n

Reduced Crude Shell Side

5

Flashed Crude Tube Side

 SHELL SIDE LWK API = 42.91 1 TUBE SIDE Crude API = 44.28 -1
symbol values units SI Values symbol values units SI Values

Thermophysical Properties :
Density of Fluid ρS = 751.43 kg/m3 751.43000 Density of Fluid ρT = 788.78 kg/m3 788.78000
Viscosity μS = 1.2914 cP 0.00129 Viscosity μT = 2.9364 cP 0.00294
Thermal Conductivity kS = 0.07918 BTU/hr ft F 0.13698 Thermal Conductivity kT = 0.08237 BTU/hr ft F 0.14250
Specific Heat cp,S = 0.55 BTU/lb F 2302.74000 Specific Heat cp,T = 0.4931 BTU/lb F 2064.51108
Fouling Factor RdO = 0.00018 m2 K / W 0.00018 Fouling Factor Rdi = 0.00035 m2 K / W 0.00035

Temperature ΔT:
Temperature In TS,in = 336 F 441.89000 Temperature In TT,in = 85 F 302.44000
Temperature Out TS,out = 135 F 330.22000 Temperature Out TT,out = 130 F 327.44000

0 Specify : Crude API = 44.28 Mass Flow Rate 26665.625 kg/h 7.4071180556E+00

Mass Flow Rate mS = 1.486705925 kg/s Mass Flow Rate mT = 7.407118056 kg/s
Volumetric Flow Rate qS = 0.001978502 m /s
3
Volumetric Flow Rate qT = 0.009390601 m3/s

Heat Duty Q = 382301.9324 J/sec 382301.93241 LMTD Calculation:

Flow Type : Counter-Current

[assume] Overall Heat Range: 35 - 150 W/m2 K Hot Ends Temp. Dif ΔT1 = 114.45 K
Transfer coefficient U* = 260 W/m2 K 260 Cold Ends Temp. Dif ΔT2 = 27.78 K
1 0
Correction Factor R= 4.4668 S= 0.1792757261 Log Mean Temp. Dif LMTD = 61.21533484 K
Auto fT = fT = 0.8 LMTD (corrected) LMTD* = 48.97226788 K
0
Heat Transfer Area : AHT = 30.02499 m2

Design Specifications :
Shell Diameter DS = 15.25 in. 0.3874 Length of Tube LT = 4.5 m 4.5
Tube Clearance cT = 0.00635 m 0.00635 Outside Dia. of Tube dO = 0.75 in. 0.01905
Baffle Spacing B= 0.1 m 0.1 Thickness of Tube δ= 16 BWG 0.001651
 Tube Pitch PT = 1 in. 0.0254 Inside Dia. of Tube di = 0.015748
Outer Surface Area [Single Tube] : aST = 0.269313 m2

Pitch Type : Equivalent Diameter No. of Tubes NT = 111 No. of Tube Passes NP :
Triangular DH = 0.01803353 m No. of Tubes per Pass n= 28 4

Flow Area [= cT B DS / PT] aS = 0.009685 m2 Flow Area of Tube [inside] aT = 0.005453794 m2 Phase:
Linear Velocity of Tube [inside] uT = 1.721847369 m/s Liquid

Mass Velocity [= mS / aS] GS = 153.5060325 kg/m2 s Mass Velocity [= mT / aT] GT = 1358.158768 kg/m2 s 999834.30996

Heat Transfer Co-efficient Calculations :

Reynolds # [= DHGS/μS] ReS = 2144 Laminar Flow Reynolds # [= ρTuTdi /μT] ReT = 7284 Turbulent Flow
Prandtl # [= c p,S μS / kS] PrS = 21.709 Prandtl # [= c p,T μT /kT] PrT = 42.542

Method: NuS = 67.54096642 Method: NuT = 102.3069376

Auto jH = 18 Auto jH = 85

Shell Side HT Co-efficient hO,S = 513.036444 W / m2 K Tube Side HT Co-efficient hi,T = 925.752403 W / m2 K

[Design] Overall Heat Transfer coefficientUdo = 259.1168 W / m2 K

Pressure Drop Calculations :

g= 9.8

Friction Factor (use graph) fS = 0.003 Fig 29 Qern Page #839 Friction Factor (use graph) fT = 0.0005 Fig 26 Qern Page #836
Number of Baffles Nb = 44 Pressure Drop ΔPT = 68.18772875 kgf / m2
Pressure Drop ΔPS = 4.640011146 kgf / m2 Return Loss ΔPr = 1909.01396 kgf / m2

Shell Side Pressure Drop ΔPS = 4.64001115 kgf / m2 Tube Side Pressure Drop ΔPT = 1977.20169 kgf / m2
0.045472109 KPa 19.37657655 KPa
0.000454721 bar 0.193765765 bar
0.006598618 psi 2.81180331 psi
1.013
Background

A shell and tube heat exchanger, also known as the “workhorse” of industrial process heat transfer, is

It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical proce
applications. Other types of heat exchangers are used when economical. Though the application
increasing, the shell and tube heat exchanger will continue its popularity for a long time, largely beca

Construction

As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a b
through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat betwe
called a tube bundle, and may be composed by several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, e
Shell and tube heat exchanger units can be designed for almost any combination of pressure and tem

Requirements of Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers have to fulfil1 the following requirements:

1. High thermal effectiveness
2. Pressure drop as low as possible
3. Reliability and life expectancy
4. High-quality product and safe operation
5. Material compatibility with the process fluids
6. Convenient size, easy for installation, reliable in use
7. Easy for maintenance and servicing
8. Light in weight but strong in construction to withstand the operational pressures
9. Simplicity of manufacture
10. Low cost
11. Possibility of effecting repair to maintenance problems

Design Equations of Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers

 Reference: http://www.engineeringpage.com/technology/thermal/transfer.html
Page 840 | D. Q. Kern' Process Heat Transfer

Typical Overall Coefficients

Shell & Tube Exchangers
Range

Reduced Crude Flashed Crude 35 150

Hot fluid Cold fluid U (W/m2°C)
Water Water 800 1500
Organic Solvents Organic Solvents 100 300
Light Oils Light oils 100 400
Heavy Oils Heavy oils 50 300
Reduced Crude Flashed crude 35 150
Regenerated DEA Foul DEA 450 650
Gases (P = atm) Gases (P = atm) 5 35
Gases (P = 200 bar) Gases (P = 200 bar) 100 300

Coolers
Organic Solvents Water 250 750
Light Oils Water 350 700
Heavy Oils Water 60 300
Reduced Crude Water 75 200
Gases (P = atm) Water 5 35
Gases (P = 200 bar) Water 150 400
Gases Water 20 300
Organic Solvents Brine 150 500
Water Brine 600 1200
Gases Brine 15 250

Heaters
Steam Water 1500 4000
Steam Organic Solvents 500 1000
Steam Light Oils 300 900
Steam Heavy Oils 60 450
Steam Gases 30 300
Dowtherm Heavy Oils 50 300
Dowtherm Gases 20 200
Flue Gases Steam 30 100
Flue Gases Hydrocarbon Vapours 30 100

Condensors
Aqueous Vapours Water 1000 1500
Organic Vapours Water 700 1000
Refinery Hydrocarbons Water 400 550
Organics (some non-condensables) Water 500 700
Vacuum Condensors Water 200 500

Vaporisers
Steam Aqueous Solution 1000 1500
Steam Light organics 900 1200
Steam Heavy Organics 600 900
Dowtherm Refinery Hydrocarbons 250 550
fer.html

Index
5

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 Special Thanks: Muhammad Arsalan Khan [2010 - CH - 120]
Reference: Page 37 | Ernest E. Ludwig' Applied Process Design for Chemical & Petroche

Tube Count [Fixed Tubes]

Shell & Tube Exchangers
NP Pitch Type dO (m) PT (m) Tube Count

4 Triangular 0.75 1 0 44 72 96 134 180 232 294 360

inches 8 10 12 13.25 15.25 17.25 19.25 21.25 23.25

Inner Diameter of
SHELL
metres 0.2032 0.254 0.3048 0.33655 0.38735 0.43815 0.48895 0.53975 0.59055

1 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 33 69 105 135 193 247 307 391 481
1 Triangular 0.75 1 33 57 91 117 157 217 277 343 423
1 Square 0.75 1 33 53 85 101 139 183 235 287 355
1 Triangular 1 1.25 15 33 57 73 103 133 163 205 247
1 Square 1 1.25 17 33 45 65 83 111 139 179 215
2 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 32 58 94 124 166 228 300 370 452
2 Triangular 0.75 1 28 56 90 110 154 208 264 326 398
2 Square 0.75 1 26 48 78 94 126 172 222 280 346
2 Triangular 1 1.25 16 32 52 62 92 126 162 204 244
2 Square 1 1.25 12 26 40 56 76 106 136 172 218
4 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 48 84 108 154 196 266 332 412
4 Triangular 0.75 1 44 72 96 134 180 232 294 360
4 Square 0.75 1 48 72 88 126 142 192 242 308
4 Triangular 1 1.25 24 44 60 78 104 138 176 212
4 Square 1 1.25 24 40 48 74 84 110 142 188
6 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 80 116 174 230 294 372
6 Triangular 0.75 1 66 104 156 202 258 322
6 Square 0.75 1 54 78 116 158 212 266
6 Triangular 1 1.25 34 56 82 112 150 182
6 Square 1 1.25 44 66 88 116 154
8 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 94 140 198 258 332
8 Triangular 0.75 1 82 124 170 224 286
8 Square 0.75 1 94 132 174 228
8 Triangular 1 1.25 66 90 120 154
8 Square 1 1.25 74 94 128
Khan [2010 - CH - 120]
Chemical & Petrochemical Plants, 3rd Ed, Vol.3 (1999)

ubes]
rs Calculated # of Tubes 111
be Count Index

424 508 596 692 802 912 1024 12

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 15.25
0.635 0.6858 0.7366 0.7874 0.8382 0.889 0.9398 0.38735

553 663 763 881 1019 1143 1269 0

493 577 667 765 889 1007 1127 0
419 495 587 665 765 865 965 0
307 361 427 481 551 633 699 0
255 303 359 413 477 545 595 0
528 626 734 846 964 1088 1242 0
468 556 646 746 858 972 1088 0
408 486 560 644 746 840 946 0
292 346 410 462 530 608 688 0
248 298 348 402 460 522 584 0
484 576 680 788 904 1024 1172 0
424 508 596 692 802 912 1024 1
366 440 510 590 688 778 880 0
258 308 368 422 486 560 638 0
214 260 310 360 414 476 534 0
440 532 632 732 844 964 1106 0
388 464 548 640 744 856 964 0
324 394 460 536 634 224 818 0
226 274 338 382 442 514 586 0
184 226 268 318 368 430 484 0
398 484 576 682 790 902 1040 0
344 422 496 588 694 798 902 0
286 352 414 490 576 662 760 0
190 240 298 342 400 466 542 0
150 192 230 280 334 388 438 0
 kg/h 2.77777778E-04 GaugeRange Hot.Fluids
Mass.FR (7/0) Aqueous Vapours
kg/s 1.00000000E+00 (6/0) Dowtherm
kg/min 1.66666667E-02 (5/0) Flue Gases
kg/h 2.77777778E-04 (4/0) Gases
kg/day 1.15740741E-05 (3/0) Gases (P = 200 bar)
tonne/h 2.77777778E-01 (2/0) Gases (P = atm)
tonne/day 1.15740741E-02 0 Heavy Oils
tonne/yr 3.17097921E-05 1 Light Oils
g/s 1.00000000E-03 2 Organic Solvents
g/min 1.66666667E-05 3 Organic Vapours
g/h 2.77777778E-07 4 Organics (some non-condensables)
g/day 1.15740741E-08 5 Reduced Crude
lb/s 4.53592370E-01 6 Refinery Hydrocarbons
lb/min 7.55987283E-03 7 Regenerated DEA
lb/h 1.25997881E-04 8 Steam
Mlb/h 1.25997881E-01 9 Water
lb/day 5.24991169E-06 10
M lb/day 5.24991169E-03 11 Cold.Fluids
MM lb/day 5.24991169E+00 12 Aqueous Solution
tn(short)/s 9.07184740E+02 13 Brine
tn(short)/min 1.51197457E+01 14 Flashed Crude
tn(short)/h 2.51995761E-01 15 Foul DEA
tn(short)/day 1.04998234E-02 16 Gases
tn(long)/s 1.01604691E+03 17 Gases (P = 200 bar)
tn(long)/min 1.69341152E+01 18 Gases (P = atm)
tn(long)/h 2.82235253E-01 19 Heavy Oils
tn(long)/day 1.17598022E-02 20 Heavy Organics
Vol.FR 21 Hydrocarbon Vapours
m3/sec 1.00000000E+00 22 Light Oils
m3/min 1.66700000E-02 23 Light Organics
m3/h 2.77800000E-04 24 Organic Solvents
m3/day 1.15700000E-05 25 Refinery Hydrocarbons
L/sec 1.00000000E-03 26 Steam
L/min 1.66700000E-05 27 Water
L/h 2.77800000E-07 28
L/day 1.15700000E-08 29
barrel/s 1.58987295E-01 30
barrel/min 2.64960000E-03 31
barrel/h 4.41600000E-05 32
barrel/day 1.84000000E-06 33
gallon/s [US] 3.78541200E-03 34
gallon/min [US] 6.30900000E-05 35
gallon/h [US] 1.05200000E-06 36
gallon/day [US] 4.38333333E-08 37
MGPD 4.38100000E-05 38
MMGPD 4.38100000E-02 39
gallon/s [UK] 4.54609000E-03 40
gallon/min [UK] 7.57681667E-05 41
gallon/h [UK] 1.26280278E-06 42
gallon/day [UK] 5.26167824E-08 43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
 Process.Fluid Process.FR Fluid.Side FlowType PitchType
LWK API = 42.91 Mass Flow Rate Shell Side Parallel Triangular
Crude API = 44.28 Volumetric Flow Rate Tube Side Counter-Current Square

Temp. Length Gauge Density Viscosity

K m BWG kg/m 3
kg/ms
C cm SWG g/L P
F mm AWG g/cm3 cP
ft lb/ft 3

in. lb/in.3

Thermal.Cond Heat.Capacity HT.C. Fouling.Factor

W/m K J/kg K W/m K2
m2 K / W
J/s m K KJ/kg K cal/s m2 C s m2 C / cal
BTU/hr ft F cal/g C kcal/h m2 C h m2 C / kcal
BTU/lb F BTU/hr ft2 F hr ft2 F / BTU
FT.Entry Phase Tube.Pitch.Values Hi.Calc
Auto Gas 15/16 Auto
Manual Liquid 1 Manual
1 1/4

Do.Values
3/ 4
1
 B.W.G
inches m
(7/0) -
(6/0) -
(5/0) 0.5 0.0127
(4/0) 0.454 0.0115316
(3/0) 0.425 0.010795
(2/0) 0.38 0.009652
0 0.34 0.008636
1 0.3 0.00762
2 0.284 0.0072136
3 0.259 0.0065786
4 0.238 0.0060452
5 0.22 0.005588
6 0.203 0.0051562
7 0.18 0.004572
8 0.165 0.004191
9 0.148 0.0037592
10 0.134 0.0034036
11 0.12 0.003048
12 0.109 0.0027686
13 0.095 0.002413
14 0.083 0.0021082
15 0.072 0.0018288
16 0.065 0.001651
17 0.058 0.0014732
18 0.049 0.0012446
19 0.042 0.0010668
20 0.035 0.000889
21 0.032 0.0008128
22 0.028 0.0007112
23 0.025 0.000635
24 0.022 0.0005588
25 0.02 0.000508
26 0.018 0.0004572
27 0.016 0.0004064
28 0.014 0.0003556
29 0.013 0.0003302
30 0.012 0.0003048
31 0.01 0.000254
32 0.009 0.0002286
33 0.008 0.0002032
34 0.007 0.0001778
35 0.005 0.000127
36 0.004 0.0001016
37 -
38 -
39 -
40 -
41 -
42 -
43 -
44 -
45 -
46 -
47 -
48 -
49 -
50 -
No_Passes
1
2
4
6
8
10
 S.W.G
inches m
(7/0) 0.5 0.0127
(6/0) 0.464 0.0117856
(5/0) 0.432 0.0109728
(4/0) 0.4 0.01016
(3/0) 0.372 0.0094488
(2/0) 0.348 0.0088392
0 0.324 0.0082296
1 0.3 0.00762
2 0.276 0.0070104
3 0.252 0.0064008
4 0.232 0.0058928
5 0.212 0.0053848
6 0.192 0.0048768
7 0.176 0.0044704
8 0.16 0.004064
9 0.144 0.0036576
10 0.128 0.0032512
11 0.116 0.0029464
12 0.104 0.0026416
13 0.092 0.0023368
14 0.08 0.002032
15 0.072 0.0018288
16 0.064 0.0016256
17 0.056 0.0014224
18 0.048 0.0012192
19 0.04 0.001016
20 0.036 0.0009144
21 0.032 0.0008128
22 0.028 0.0007112
23 0.024 0.0006096
24 0.022 0.0005588
25 0.02 0.000508
26 0.018 0.0004572
27 0.0164 0.00041656
28 0.0148 0.00037592
29 0.0136 0.00034544
30 0.0124 0.00031496
31 0.0116 0.00029464
32 0.0108 0.00027432
33 0.01 0.000254
34 0.0092 0.00023368
35 0.0084 0.00021336
36 0.0076 0.00019304
37 0.0068 0.00017272
38 0.006 0.0001524
39 0.0052 0.00013208
40 0.0048 0.00012192
41 0.0044 0.00011176
42 0.004 0.0001016
43 0.0036 0.00009144
44 0.0032 0.00008128
45 0.0028 0.00007112
46 0.0024 0.00006096
47 0.002 0.0000508
48 0.0016 0.00004064
49 0.0012 0.00003048
50 0.001 0.0000254
 A.W.G
inches m
(7/0) -
(6/0) -
(5/0) -
(4/0) 0.46 0.011684
(3/0) 0.4096 0.01040384
(2/0) 0.3648 0.00926592
0 0.3249 0.00825246
1 0.2893 0.00734822
2 0.2576 0.00654304
3 0.2294 0.00582676
4 0.2043 0.00518922
5 0.1819 0.00462026
6 0.162 0.0041148
7 0.1443 0.00366522
8 0.1285 0.0032639
9 0.1144 0.00290576
10 0.1019 0.00258826
11 0.0907 0.00230378
12 0.0808 0.00205232
13 0.072 0.0018288
14 0.0641 0.00162814
15 0.0571 0.00145034
16 0.0508 0.00129032
17 0.0453 0.00115062
18 0.0403 0.00102362
19 0.0359 0.00091186
20 0.032 0.0008128
21 0.0285 0.0007239
22 0.0253 0.00064262
23 0.0226 0.00057404
24 0.0201 0.00051054
25 0.0179 0.00045466
26 0.0159 0.00040386
27 0.0142 0.00036068
28 0.0126 0.00032004
29 0.0113 0.00028702
30 0.01 0.000254
31 0.00893 0.000226822
32 0.00795 0.00020193
33 0.00708 0.000179832
34 0.0063 0.00016002
35 0.00561 0.000142494
36 0.005 0.000127
37 0.00445 0.00011303
38 0.00397 0.000100838
39 0.00353 0.000089662
40 0.00314 0.000079756
41 -
42 -
43 -
44 -
45 -
46 -
47 -
48 -
49 -
50 -
Liquid Oil C1 C2 Shell Side - LWK
10° API 0.00382 1.12 API C1 C2 delta T Kc
15° ApI 0.0031 0.75 40 0.00134 0.02 201 0.28934
20° API 0.00238 0.38 45 0.001127 0.01 201 0.236527
25° API 0.0022 0.24
30° API 0.002 0.1 API 1 Kc API 2 Kc API Kc
35° API 0.00167 0.06 40 0.28934 45 0.236527 42.91 0.258603
40° API 0.00134 0.02
45° API 0.001127 0.01 Tube Side -Crude
50° API 0.000914 0 API C1 C2 delta T Kc
55° API 0.000796 0 40 0.00134 0.02 45 0.0803
60° API 0.000678 0 45 0.001127 0.01 45 0.060715

