BAR EXAMINATION 2006

POLITICAL AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

3 September 2006 8 A.M. - 12 Noon
INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire consists of ten (10) numbers contained in seven (7) pages. Read each
question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each number on a separate
page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be written continuously on the
same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do not repeat the question. A
mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!

Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ

