RFID BASED Door Lock Using Arduino

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to the Project

The project that we will be working on is an RFID door lock that will be available
to the general public at an affordable price. The goal of this project is to create a more
convenient way to unlock your door than the traditional key. In the key’s place is an
RFID tag that will unlock the door by proximity. However, the improvements of this
RFID door lock must outweigh the complications of implementation. The list of
customer needs (in the Requirements and Specifications section) was constructed with
that fundamental goal in mind. The design consists of two components. The first
component is the actual door lock that must be installed in the doorframe. This will be
controlled by a magnetic lock and will need to be powered. The second component is
a relatively small module that you can install anywhere near the door. This module is
responsible for the RFID sensing. Chapter 2 goes over the requirements and
specifications determined for the RFID door lock. The requirements are inspired by
surveys of various groups as well as personal interest. The specifications are designed
in order to meet these requirements. These are created before the actual design of the
RFID door lock had been created so the requirements and specifications may not
exactly meet the final product. However, the final product is still designed with these
ideas in mind. In the Functional Decomposition (Chapter 3), the design of the final
product is shown and explained. This chapter also documents the tests and
complications confronted throughout the design. The design is split into 5 modules
which were tackled individually until finally bringing the whole product together. The
necessity of each module is included.

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1.2 Literature Survey

Door lock security systems are classified based on technology used as

Password Based Systems:

The programmable electronic code lock device is programmed in such a way

that it will operates only with the correct entry of predefined digits. It is also called an
integrated combinational type lock. The programmable code lock is shown in Fig 1 as
below. Fig 1: Programmable Electronic Code Lock International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 153 – No2, November 2016 14 Electronics safe
is its example. Based on the programmable electronic code lock, the reprogrammable
digital door locks were invented in that the password can change any time as it stored
in PROM. For operating the device, GSM/CDMA module can be used. When any
person calls up from his phone, the call will be received by the system. And the door
will opens only if the call is from specified user.

Biometric Based System:

The palmtop recognition is the next step for fingerprint recognition. It

operates on the image of palmtop. Firstly system takes an image of the palmtop then it
works on that image by partitioning it and process is required. At the end, verify the
right person. Hence, it reduces the chances of error in other human recognition
methods and clarifies the problems which were faced in the fingerprint recognition.
The biometric technique is very useful in bank lockers. Except fingerprint recognition
the vein detector and iris scanner gives best and accurate result so, in the bank
security system microcontroller continuously monitors the Vein.

GSM Based Systems:

In many door lock security systems, GSM is used for communication purpose. The
purpose of a work cultivated by utilization of a circuits like a GSM module which
gets activated by a controller for sending SMS in emergency to proprietor and for
sending corresponding services of security at the time of break in. For detecting
obstacles, the system requires various sensors. It gathers data from the sensors and
settles on a choice.

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Smart Card Based System:

A model entryway security framework is intended to permit an authorized

person for getting a safe (without need of any key) entryway where valid card of
smart RFID is necessary for ensuring the pass of the door. Total control activity is
performed by the microcontroller.

RFID Based Systems:

These types of security systems used for digital door lock are utilizing inactive
RFID tags (passive). With the help of this, it ensures that only valid person can get
entry. Such systems are working in real time basic for opening the door in which user
have to place the tag in contact with RFID detector, then the entryway gets opens and
in the central server the registration data is stored with necessary data of the users.
Attendance and person tracking is possible by using such type of system.

Bluetooth Based Systems:

Bluetooth based system is a bit like sarvy house innovations that utilizes
Bluetooth function available in smart devices .The framework using Bluetooth turns
out to be more simple and productive for proper utilization. Such systems are
generally based on Arduino platform. The hardware of such framework is the combo
of android smart phone and Bluetooth module. Arduino microcontroller here is acting
as a controller and solenoid can be acting as output of locking system.

Social Networking Sites Based Systems:

A specific work .the digitalization and safety perspectives were accomplished

by utilizing the phone device and web camera. The model can empower a pin to close
and open a door from allotted region using SMS from a (social networking site) like
Facebook, Whatsapp etc. Fig 3: Digital Door Lock model based on Internet of Things
Recently, a new digital door lock system get designed which detects the unknown
physical contact of a visitant then immediately informs to the owner through the smart
phone as shown in Fig 3. At the moment, if wrong password gets detected more than
the specified times, the system catches the picture of the unknown visitant and sends
it to the owner through smart device. In this manner, increases the strength of the

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security function. With help of latest advanced technology, demonstration of an

intelligent door system using Internet of Things is given by S. Nazeem Basha et. al.

OTP Based Systems:

The proposed method in latest work does not need administrator‟s help to
access the facility if the user knows OTP technique and has a registered mobile phone
. Likewise the OTP is generated and sent to the proprietor‟s mobile phone whenever
user requests to access facility. Then the OTP should enter through keypad on the
door ,the door will open. In case if the mobile is not available or off then the option to
open the door is to answer the security question ask by system.

Motion Detector Based System:

The Motion Detector System working is based on the principle of amount of

light falling on the photodiode. At the point when the laser light is falling constantly
on the photodiode, its reading is 255 in decimals. But when it‟s hindered by deterrent,
the voltage falls less than 50 in decimals. This flames the alarm and gives notification
to the owner about the break in. And automatic lock can be activated.

VB Based System:

Electronic eye represents the model for capturing the door images with the
help of microcontroller to ensure the safety for offices and houses. In this system, the
image gets captured when the door is opened and these images are displayed by using
VB application on computing system.

Combined System:

The locker security system is as shown in Fig 4 in view of RFID,

FINGERPRINT, PASSWORD and GSM technology containing door locking
frameworks which can be without much of a stretch, initiated, authenticated and
validated by the authorized person. It unlocks the locker door in real time manner.
Firstly, moving objects are extracted from the scene by means of a frame-differencing
algorithm and texture information based on grey scale intensity. However, shadows of
moving objects belong also to the foreground. Shadows are removed from the
foreground objects using top hat transformations and morphological operators.

Survey:

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Srivastav Nandita (2006) :

The ―Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification

system. RFID uses RF to identify ―tagged‖ items .This data is then collected and
transmitted to a host system using an RF Reader. The data transmitted by the tag may
provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged,
such as price, color, date of purchase; etc.In Bar code the scanner device directs a
light beam at the bar code. The device contains a small sensory reading element. This
sensor detects the light being reflected back from the bar code, and converts light
energy into electrical energy. The result is an electrical signal that can be converted
into data.

Daniel M Dobkin et. al (2005):

Every RFID system consists of at least one interrogator, more commonly

known as a reader, which uses a radio link to communicate with at least one
transponder. The tag generally contains one or more integrated circuits, and a unique
identifying number stored in non-volatile memory. The reader is often (though not
always) integrated into a network in order to make efficient use of the identification
data it collects. There are three key architectural parameters that determine the type of
RFID system in use: the frequency (practically equivalent to the mode of coupling),
the means of powering the tag, and the communications protocol employed.

Juels Ari (2005):

RFID raises two main privacy concerns for users: clandestine tracking and
inventorying.RFID tags respond to reader interrogation without alerting their owners
or bearers. Thus, where read range permits, clandestine scanning of tags is a plausible
threat. Most RFID tags emit unique identifiers, even tags that protect data with
cryptographic algorithms In consequence, a person carrying an RFID tag effectively
broadcasts a fixed serial number to nearby readers, providing a ready vehicle for
clandestine physical tracking. Such tracking is possible even if a fixed tag serial
number is random and carries no intrinsic data. The threat to privacy grows when a
tag serial number is combined with personal information.

Jihoon Myung and Wonjun Lee (2006):

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The query tree is a data structure for representing prefixes which is sent by the
reader in the query tree protocol. A reader identifies tags through consecutive
communications with tags. The query tree protocol consists of rounds. In each round,
the reader transmits a query and tags respond with their IDs. The query has a prefix.
Only tags of which IDs match the prefix respond. When only a tag answers, the reader
successfully recognizes the tag. When more than one tags answer, responses collide
and the reader cannot get any information about the tags.

Kong Wa Chiang et. al (2008):

Prefix Randomised Query Tree protocol builds a binary search tree according
to the prefixes chosen randomly by tags rather than using their IDbased prefixes.
Therefore, the tag identification time of the proposed protocol is no longer limited by
the tag ID distribution and ID length as the conventional tree search protocol. The
Query-Tree protocol is simple, but it has scalability problem because its worst-case
time complexity is on the order of n(k + 2 − log2 n) [2], where n is the number of tags
and k is the length of ID string.The time complexity of the protocol is derived and
shown that it can identify tags faster than the Query-Tree protocol.

Yang H et. al (2006):

Static broadcast tree protocols have been proposed to optimize the querying
procedure in sensor networks. The solution is given to mitigate the unevenness of
energy distribution and its undesirable effects like reduced network lifetime and loss
of connectivity in a sensor network that are caused by static broadcast trees. a
―Dynamic Query-tree Energy Balancing‖ (DQEB) protocol is used to dynamically
adjust the tree structure and minimize the overall broadcast cost. The proposed
algorithm scales well, is distributed and does not need any global information.
Locally, the broadcast power consumption is minimized while globally, the broadcast
load and power distribution are balanced across the whole sensor network. Simulation
results verify that the DQEB protocol achieves significantly better balance in the
battery power distribution and extends the network’s lifetime considerably.

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CHAPTER2

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few

dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part
of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be
flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that
are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key
characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may
require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may
usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and
dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.

Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital

watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory
controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from
low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals
and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most

systems have some element of extensibility or programmability. For example,
handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such as the
operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems

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which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need to support

software updates.

On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application

systems will have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is
"designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded". A modern example of embedded system is shown in fig: 2.1.

Fig. 2.1 A Modern Example of Embedded System

Labelled parts include microprocessor (4), RAM (6), flash memory

(7).Embedded systems programming is not like normal PC programming. In many
ways, programming for an embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago.
The hardware for the system is usually chosen to make the device as cheap as
possible. Spending an extra dollar a unit in order to make things easier to program can
cost millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in comparison. This
means the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory, while at
the same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications. Below
is a list of issues specific to the embedded field.

2.1.1 History

One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo
Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered
the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed
monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight

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2.1.2 Tools

Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming.

There's also a large number of embedded architectures, unlike the PC world where 1
instruction set rules, and the UNIX world where there's only 3 or 4 major ones. This
means that the tools are more expensive. It also means that they're lowering featured,
and less developed. On a major embedded project, at some point you will almost
always find a compiler bug of some sort.

2.1.3 Resources

To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that
can do the job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible.
When dealing with large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never matter
in PC programming can hurt you. Luckily, this won't happen too often- use
reasonably efficient algorithms to start, and optimize only when necessary. Of course,
normal profilers won't work well, due to the same reason debuggers don't work well.

2.1.4 Real Time Issues

Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond

to them in real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even
damage hardware such as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of
resources available. Almost all embedded systems need to be able to prioritize some
tasks over others, and to be able to put off/skip low priority tasks such as UI in favour
of high priority tasks like hardware control.

2.2 Need for Embedded Systems

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new
products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel
ways. In recent years, hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA
chips have become much cheaper. So, when implementing a new form of control, it's
wiser to just buy the generic chip and write your own custom software for it.
Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs far
more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with extensive
libraries, so that "writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed.
From an implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a computer

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and an embedded system. Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-Time
response. The main elements that make embedded systems unique are its reliability
and ease in debugging.

2.2.1 Debugging

Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

facilities available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped
into the following areas:

 Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded
operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)
 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either
a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger which even
works for heterogeneous multi core systems.
 An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor
via a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be
controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in
the processor.
 An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,
providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.
 A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all
of it to be controlled and modified and allowing debugging on a normal PC.
 Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run
software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its
operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements,

the debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software(and
microprocessor) centric embedded system is different from debugging an embedded
system where most of the processing is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-
processor). An increasing number of embedded systems today use more than one
single processor core. A common problem with multi-core development is the proper
synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded system design
may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which

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requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyser, for
instance.

2.2.2 Reliability

Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run

continuously for years without errors and in some cases recover by themselves if an
error occurs. Therefore, the software is usually developed and tested more carefully
than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk
drives, switches or buttons are avoided.

Specific reliability issues may include:

 The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair.
Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole
systems, and automobiles.
 The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less tolerable.
Often backup is selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor
control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train signals, engines on
single-engine aircraft..
 Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture ensures a highly secure
& reliable system environment.
 An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem
component, so that a compromised soft/ware component cannot interfere with other
subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation keeps faults from
propagating from one subsystem to another, improving reliability. This may also
allow a subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.
 Immunity Aware Programming

2.3 Explanation of Embedded Systems

2.3.1 Software Architecture

There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

Simple Control Loop

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each
of which manages a part of the hardware or software.

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1) Interrupt Controlled System

Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means

that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An
interrupt could be generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a
serial port controller receiving a byte. These kinds of systems are used if event
handlers need low latency and the event handlers are short and simple.

Usually these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this
task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will
add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished,
these tasks are executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a
multitasking kernel with discrete processes.

2) Cooperative Multitasking

A non-pre-emptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control

loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a
series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task is
idle, it calls an idle routine, usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop” (stands for
no operation), etc. The advantages and disadvantages are very similar to the control
loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or
adding to the queue-interpreter.

3) Primitive Multitasking

In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or

threads based on a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which the
system is generally considered to have an "operating system" kernel. Depending on
how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of the complexities of
managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel.

As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger
systems using an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access
to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message
queues, semaphores or a non-blocking synchronization scheme.

4) Micro kernels And Exo kernels

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A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement

is that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to
different threads of execution. User mode processes implement major functions such
as file systems, network interfaces, etc.

2.3.2 Stand Alone Embedded System

These systems take the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers
or commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and
produces desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving
output is done in standalone mode. Such embedded systems come under standalone
embedded systems

Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc.

2.3.3 Real-Time Embedded Systems

Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a

specific time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There
are two types of real-time embedded systems.

1) Hard Real-time embedded systems

These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the
tasking is not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the
entire equipment.

Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30

milliseconds. If this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire
equipment.

2) Soft Real Time embedded systems:

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few
milliseconds delay it will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control.
These systems which will not cause damage when they are not operated at
considerable time period those systems come under soft real-time embedded systems.

2.3.4 Network Communication Embedded Systems:

A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using

embedded systems.

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Eg: Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can
be used to spread communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to
another computer with internet connection throughout anywhere in the world.

Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock. Whenever a person
comes near the door, it captures the image of a person and sends to the desktop of
your computer which is connected to internet. This gives an alerting message with
image on to the desktop of your computer, and then you can open the door lock just
by clicking the mouse. Fig: 2.2 show the network communications in embedded
systems.

Fig. 2.2 Network Communication Embedded Systems

2.3.5 Different Types of Processing Units:

The central processing unit can be any one of the following microprocessor,
microcontroller, digital signal processing.

Among these Microcontroller is of low-cost processor and one of the main advantage
of microcontrollers is, the components such as memory, serial communication
interfaces, analog to digital converters etc.., all these are built on a single chip. The
numbers of external components that are connected to it are very less according to the
application.

2.4 Applications of Embedded Systems

 Consumer applications
 Office automation
 Industrial automation
 Computer networking
 Tele communications

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CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM & HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 The Components Used in the Project

1. Arduino UNO/Genuino UNO

2. RFID Reader
3. RFID Tag
4. RGB LED
5. Resistors
6. Servo Motor
7. Buzzer
8. Power Supply

3.2 Block Diagram

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of project

Here, this block diagram has six main blocks, namely Arduino, RFID Reader,
Power supply, RGB LED, Buzzer and the servo motor. Arduino plays the role of a
micro controller.

3.3 Component Description

3.3.1 ARDUINO UNO

Basic Commands

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• setup( ): A function present in every Arduino sketch. Run once before the loop( )
function. Often used to set pinmode to input or output. The setup( ) function looks
like: void setup( ){ //code goes here }

• loop( ): A function present in every single Arduino sketch. This code happens over
and over again. The loop( ) is where (almost) everything happens. The one exception
to this is setup( ) and variable declaration. ModKit uses another type of loop called
“forever( )” which executes over Serial. The loop( ) function looks like: void loop( ) {
//code goes here }

• input:

A pin mode that intakes information.

• output:

A pin mode that sends information.

• HIGH:

Electrical signal present (5V for Uno). Also ON or True in boolean logic.

• LOW:

No electrical signal present (0V). Also OFF or False in boolean logic.

• digitalRead:

Get a HIGH or LOW reading from a pin already declared as an input.

• digitalWrite:

Assign a HIGH or LOW value to a pin already declared as an output.

• analogRead:Get a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 1023 (HIGH). This

allows you to get readings from analog sensors or interfaces that have more than two
states.

• analogWrite:

Assign a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 255 (HIGH). This allows you to
set output to a PWM value instead of just HIGH or LOW.

• PWM:

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Stands for Pulse-Width Modulation, a method of emulating an analog signal through a

digital pin. A value between or including 0 and 255. Used with analogWrite

3.3.1.1 Voltage Dividers

What is a voltage divider? Voltage dividers are a way to produce a voltage that is a
fraction of the original voltage. Why is a voltage divider useful? One of the ways this
is useful is when you want to take readings from a circuit that has a voltage beyond
the limits of your input pins. By creating a voltage divider you can be sure that you
are getting an accurate reading of a voltage from a circuit. Voltage dividers are also
used to provide an analog Reference signal. What is in a voltage divider? A voltage
divider has three parts; two resistors and a way to read voltage between the two
resistors. How do you put together a voltage divider? It’s really pretty easy. Here is a
schematic and explanation detailing how:

Fig. 3.2 Arduino UNO R3

3.3.1.2 Digital

An electronic signal transmitted as binary code that can be either the presence or
absence of current, high and low voltages or short pulses at a particular frequency.
Humans perceive the world in analog, but robots, computers and circuits use Digital.
A digital signal is a signal that has only two states. These states can vary depending

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on the signal, but simply defined the states are ON or OFF, never in between. In the
world of Arduino, Digital signals are used for everything with the exception of
Analog Input. Depending on the voltage of the Arduino the ON or HIGH of the
Digital signal will be equal to the system voltage, while the OFF or LOW signal will
always equal 0V. This is a fancy way of saying that on a 5V Arduino the HIGH
signals will be a little under 5V and on a 3.3V Arduino the HIGH signals will be a
little under 3.3V. To receive or send Digital signals the Arduino uses Digital pins # 0 -
# 13. You may also setup your Analog In pins to act as Digital pins. To set up Analog
In pins as Digital pins use the command: pinMode(pinNumber, value); where
pinNumber is an Analog pin (A0 – A5) and value is either INPUT or OUTPUT. To
setup Digital pins use the same command but reference a Digital pin for pinNumber
instead of an Analog In pin. Digital pins default as input, so really you only need to
set them to OUTPUT in pinMode. To read these pins use the command:
digitalRead(pinNumber); where pinNumber is the Digital pin to which the Digital
component is connected. The digitalRead command will return either a HIGH or a
LOW signal. To send a Digital signal to a pin use the command:
digitalWrite(pinNumber, value); where pinNumber is the number of the pin sending
the signal and value is either HIGH or LOW. The Arduino also has the capability to
output a Digital signal that acts as an Analog signal, this signal is called Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM). Digital Pins # 3, # 5, # 6, # 9, # 10 and #11 have PWM
capabilities. To output a PWM signal use the command: analogWrite(pinNumber,
value); where pinNumber is a Digital Pin with PWM capabilities and value is a
number between 0 (0%) and 255 (100%). For more information on PWM see the
PWM worksheets or S.I.K. circuit 12. Examples of Digital: Values: On/Off, Men’s
room/Women’s room, pregnancy, consciousness, the list goes on....
Sensors/Interfaces: Buttons, Switches, Relays, CDs, etc.... Things to remember about
Digital:

• Digital Input/Output uses the Digital pins, but Analog In pins can be used as Digital
• To receive a Digital signal use: digitalRead(pinNumber);

• To send a Digital signal use: digitalWrite(pinNumber, value); • Digital Input and

Output are always either HIGH or LOW

3.3.1.3 Analog :

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A continuous stream of information with values between and including 0% and 100%.
Humans perceive the world in analog. Everything we see and hear is a continuous
transmission of information to our senses. The temperatures we perceive are never
100% hot or 100% cold, they are constantly changing between our ranges of
acceptable temperatures. This continuous stream is what defines analog data. Digital
information, the complementary concept to Analog, estimates analog data using only
ones and zeros. In the world of Arduino an Analog signal is simply a signal that can
be HIGH (on), LOW (off) or anything in between these two states. This means an
Analog signal has a voltage value that can be anything between 0V and 5V (unless
you mess with the Analog Reference pin). Analog allows you to send output or
receive input about devices that run at percentages as well as on and off. The Arduino
does this by sampling the voltage signal sent to these pins and comparing it to a
voltage reference signal (5V). Depending on the voltage of the Analog signal when
compared to the Analog Reference signal the Arduino then assigns a numerical value
to the signal somewhere between 0 (0%) and 1023 (100%). The digital system of the
Arduino can then use this number in calculations and sketches. To receive Analog
Input the Arduino uses Analog pins # 0 - # 5.

These pins are designed for use with components that output Analog information and
can be used for Analog Input. There is no setup necessary, and to read them use the
command: analogRead(pinNumber); where pinNumber is the Analog In pin to which
the the Analog component is connected. The analogRead command will return a
number including or between 0 and 1023. The Arduino also has the capability to
output a digital signal that acts as an Analog signal, this signal is called Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).

Digital Pins # 3, # 5, # 6, # 9, # 10 and #11 have PWM capabilities. To output a PWM

signal use the command: analogWrite(pinNumber, value); where pinNumber is a
Digital Pin with PWM capabilities and value is a number between 0 (0%) and 255
(100%). On the Arduino UNO PWM pins are signified by a ~ sign. For more
information on PWM see the PWM worksheets or S.I.K. circuit 12. Examples of
Analog: Values: Temperature, volume level, speed, time, light, tide level, spiciness,
the list goes on.... Sensors: Temperature sensor, Photoresistor, Microphone,
Turntable, Speedometer, etc.... Things to remember about Analog:

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• Analog Input uses the Analog In pins, Analog Output uses the PWM pins • To
receive an Analog signal use: analogRead(pinNumber);

• To send a PWM signal use: analogWrite(pinNumber, value);

• Analog Input values range from 0 to 1023 (1024 values because it uses 10 bits, 210)

• PWM Output values range from 0 to 255 (256 values because it uses 8 bits, 28)

3.3.1.4 10-bit ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

All of the electrical signals that the Arduino works with are either input or output. It is
extremely important to understand the difference between these two types of signal
and how to manipulate the information these signals represent.

3.3.1.5 Output Signals

Digital Pins # 3, # 5, # 6, # 9, # 10 and #11 have PWM capabilities. This means you
can Output the Digital equivalent of an Analog signal using these pins. To Output a
PWM signal use the command: analogWrite(pinNumber, value); where pinNumber is
a Digital Pin with PWM capabilities and value is a number between 0 (0%) and 255
(100%). For more information on PWM see the PWM worksheets or S.I.K. circuit 12.

Output can be sent to many different devices, but it is up to the user to figure out
which kind of Output signal is needed, hook up the hardware and then type the correct
code to properly use these signals. Things to remember about Output:

• Output is always Digital

• There are two kinds of Output: regular Digital or PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

• To send an Output signal use analogWrite(pinNumber, value); (for analog) or

digitalWrite(pinNumber, value); (for digital)

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• Output pin mode is set using the pinMode command: pinMode(pinNumber,

OUTPUT);

• Regular Digital Output is always either HIGH or LOW

• PWM Output varies from 0 to 255 Examples of Output: Light Emitted Diodes
(LED’s), Piezoelectric Speakers, Servo Motors

3.3.1.6 Input

All of the electrical signals that the Arduino works with are either input or output. It is
extremely important to understand the difference between these two types of signal
and how to manipulate the information these signals represent.

3.3.1.7 Input Signals

A signal entering an electrical system, in this case a microcontroller. Input to the

Arduino pins can come in one of two forms; Analog Input or Digital Input. Analog
Input enters your Arduino through the Analog In pins # 0 - # 5. These signals
originate from analog sensors and interface devices. These analog sensors and devices
use voltage levels to communicate their information instead of a simple yes (HIGH)
or no (LOW). For this reason you cannot use a digital pin as an input pin for these
devices. Analog Input pins are used only for receiving Analog signals. It is only
possible to read the Analog Input pins so there is no command necessary in the setup(
) function to prepare these pins for input. To read the Analog Input pins use the
command: analogRead(pinNumber); where pinNumber is the Analog Input pin
number. This function will return an Analog Input reading between 0 and 1023. A
reading of zero corresponds to 0 Volts and a reading of 1023 corresponds to 5 Volts.
These voltage values are emitted by the analog sensors and interfaces. If you have an
Analog Input that could exceed Vcc + .5V you may change the voltage that 1023
corresponds to by using the Aref pin. This pin sets the maximum voltage parameter
your Analog Input pins can read. The Aref pin’s preset value is 5V.

Input can come from many different devices, but each device’s signal will be either
Analog or Digital, it is up to the user to figure out which kind of input is needed, hook

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up the hardware and then type the correct code to properly use these signals. Things to
remember about Input:

• Input is either Analog or Digital, make sure to use the correct pins depending on
type.

