the following relation:
+ ≤8∙ ∙ ∙
20,7 kips + 18,8 kips ≤ 8 ∙ √3000 ∙ 18 ∙ 22/1000

, ≤ , ⟹

Pag. 37
4 STRENGTHENING OF A CONCRETE COLUMN FOR AXIAL LOAD

INCREASE
4.1 Calculation example (SQUARE SECTION) METRIC

- Depth of member: H = 610 mm 610
- Width of member: B = 610 mm
- Gross Area Section: Ag = 372100 mm2
- Area of longitudinal reinforcement: Ast = 9832 mm2
610 560
- Cover: d = 50 mm
- Corner radius: rc= 25 mm
- Geometric relationship of reinforcement:
9832
= = = 2,64 %
372100
Concrete:
= 45 MPa
= 4700 = 4700 ∙ √45 = 31529
Steel:
= 414 MPa
=200000 MPa

with MapeWrap 31:
Thickness per ply tf 1,718 mm
Ultimate tensile strength f*fu 682 MPa
Ultimate rupture strain *fu 0,014 mm/mm
Modulus of elasticity E f 49583 MPa

Pag. 38
FRP material properties:

The column is located in an interior space and a CFRP material will be used. Therefore, for
Table 9.1, an environmental reduction factor is:
- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 682 = 648 MPa
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,014 = 0,0133
− = ∙ 3,3 ∙ ∙
Where is the maximum confining pressure due to the FRP jacket:
2∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
=
= ∙ = 0,55 ∙ 0,0133 = 0,007
= +ℎ = 610 + 610 = 862,6
2 ∙ 49583 ∙ 3 ∙ 1,718 ∙ 0,007

= = 4,3
862,6
=
ℎ
ℎ
(ℎ − 2 ∙ ) + ( −2∙ )
1− ℎ −
3∙
=
1−
610 610
(610 − 2 ∙ 25) + (610 − 2 ∙ 25)
1− 610 610 − 0,0264
= 3 ∙ 372100 = 0,423
1 − 0,0264
= 0,423 ∙ 1 = 0,423
The maximum compressive strength of confined concrete :

= + ∙ 3,3 ∙ ∙
Pag. 39
= 45 + 0,95 ∙ 3,3 ∙ 0,423 ∙ 4,3 = 50,7
Checking the minimum confinement ratio:
≥ 0,08
4,3
= = 0,096 > 0,08
45
Verify that the ultimate axial strain of the confined concrete ≤ 0,01 :
,
= 1,5 + 12 ∙ ∙
45
= 1,7 = 1,7 = 0,0024
31529
ℎ
= = 0,423 ∙ 1 = 0,423
.
0,007
= 0,0024 1,5 + 12 ∙ 0,423 ∙ 0,096 = 0,0056 < 0,01
0,0024
The axial compressive strength of a non-slender, normal weight concrete member confined with
an FRP jacket may be calculated using the confined concrete strength.
The axial force acting on an FRP-strengthened concrete member should be computed using the
load factors required by ACI 318-05, and the axial compression strength should be calculated
using the strength reduction factors  for spiral and tied members required by ACI 318-05:
- for steel spiral reinforcement 
- for steel-tie reinforcement 
In this case the transverse reinforcement is made by steel-tie:
= 0,8 0,85 ∙ − + ∙
= 0,8 ∙ 0,65[0,85 ∙ 50,7(372100 − 9832) + 414 ∙ 9832] = 10,2 ∙ 10

Pag. 40
4.2 Calculation example (SQUARE SECTION) ENGLISH

- Width of member: B = 24 in.
- Gross Area Section: Ag = 576 in.2
- Area of longitudinal reinforcement: Ast = 15,24 in.2
- Cover: d = 2 in.
- Corner radius: rc= 1 in.
- Geometric reinforcement ratio (steel):
15,24
= = = 2,65 %
576
Concrete:
= 6500 psi
= 57000 = 57000 ∙ √6500 = 4595487
Steel:
= 60000 psi
= 29000000

with MapeWrap 31:
Thickness per ply tf 0,0682 in
Ultimate tensile strength f*fu 99000 psi
Ultimate rupture strain *fu 0,014 in/in
Modulus of elasticity E f 7192000 psi

Pag. 41
FRP material properties:

The column is located in an interior space and a CFRP material will be used. Therefore, for
Table 9.1, an environmental reduction factor is:
- CE = 0,95
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 99000 = 94050 psi
∗
= ∙ = 0,95 ∙ 0,014 = 0,0133
− = ∙ 3,3 ∙ ∙
Where is the maximum confining pressure due to the FRP jacket:
2∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
=
= ∙ = 0,55 ∙ 0,0133 = 0,007
= +ℎ = 24 + 24 = 33,94
2 ∙ 7192000 ∙ 3 ∙ 0,0682 ∙ 0,007

= = 632,7
33,94
=
ℎ
ℎ
(ℎ − 2 ∙ ) + ( −2∙ )
1− ℎ −
3∙
=
1−
24 24
(24 − 2 ∙ 1) + (24 − 2 ∙ 1)
1− 24 24 − 0,0265
= 3 ∙ 576 = 0,425
1 − 0,0265
= 0,425 ∙ 1 = 0,425

