LABREPORT###1

SUBMITTED TO: SIR TAHIR SUBHANI

SUBMITTED BY: WASIM GHANI
ROLL NO: FA15-CSE-021
DEPARTMENT: CSE
SESSION: 2015-2019
SUBJECT: NETWORKING
DATE: 23/11/2017

Straight Cable
Straight cable is used to connect different devices. This type of cable will
be used most of the time and can be used to:
 Connect a computer t0 a switch/hub’s normal ports.
 Connect a computer to a modem LAN ports.
 Connect a router’s WAN to a cable/DSL modem’s LAN port.
Coloring scheme of straight cable:
White/orange
Orange
Green/white
Blue
White/blue
Green
Brown
White/brown
Cross Cable:
Cross is used to connect same devices in the network.This type of cable
will be used most of the time and can be used to:
Connect a PC to PC
Used to connect a WAN router to router
Used to connect switch to switch connection
Used to connect PC to Router
Coloring Scheme of Cross cable:
White/orange; white/green
Orange Green
White/green Orange;
Blue Blue
White/blue white/blue
Green Orange
Brown Brown
White/brown white/brown
Rollover Cable
A rollover cable is a network cable that connects a computer terminal to
a network router’s console port. It is also referred to as a Cisco console
cable and is normally flat and light blue so as to distinguish it from other
network cable types. The pin-outs on one end of the cable are reversed
from the opposite end, which is how the cable derived its name. Rollover
cables are also known as Yost cables or Yost Serial Device Wiring
Standard connectors
Coloring scheme of rollover cable:
White/orange; white/brown
Orange; Brown
White/green Green
Blue White/blue
White/blue Blue
Green White/green
White/brown Orange
Brown White/orange

Connector RJ-45
RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for networking. It looks
similar to a telephone jack, but is slightly wider. Since Ethernet cables
have an RJ45 connector on each end, Ethernet cables are sometimes also
called RJ45 cables.
The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered jack," since it is a standardized
networking interface. The "45" simply refers to the number of the
interface standard. Each RJ45 connector has eight pins, which means an
RJ45 cable contains eight separate wires. If you look closely at the end of
an Ethernet cable, you can actually see the eight wires, which are each a
different color. Four of them are solid colors, while the other four are
striped.
Routers
A router is alayer-three device that routes packets based on their
logical addresses (host-to-host addressing). A router normally
connects LANs and WANs in the Internet and has a routing table
that is used for making decisions about the route. The routing
tables are normally dynamic and are updated using routing
protocols.
A router has a lot more capabilities
than other network devices, such as
a hub or a switch that are only able
to perform basic network functions.
For example, a hub is often used to
transfer data between computers or
network devices, but does not
analyze or do anything with the data
it is transferring. By contrast,
routers can analyze the data being
sent over a network, change how it is packaged, and send it to
another network or over a different network. For example, routers
are commonly used in home networks to share a single Internet
connection between multiple computers.
Switch:
A two-layer switch is a bridge, a bridge with many ports and a design
that allows better (faster) performance. A bridge with a few ports can
connect a few LANs together. A bridge with many ports may be able to
allocate a unique port to each station, with each station on its own
independent entity. This means no competing traffic (no collision, as
we saw in Ethernet).
A two-layer switch, as a bridge
does, makes a filtering decision
based on the MAC address of the
frame it received. However, a
 two-layer switch can be more sophisticated. It can have a buffer to
hold the frames for processing. It can have a switching factor that
forwards the frames faster. Some new two-layer switches, called cut-
through switches, have been designed to forward the frame as soon as
they check the MAC addresses in the header of the frame.
Active Hubs:
An active hub is actually a multipart repeater.
It is normally used to create connections
between stations in a physical star topology.
We have seen examples of hubs in some
Ethernet implementations (lO Base-T, for
example). However, hubs can also be used to
create multiple levels of hierarchy. The
hierarchical use of hubs removes the length limitation of 10Base-T
(100 m).
Repeaters:
A repeater is a device that operates
only in the physical layer. Signals that
carry information within a network
can travel a fixed distance before
attenuation endangers the integrity of
the data. A repeater receives a signal
and, before it becomes too weak or
corrupted, regenerates the original bit
pattern. The repeater then sends the
refreshed signal. A repeater can
extend the physical length of a LAN.
Bridges:
A bridge operates in both the physical and the data link layer. As a
physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives. As a data
link layer device, the bridge can check the physical (MAC)
addresses (source and destination) contained in the frame.
One may ask, What is the
difference in functionality
between a bridge and a
repeater? A bridge has
filtering capability. It can
check the destination
address of a frame and decide ifthe frame should be forwarded or
dropped. Ifthe frame is to be forwarded, the decision must specify
the port. A bridge has a table that maps addresses to ports.

Topology

HOSTNAME
BANNER SETTING
Packet forwarding