• To take an Input reading use analogRead(pinNumber); (for analog)

• Or digitalRead(pinNumber); (for digital)

• Digital Input needs a pinMode command such as pinMode(pinNumber, INPUT);

• Analog Input varies from 0 to 1023

• Digital Input is always either HIGH or LOW Examples of Input: Push Buttons,
Potentiometers, Photoresistors, Flex Sensors.

3.3.1.8 ATMEGA 328P Configuration

Fig. 3.3 ATMEGA 328P Based Microcontroller Pin Configuration

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3.3.1.9 Pin Descriptions

VCC
Digital supply voltage.

GND
Ground.

Port B (PB7:0)
XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2 Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with
internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs,
port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors
are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6
can be used as input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as
output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. If the internal calibrated RC oscillator is
used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1 input for the asynchronous
Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The various special features of port B
are elaborated in Section 13.3.1 “Alternate Functions of Port B” on page 65 and
Section 8. “System Clock and Clock Options” on page 24.

Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an input pin. If the RSTDISBL
fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a reset input. A low level on this pin for longer
than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-4 on page 261. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a reset. The various special features of port C are elaborated in
Section 13.3.2 “Alternate Functions of Port C” on page 68.

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Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, port D pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The port D pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. The various
special features of port D are elaborated in Section 13.3.3 “Alternate Functions of
Port D” on page 70.

AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital
supply voltage, VCC.

AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D converter. ATmega328P
[DATASHEET] 5 7810D–AVR–01/15

ADC7:6
(TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only) In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6
serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog
supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels. Pin14-P0.29/ CAP0.3/ AD0.2/MAT0.3
P0.29 is a GPIO digital pin

3.3.1.10 Applications

1. Microcontrollers
2. Mixed signal devices
3. Smart sensors
4. Automotive body electronics and airbags

3.3.2 MFRC522 (RFID Sensor)

3.3.2.1 Introduction

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The MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless communication

at 13.56 MHz. The MFRC522 reader supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and
NTAG.

The MFRC522’s internal transmitter is able to drive a reader/writer antenna designed

to communicate with ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders without
additional active circuitry. The receiver module provides a robust and efficient
implementation for demodulating and decoding signals from ISO/IEC 14443
A/MIFARE compatible cards and transponders. The digital module manages the
complete ISO/IEC 14443 A framing and error detection (parity and CRC)
functionality.

Fig. 3.4 RFID reader

The MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 products. The

MFRC522 supports contactless communication and uses MIFARE higher transfer
speeds up to 848 kBd in both directions.

3.3.2.2 Features

 Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode responses

 Buffered output drivers for connecting an antenna with the minimum number of
external components
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 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG

 Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50 mm depending on the

antenna size and tuning Supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50
encryption in Read/Write mode

 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed communication up to 848 kBd

Supports MFIN/MFOUT

 Additional internal power supply to the smart card IC connected via

MFIN/MFOUT

 Supported host interfaces

o SPI up to 10 Mbit/s

o I 2C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in High-

speed mode

o RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels dependant on

pin voltage supply

 FIFO buffer handles 64 byte send and receive

 Flexible interrupt mode

 Hard reset with low power function

 Power-down by software mode

 Programmable timer

 Internal oscillator for connection to 27.12 MHz quartz crystal

 2.5 V to 3.3 V power supply

 CRC coprocessor

 Programmable I/O pins

 Internal self-test

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Fig 3.5 : MFRC522 Pin Configuration

3.3.2.3 Serial Peripheral Interface

A serial peripheral interface (SPI compatible) is supported to enable high-speed

communication to the host. The interface can handle data speeds up to 10 Mbit/s.
When communicating with a host, the MFRC522 acts as a slave, receiving data from
the external host for register settings, sending and receiving data relevant for RF
interface communication.

An interface compatible with SPI enables high-speed serial communication between

the MFRC522 and a microcontroller. The implemented interface is in accordance with
the SPI standard.

Fig 3.6: SPI Connection to host

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The MFRC522 acts as a slave during SPI communication. The SPI clock signal SCK
must be generated by the master. Data communication from the master to the slave
uses the MOSI line. The MISO line is used to send data from the MFRC522 to the
master.

Data bytes on both MOSI and MISO lines are sent with the MSB first. Data on both
MOSI and MISO lines must be stable on the rising edge of the clock and can be
changed on the falling edge. Data is provided by the MFRC522 on the falling clock
edge and is stable during the rising clock edge.

3.3.2.4 SPI read data

Reading data using SPI requires the byte order shown in Table 6 to be used. It is
possible to read out up to n-data bytes. The first byte sent defines both the mode and
the address.

Table: SPI Read Data

SPI write data

To write data to the MFRC522 using SPI requires the byte order shown in Table 7. It
is possible to write up to n data bytes by only sending one address byte.

The first send byte defines both the mode and the address byte.

Table: SPI Write Data

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3.3.2.5 SPI address byte

The address byte must meet the following format. The MSB of the first byte defines the
mode used. To read data from the MFRC522 the MSB is set to logic 1. To write data to the
MFRC522 the MSB must be set to logic 0.

Bits 6 to 1 define the address and the LSB is set to logic 0.

Table: SPI address byte

3.3.2.6 Connection to a host

Fig 3.7: Connection to host

Remark: Signals DTRQ and MX can be disabled by clearing TestPinEnReg

register’s RS232LineEn bit.

3.3.2.7 Selectable UART transfer speeds

The internal UART interface is compatible with an RS232 serial interface. The
default transfer speed is 9.6 kBd. To change the transfer speed, the host controller
must write a value for the new transfer speed to the SerialSpeedReg register.

Bits BR_T0[2:0] and BR_T1[4:0] define the factors for setting the transfer speed in
the SerialSpeedReg register.

3.3.3 Servo Motor

A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control

its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or
digital) representing the position commanded for the output shaft.

The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and speed
feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured position

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of the output is compared to the command position, the external input to the
controller. If the output position differs from that required, an error signal is generated
which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output
shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to
zero and the motor stops..

3.3.3.1 Servomotors vs. stepper motors

Servomotors are generally used as a high-performance alternative to the stepper

motor. Stepper motors have some inherent ability to control position, as they have
built-in output steps. This often allows them to be used as an open-loop position
control, without any feedback encoder, as their drive signal specifies the number of
steps of movement to rotate, but for this the controller needs to 'know' the position of
the stepper motor on power up. Therefore, on first power up, the controller will have
to activate the stepper motor and turn it to a known position, e.g. until it activates an
end limit switch. This can be observed when switching on an inkjet printer; the
controller will move the ink jet carrier to the extreme left and right to establish the end
positions. A servomotor will immediately turn to whatever angle the controller
instructs it to, regardless of the initial position at power up.