Pag. 42
The maximum compressive strength of confined concrete :

= + ∙ 3,3 ∙ ∙
= 6500 + 0,95 ∙ 3,3 ∙ 0,425 ∙ 632,7 = 7342
Checking the minimum confinement ratio:
≥ 0,08
632,7
= = 0,097 > 0,08
6500
Verify that the ultimate axial strain of the confined concrete ≤ 0,01 :
,
= 1,5 + 12 ∙ ∙
6500
= 1,7 = 1,7 = 0,0024
4595487
ℎ
= = 0,425 ∙ 1 = 0,425
,
0,007
= 0,0024 1,5 + 12 ∙ 0,425 ∙ 0.097 = 0,0056 < 0,01
0,0024
The axial compressive strength of a non-slender, normal-weight concrete member confined with
an FRP jacket may be calculated using the confined concrete strength.
The axial force acting on an FRP-strengthened concrete member should be computed using the
load factors required by ACI 318-05, and the axial compression strength should be calculated
using the strength reduction factors  for spiral and tied members required by ACI 318-05:
- for steel spiral reinforcement 
- for steel-tie reinforcement 
In this case the transverse reinforcement is made by steel-tie:
= 0,8 0,85 ∙ − + ∙
= 0,8 ∙ 0,65[0,85 ∙ 7342(576 − 15,24) + 60000 ∙ 15,24] = 2295
Pag. 43
INDEX
1 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM WITH FRP

LAMINATES.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) METRIC................................................... 2
1.2 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) ENGLISH................................................. 9
2 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM WITH FRP

LAMINATES............................................................................................................................ 15
2.1 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) METRIC ...................................................................... 15
2.2 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) ENGLISH .................................................................... 23
3 SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF T-BEAM ................................................................................. 30

3.1 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) METRIC ...................................................................... 30
3.2 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) ENGLISH .................................................................... 34
4 STRENGTHENING OF A CONCRETE COLUMN FOR AXIAL LOAD INCREASE................ 38

4.1 Calculation example (SQUARE SECTION) METRIC.............................................................. 38
4.2 Calculation example (SQUARE SECTION) ENGLISH ............................................................ 41

Pag. 44

Guide - FRP 5.1 MW31 Only

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DEPARTMENT OF UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES “Federico II”

STRUCTURAL Science and Technology Pole

“FRP properties are related to the fabric

1 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM WITH

1.1 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) METRIC

Moments Existing loads Anticipated loads

Cross Section Properties:

- Depth of member: H = 609 mm

Department of Structural Engineering

Manifacturer’s reported FRP System Properties ( fiber + resin):

Department of Structural Engineering

FRP system design material properties:

Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit.

305 − 7,24 ∙ 1935 ∙ (546− ) = 0 ⟹ = 182,7

Department of Structural Engineering

Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis.

Department of Structural Engineering

= 37000 ∙ 0,0088 = 324

Because = , > 0.005 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.

Department of Structural Engineering

546 − 0,781 ∙ 131,7

546 − 0,80 ∙ 139,5 609 − 0,80 ∙ 139,5

= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 98 + 1,6 ∙ 176 = 399

Department of Structural Engineering

1.2 Calculation example (RECTANGULAR SECTION) ENGLISH

Moments Existing loads Anticipated loads

Cross Section Properties:

- Depth of member: H = 24 in.

Manifacturer’s reported FRP System Properties ( fiber + resin):

- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 12 in.

(268 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 72 + 0,75 ∙ 130 ) = 177

FRP system design material properties:

Department of Structural Engineering

Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit.

12 − 7,2 ∙ 3 ∙ (21,5− ) = 0 ⟹ = 7,2 .

864 ∙ 103 ∙ (24 − 7,2)

Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis.

Department of Structural Engineering

= 5360000 ∙ 0,009 = 48240

Because = , > 0.005 a strength reduction factor = 0,90.

21,5 − 0,785 ∙ 5,17

= 1,2 ∙ + 1,6 ∙ = 1,2 ∙ 72 + 1,6 ∙ 130 = 294,4

Department of Structural Engineering

2 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM

2.1 Calculation example (TEE SECTION) METRIC

Moments Existing loads Anticipated loads

Cross Section Properties:

- Depth of member: H = 635 mm

Department of Structural Engineering

Manifacturer’s reported FRP System Properties ( fiber + resin):

- Width of FRP reinforcing plies: bf = 610 mm

Department of Structural Engineering

(463,3 ) ≥ (1,1 ∙ 220 + 0,75 ∙ 171 ) = 370

FRP system design material properties:

Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit.

= ∙ = 495 ∙ 1138 = 563310

= ∙ℎ+ ∙ ( − ℎ) = 2210 ∙ 102 + 610 ∙ 533 = 550550

Distance from extreme bottom fiber to the section centroid, :

Distance from the top fiber to the section centroid, ∶

Department of Structural Engineering

= − = 635 − 238,5 = 396,5

102 102 533

Eccentricity of prestressing force: