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SOLAR SYSTEM
Carl Murray
Lecture 8: Resonant
Perturbations
Introduction
We have seen that there are more commensurabilities
between pairs of objects in the solar system than we would
expect by chance. We have an explanation of this in terms
of tidal evolution.
We can develop a theory for the secular evolution of
gravitationally interacting bodies.
However, we have not (yet) developed a theory to explain
the dynamics of resonant motion.
In this lecture we will see how the motion of an object in
resonance can be approximated by a pendulum equation
and how this allows us to determine a maximum width of a
given resonance.
We will also see how it is possible to incorporate the effects
of resonance in a secular theory.
A Numerical Experiment (1)
t
A Numerical Experiment (2)
1
2
a
3
time
2
e 1
3
time
The Jupiter System
2:1
2:1
2:1
2:1
4:3
Mimas and Tethys have a period ratio close to 2:1
Enceladus and Dione have a period ratio close to 2:1
Titan and Hyperion have a period ratio close to 4:3
The Geometry of Resonance (1)
2:1 Resonance, Stable configuration:
where
direct indirect
part part
The Disturbing Function (4)
Now change notation so that the orbiting masses
are m and m’ with position vectors r and r’ with
Second order
arguments
Note the connection
between the order of the
argument and the lowest
powers of eccentricity
that occur.
Lagrange’s Equations
We have:
Hence:
Res
Variation of Orbital Elements (6)
If we ignore the variation of the mean longitude at epoch
then the time derivative of the 6 possible resonant
arguments are given by:
where
But
Hence
Set E to its maximum value. This gives
Resonance in the CRTBP (6)
But
Hence
Integration gives:
or
Resonance in the CRTBP (7)
A more precise calculation that is valid for first
order resonances at low eccentricity gives:
6 Mimas 6:4
resonances
6 Tethys 3:1
resonances
Known Resonances
The Laplace Resonance (1)
Subscript 1: Io, 2: Europa, 3: Ganymede
They were
right! The
existence of
the pulsar
planets was
subsequently
confirmed.