Many applications, such as laser cutting machines, may be offered in two ranges, the
low-priced range using stepper motors and the high-performance range using
servomotors.

3.3.3.2 Encoders

The first servomotors were developed with synchros as their encoders.Much work
was done with these systems in the development of radar and anti-aircraft
artillery during World War II.

Simple servomotors may use resistive potentiometers as their position encoder. These
are only used at the very simplest and cheapest level, and are in close competition
with stepper motors. They suffer from wear and electrical noise in the potentiometer
track. Although it would be possible to electrically differentiate their position signal
to obtain a speed signal, PID controllers that can make use of such a speed signal
generally warrant a more precise encoder.

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Instead of servomotors, sometimes a motor with a separate, external linear encoder is

used. These motor + linear encoder systems avoid inaccuracies in the drivetrain
between the motor and linear carriage, but their design is made more complicated as
they are no longer a pre-packaged factory-made system.

3.3.3.3 Motors

The type of motor is not critical to a servomotor and different types may be used. At
the simplest, brushed permanent magnet DC motors are used, owing to their
simplicity and low cost. Small industrial servomotors are typically electronically
commutated brushless motors. For large industrial servomotors, AC induction
motors are typically used, often with variable frequency drives to allow control of
their speed. For ultimate performance in a compact package, brushless AC moto with
permanent magnet fields are used, effectively large versions of Brushless DC electric
motors.

Drive modules for servomotors are a standard industrial component. Their design is a
branch of power electronics, usually based on a three-phase MOSFET or IGBT H
bridge. These standard modules accept a single direction and pulse count (rotation
distance) as input. They may also include over-temperature monitoring, over-torque
and stall detection features. As the encoder type, gearhead ratio and overall system
dynamics are application specific, it is more difficult to produce the overall controller
as an off-the-shelf module and so these are often implemented as part of the main
controller.

3.3.3.4 Control

Most modern servomotors are designed and supplied around a dedicated controller
module from the same manufacturer. Controllers may also be developed
around microcontrollers in order to reduce cost for large-volume applications.

3.3.3.5 Integrated servomotors

Integrated servomotors are designed so as to include the motor, driver, encoder and
associated electronics into a single package

3.3.3.6 Servo Motor Construction

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Fig 3.8: Servo Motor

Tiny and lightweight with high output power, this tiny servo i Helicopter, Quadcopter
or Robot. durability. Servo can rotate approximately 180 degrees (90 in each
direction), and works just like the standard kinds but smaller. You can use any servo
code, hardware or library to control these servos. Good for beginners who want to
make stuff move without building a motor controller with feedback & gear box,
especially si (arms) and hardware.

3.3.4 LEDS

Fig. 3.9 LED symbol

3.3.4.1 LED Wavelength

The second row on this table tells us the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is
basically a very precise way of explaining what color the light is. There may be some
variation in this number so the table gives us a minimum and a maximum. In this case
it's 620 to 625nm, which is just at the lower red end of the spectrum (620 to 750nm).
Again, we'll go over wavelength in more detail in the delving deeper section.

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3.3.4.2 LED Brightness

The last row (labeled "Luminous Intensity") is a measure of how bright the LED can
get. The unit mcd, or millicandela, is a standard unit for measuring the intensity of a
light source. This LED has an maximum intensity of 200 mcd, which means it's just
bright enough to get your attention but not quite flashlight bright. At 200 mcd, this
LED would make a good indicator.
3.3.4.3 Viewing Angle

Fig. 3.10 Viewing Angle of LED

Next, we've got this fan-shaped graph that represents the viewing angle of the LED.
Different styles of LEDs will incorporate lenses and reflectors to either concentrate
most of the light in one place or spread it as widely as possible. Some LEDs are like
floodlights that pump out photons in every direction; Others are so directional that
you can't tell they're on unless you're looking straight at them. To read the graph,
imagine the LED is standing upright underneath it. The "spokes" on the graph
represent the viewing angle. The circular lines represent the intensity by percent of
maximum intensity. This LED has a pretty tight viewing angle. You can see that
looking straight down at the LED is when it's at its brightest, because at 0 degrees the
blue lines intersect with the outermost circle. To get the 50% viewing angle, the angle
at which the light is half as intense, follow the 50% circle around the graph until it
intersects the blue line, then follow the nearest spoke out to read the angle. For this
LED, the 50% viewing angle is about 20 degrees.

3.3.5 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper isan audio signalingdevice, whichmaybe mechanical, electromech

anical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.

3.3.5.1 History

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3.3.5.2 Electromechanical

The electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in
early doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favor of musical
chimes, which had a softer tone.

3.3.5.3 Piezoelectric

Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented
by Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to
1980s. This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by
Japanese manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate
Application Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be "competitively
cooperative" and bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.[3]

3.3.5.4 Types

3.3.5.5 Electromechanical

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric

bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own
actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a
wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the
rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

3.3.5.6 Mechanical

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers.
Other examples of them are doorbells.

3.3.5.7 Piezoelectric

Fig 3.11: Piezoelectric disk beeper

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A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or

other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds
commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a
beepInterior of a readymade loudspeaker, showing a piezoelectric-disk-beeper (With
3 electrodes ... including 1 feedback-electrode ( the central, small electrode joined
with red wire in this photo), and an oscillator to self-drive the buzzer.

A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz

resonance to produce an audible beep

3.3.5.8 Modern applications

While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and

undesirable, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be
used. Present day applications include:

 Novelty uses
 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
 Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)

3.3.6 Power supply

This is a simple approach to obtain a 12V and 5V DC power supply using a single
circuit. The circuit uses two ICs 7812(IC1) and 7805 (IC2) for obtaining the required
voltages. The AC mains voltage will be stepped down by the transformer T1, rectified
by bridge B1 and filtered by capacitor C1 to obtain a steady DC level .The IC1
regulates this voltage to obtain a steady 12V DC. The output of the IC1 will be
regulated by the IC2 to obtain a steady 5V DC at its output. In this way both 12V and
5V DC are obtained.

Such a circuit is very useful in cases when we need two DC voltages for the operation
of a circuit. By varying the type number of the IC1 and IC2, various combinations of

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output voltages can be obtained. If 7806 is used for IC2, we will get 6V instead of
5V.Same way if 7809 is used for IC1 we get 9V instead of 12V.

A power supply provides components with electric power. The term usually pertains
to devices integrated within the component being powered. For example, computer
power supplies convert AC current to DC current and are generally located at the rear
of the computer case, along with at least one fan.
A power supply is also known as a power supply unit, power brick or power adapter.