API 1 Kc API 2 Kc API Kc

40 0.0803 45 0.060715 44.28 0.063535

R 0.223881
Fc Tc
0.36 207.36 F

Fc tc
0.37 101.65 F
Liquid Oil C1 c2 Shell Side - LWK
10 API 1.025 0.00036 API C1 C2 T
15° API 0.955 0.000359 40 0.842 0.00038 207.36
20° API 0.955 0.000365 45 0.828 0.00041 207.36
25° API 0.923 0.000368
30° API 0.895 0.000365 API 1 Kc API 2 Kc
35° API 0.873 0.000388 40 0.763203 45 0.742982
40° API 0.842 0.00038 0 < t < 700
0.985 0.00057 t > 700
45° API 0.828 0.00041 0 < t < 700
1 0.00066 t > 700 Tube Side -Crude
50° API 0.805 0.00044 0 < t < 600 API C1 C2 T
1.1 0.000895 t > 600 40 0.842 0.00038 101.65
55° API 0.785 0.000446 0 < t < 550 45 0.828 0.00041 101.65
1.185 0.0021 t > 550
60° API 0.763 0.000446 0 < t < 500 API 1 Kc API 2 Kc
1.9 0.00242 t > 500 40 0.803373 45 0.786324

Sp.G C1-C2t
SpG
0.763203
0.742982

API SpG row

42.91 0.751435 751.4347 kg/m3

SpG
0.803373
0.786324

API SpG row

44.28 0.788779 788.7786 kg/m3
 50 100 150 200 300 400 600
10 API μ(C.P) 1500 150 45 17 5 2 0.6
20 API μ(C.P.) 150 28 12 5 2 0.95 0.4
30 API μ(C.P.) 26 9 4.5 2.7 1.3 0.7 0.35
35 API μ(C.P) 15 5.9 3 1.7 0.75 0.4 0.15
40 API μ(C.P.) 8 4 2.3 1.4 0.6 0.25 0.09
45 API μ(C.P.) 4.8 2.8 1.8 1.3 0.7 0.43 0.26
50 API μ(C.P.) 3 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.25 0.125
60 API μ(C.P.) 0.9 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.3 0.2 0.1

Shell Side - LWK

API 1 μ API 2 μ API μ API

200 40 1.4 45 1.3 42.91 1.3418 42.91
300 40 0.6 45 0.7 42.91 0.6582

Tube Side - Crude

API 1 μ API 2 μ API μ API

100 40 4 45 2.8 44.28 2.9728 42.91
150 40 2.3 45 1.8 44.28 1.872
T μ API 2 μ API μ
200 1.3418 300 0.6582 207.36 1.291487 cP