Fig. 3.12 DC Power supply adapter

DC Power Supply Circuit

Fig. 3.13 DC Power supply circuit

 Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.

 The transformer T1 can be a 230V primary, 15V secondary, 1A step-down
transformer.
 The fuse F1 can be of 1A.
 The switch S1 can be a SPST ON/OFF switch.
 The LED D1 acts as a power ON indicator.
 If 1A bridge B1 is not available, make one using four 1N4007 diodes.
 78XX series ICs can deliver only up to 1A output current.

 Most computer power supplies include a number of switched-mode supplies,

which operate independently by producing a single voltage. These are linked
together, so that they shut down as a group in case of a computer fault.
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CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Implementation

The implementation part is the most important phase of the project. in this
phase, we code the entire project in the chosen software according to the design laid
during the previous phase. the software program and the implementation of the
hardware components are discussed in this section .by using the Arduino software we
will be able to write a program which controls the microcontroller used in this project
and then we implement it to the hardware that is to the kit.

4.2 Software

The software used in our project is Arduino IDE software for programming.

4.3 Implementation of Code

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming
language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards,
but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor development boards.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides
many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled
and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program
with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.] The Arduino IDE
employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in
the board's firmware.
4.4 Method of Implementation

4.4.1 Arduino IDE software

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Fig. 4.1 Arduino 1.8.10

4.4.2 CONCEPT OF COMPILER:

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.
Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor,
but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’
will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos
platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform

So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that

translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it
works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing
the instruction. See there is a bit little difference between compiler and an interpreter.
Interpreter just interprets whole program at a time while compiler analyzes and
execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program

The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately.

Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs
executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some time before an
executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source code into object
code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers are available for the
same language.
4.4.3 Working with Arduino IDE:

Before you can start doing anything with the Arduino, you need to download and
install the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment). From this point on we
will be referring to the Arduino IDE as the Arduino Programmer.

The Arduino Programmer is based on the Processing IDE and uses a variation of the
C and C++ programming languages

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Screenshot of Arduino IDE

4.4.4 Plug Arduino to PC

Plugging Arduino to PC

Connect the Arduino to your computer's USB port.

Please note that although the Arduino plugs into your computer, it is not a true USB
device. The board has a special chip that allows it to show up on your computer as a
virtual serial port when it is plugged into a USB port. This is why it is important to
plug the board in. When the board is not plugged in, the virtual serial port that

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Arduino operates upon will not be present (since all of the information about it lives
on the Arduino board). It is also good to know that every single Arduino has a unique
virtual serial port address. This means that every time you plug in a different Arduino
board into your computer, you will need to reconfigure the serial port that is in use.

The Arduino Uno requires a male USB A to male USB B.

4.4.5 Setting Up Arduino

Setting Up Arduino step1

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Setting Up Arduino step 2

Before you can start doing anything in the Arduino programmer, you must set the
board-type and serial port.
To set the board, go to the following:

Tools --> Boards

Select the version of board that you are using. Since I have an Arduino Uno plugged
in, I obviously selected "Arduino Uno."

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4.4.6 Upload code

Click on upload key to upload the code to arduino. This will dump the code to
arduino. Wait for it to finish the dumping.

Screenshot of Code dumped to arduino

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING OF THE PROJECT

Fig. 5.1 Proposed Model

Interfacing of RFID with Arduino can be done by the following steps

The necessity of power supply for RFID readers varies from one product to another.
There are many RFID readers are available in the market with 5v, 9v and 12v. But,
here a 5v RFID reader is used for an interfacing. You may confirm the RFID reader
and RFID tags are frequency compatible

Interfacing of RFID with Arduino

RFID gives mainly two possible outputs, one is TTL compatible o/p and another one
is RS232 compatible o/p. A TTL compatible o/p pin can be connected to an Arduino
board directly. While the output pin of an RS232 compatible must be changed to TTL
using an RS232 to TTL converter

The automatic door lock system circuit diagram using an Arduino is shown below.
This circuit is mainly used for an interfacing of RFID reader with an Arduino. This

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project can be enhanced by connecting an LCD display to display the outputs. The
circuit of this project uses three separate parts, namely a reader, a controller and door
lock. Where a reader reads the RFID tags, a controller is used to accept the data from
the RFID reader and control the o/p of the door lock and RGB LED.

When the door lock is placed on a door and tested with a battery to check the
installation. In many cases we need a simple circuit on the door lock, that means the
automatic door stops locked when there is no flow of current. When 5 volts DC is
supplied through the servo motor in the door lock system, a mechanism in the door
lock offers a way to permit the door to be pushed open easily.

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CHAPTER 6

RESULT
 We have implemented a digital security system contains door lock system using
passive RFID. A centralized system is being deployed for controlling and transaction
operations. The door locking system functions in real time as when the user put the
tag in contact with the reader, the door open and the check-in information is stored in
central server along with basic information of the user. We utilize RFID technology to
provide solution for secure access of a space while keeping record of the user

Fig. 6.1 RFID Based Door Lock Using Arduino

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND

APPLICATIONS
7.1 Advantages

 One of the main advantages of a RFID door lock is not needing to carry a key
with you. You’ll no longer need to worry about losing your key or fidgeting at
the door to get it open.
 It also means that you won’t need to store a spare key somewhere on your
property, as many homeowners and hoteliers currently do. Because most
criminals are used to looking around to find a spare key, eliminating the need
for one will help make your home safer.
 Another advantage of RFID door locks is that you can provide entry to your
home for others at your discretion. You will not need to make copies of a key
or leave keys for dog walkers, housekeepers, or house guests to get in to your
home. Rather, you’ll simply need to tell those people the proper code in order
to gain access. It have large capacity which can store many of users and codes.
Also you can delete any user or code that had added in the lock.
 With the system in place, you can also tell exactly when and how people
attempted to access your home. This gives you a good idea of how secure your
house is. Even more, you can check the open door records through the lock
record card. It’s become a smart home protector more than a door lock.

7.2 Disadvantages

 While there are many benefits to including a RFID door lock system in your
home, there are also some major drawbacks to consider as well. While RFID door
lock systems are generally safe and designed to alert police or other authorities if
incorrect codes are entered too many times, it is nonetheless possible that an
intruder may be able to gain access to your home through this system by guessing
or hacking the code.
 Just as you can forget your keys and be locked out of your home, you can also
forget the passcode to access your RFID entry system and be locked out. While it
is safer to use a completely random code and avoid obvious choices like birth

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dates or simple, repetitive numbers, this can pose a problem if you have a difficult
time remembering things. So customers need to set a code that easy to remember
but not easy to break.
 One final disadvantage of RFID door locks is that electrically-powered systems
may not function properly in the case of a power failure. This can leave your door
completely locked throughout the failure, or it may result in the door not locking
properly and remaining open. Fortunately, most systems have battery backup
systems as a fail-safe. There is a low power alarm system in RFID door locks. The
customers need to change the batteries in time. Then you’ll never meet this
problem.
 There is no a perfect product, but people will keep going to infinite close to
perfect. RFID door locks will become more smarter, convenient and safer.

7.3 Applications

 For Data safe rooms and highly secure access rooms.

 For commercial lockrooms .
 For Government protected room security for personal.
 For E-parking.
 For E- Ticketing

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION

RFID based security and access control system is more secure and fast responded as
compared to the other system like biometric. The advantage of the RFID system is
contact-less and works without-line-of-sight. By using arduino it is easy to access and
works very quickly while burning the code it is like plug and play device. Users can
change the function accordingly by using arduino. It is easier to use and accurate also.
Hence this project can be useful for implementation of access control application for
tracking system as well as providing the security benefits. This project can improve
by raising the range of reader in which the tag read. V.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

It depends upon how original one could be to enhance the use of this project. But for
us this project is practical for future uses such as Smart cart can be interfaced with
wireless technologies to make it completely portable in the near future. Payment of
bills using mobile can be implemented. A low cost RFID scanner can be
manufactured and used which can scan multiple tags (products) simultaneously for
faster processing and lesser resources. Automatic scanning & availability of products

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REFERENCES
1. R. Want, “An Introduction to RFID Technology”, IEEE Pervasive Computing,
vol. 5, iss. 1, pg 25-33, 2006. Provides and easy to understand overview of
RFID and how it is used. This is a reliable source, cited 769 times according to
Google Scholar. This is a journal.

2. Juels, “RFID Security and Privacy: A Research Survey”, IEEE Journal on

Selected Areas of Communication, vol. 24, iss. 2, pg381-394, 2006. Because
my project is about a reprogrammable door lock, I figure the research done in
security is important. The most important part thing I’m gathering from this
article is the integrity of RFID systems. The privacy issue is a nice bonus.
According to Google Scholar, this has been cited 1222 times. This is a journal
as well.

3. K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook: Radio-Frequency Identification and

Fundamentals and Application, New York: John Wiley, 1999. This book gives
basic information on simple uses for RFID and how it’s commonly used. This
is very good source because it has been cited about 635 times. The author
Klaus Finkenzeller is also very well known for this handbook. This is a book.

4. D. Hahnel, W. Burgard, D. Fox, K. Fishkin, M. Philipose, "Mapping and

localization with RFID technology," Robotics and Automation, 2004.
Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004 IEEE International Conference on , vol.1, no.,
pp.1015,1020 Vol.1, 26 April-1 May 2004 This is just for a little extra work in
possibly expanding my original idea. This will help me with the tracking
people and possibly adding “fancy” features. This is cited slightly less (524
times) but comes from an IEEE journal which is respectable. This is a journal.

5. R. Sadr, “RFID System with Low Complexity Implementation and Pallet

Coding Error Correction” U.S. Patent 8,552,835, October 8, 2013. This is a
patent about a how to simply implement RFID systems. It goes over systems
to decode data transmitted by RFID technology. This could provide useful
details in how to properly implement the RFID reader in my project. The
author is a CEO of Mojix Inc as well as a former research scientist at Boeing.
This is a US patent.

Web Reference

www.electronicsforyou.com
www.sci-hub.io
www.slideshare.com
www.microtronics.com

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APPENDIX
Program Code

RFID DUMP INFO code:

*
* Typical pin layout used:
* -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* MFRC522 Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino
* Reader/PCD Uno/101 Mega Nano v3 Leonardo/Micro Pro
Micro
* Signal Pin Pin Pin Pin Pin Pin
* -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* RST/Reset RST 9 5 D9 RESET/ICSP-5 RST
* SPI SS SDA(SS) 10 53 D10 10 10
* SPI MOSI MOSI 11 / ICSP-4 51 D11 ICSP-4 16
* SPI MISO MISO 12 / ICSP-1 50 D12 ICSP-1 14
* SPI SCK SCK 13 / ICSP-3 52 D13 ICSP-3 15
*/

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

#define RST_PIN 9 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above

#define SS_PIN 10 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with the PC
while (!Serial); // Do nothing if no serial port is opened (added
for Arduinos based on ATMEGA32U4)
SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522
delay(4); // Optional delay. Some board do need
more time after init to be ready, see Readme
mfrc522.PCD_DumpVersionToSerial(); // Show details of PCD -
MFRC522 Card Reader details
Serial.println(F("Scan PICC to see UID, SAK, type, and data blocks..."));
}

void loop() {
// Reset the loop if no new card present on the sensor/reader. This saves the
entire process when idle.
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {
return;
}

// Select one of the cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {

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return;
}

// Dump debug info about the card; PICC_HaltA() is automatically called

mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid));
}
}

ACCESS LOCK code:

#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
#include <Servo.h>

#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
#define LED_G 5 //define green LED pin
#define LED_R 4 //define red LED
#define BUZZER 2 //buzzer pin
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance.
Servo myServo; //define servo name

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate a serial communication
SPI.begin(); // Initiate SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initiate MFRC522
myServo.attach(3); //servo pin
myServo.write(0); //servo start position
pinMode(LED_G, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_R, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUZZER, OUTPUT);
noTone(BUZZER);
Serial.println("Put your card to the reader...");
Serial.println();

}
void loop()
{
// Look for new cards
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())
{
return;
}
// Select one of the cards
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())
{

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return;
}
//Show UID on serial monitor
Serial.print("UID tag :");
String content= "";
byte letter;
for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++)
{
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "));
content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX));
}
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Message : ");
content.toUpperCase();
if (content.substring(1) == "8D 20 06 85") //change here the UID of the card/cards
that you want to give access
{
Serial.println("Authorized access");
Serial.println();
delay(500);
digitalWrite(LED_G, HIGH);
tone(BUZZER, 500);
delay(300);
noTone(BUZZER);
myServo.write(180);
delay(5000);
myServo.write(0);
digitalWrite(LED_G, LOW);
}

else {
Serial.println(" Access denied");
digitalWrite(LED_R, HIGH);
tone(BUZZER, 300);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_R, LOW);
noTone(BUZZER);
}
}

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