T μ API 2 μ API μ
100 2.9728 150 1.872 101.65 2.936474 cP
Liquid Oil C1 C2
10° API 0.0685 0.0000208 Shell Side - LWK
15° ApI 0.0708 0.0000213 API C1 C2 T K
20° API 0.0735 0.0000225 40 0.083 0.0000243 207.36 0.077961
25° API 0.0759 0.0000225 45 0.0852 0.0000248 207.36 0.080057
30° API 0.078 0.000023
35° API 0.0801 0.000025 API 1 Kc API 2 Kc API K
40° API 0.083 0.0000243 40 0.077961 45 0.080057 42.91 0.079181
45° API 0.0852 0.0000248
50° API 0.088 0.0000258
55° API 0.0902 0.0000267
60° API 0.0925 0.0000275 Tube Side -Crude
API C1 C2 T SpG
40 0.083 0.0000243 101.65 0.08053
45 0.0852 0.0000248 101.65 0.082679
K C1-C2t
API 1 Kc API 2 Kc API K
40 0.08053 45 0.082679 44.28 0.08237
BTU/hr ft F

BTU/hr ft F
Liquid Oil C1 C2
10° API 0.00051 0.323 Shell Side - LWK
15° API 0.000518 0.3315 API C1 C2 T Cp
20° API 0.000527 0.34 40 0.000556 0.374 207.36 0.544892
25° API 0.000535 0.3495 45 0.000562 0.381 207.36 0.553736
30° API 0.000542 0.359
35° API 0.000549 0.3665 API 1 Cp API 2 Cp API Cp
40° API 0.000556 0.374 40 0.544892 45 0.553736 42.91 0.550039
45° API 0.000562 0.381
50° API 0.000567 0.388
55° API 0.000576 0.394
60° API 0.000584 0.4 Tube Side -Crude
API C1 C2 T Cp
40 0.000556 0.374 101.65 0.486117
45 0.000562 0.381 101.65 0.494327
Cp C1(t+100) + C2
API 1 Cp API 2 Cp API Cp
40 0.486117 45 0.494327 44.28 0.493145
BTU/lb F

BTU/lb F
REFINERY FLUIDS - Fouling Factors in [m2K/W] http://www.engineeringpage.com/technology/thermal/
Crude - wet,
(bearing salty water)
Temperature 0 to 95 ° C 95 to 160 °160 to 260> 95 ° C
Velocity
< 0.6 m/s 0.00053 0.00088 0.00105 0.00123
0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.0007 0.00088 0.00106
> 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.0007 0.0007 0.00088

Crude - dry
Temperature 0 to 95 ° C 95 to 160 °160 to 260> 95 ° C
Velocity
< 0.6 m/s 0.00053 0.00053 0.00070 0.00088
0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.00035 0.00053 0.0007
> 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.00035 0.00035 0.00053

Products Gasoline 0.00018

Naphtha and Light Distillates 0.00018

Kerosene 0.00018
Light gas oil 0.00035
Heavy gas oil 0.00053
Heavy fuel oils 0.00088
Asphalt and residuum 0.00176

Cracking and
Overhead vapors 0.00035
Coking Units streams
Light cycle oil 0.00035
Heavy cycle oil 0.00053
Light coker gas oil 0.00053
Heavy coker gas oil 0.0007

Bottom slurry (> 1.5 m/s) 0.00053

Bottom liquid products 0.00035

Catalytic Reforming,
Reformer charge 0.00035
Hydrocracking,
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Reformer effluent 0.00018

Hydrocracker charge and effluent 0.00035

Recycle gas 0.00018

HDS charge and effluent 0.00035

Overhead vapors 0.00018

Liquid product > 50 API 0.00018

 Liquid product 30 to 50 API 0.00035

Light Ends Overhead vapors and gases 0.00018

processing streams
Liquid products 0.00018
Absorption oils 0.00035

Alkylation trace acid streams 0.00053

Reboiler streams 0.00053

Lube oil processing streams 0.00053

Feed stock 0.00035
Solvent feed mix 0.00035
Solvent 0.00018
Extract 0.00035
Raffinate 0.00018
Asphalt 0.00088
Wax slurries 0.00053
Refined lube oil 0.00018
om/technology/thermal/fouling_factors.html#fouling_factors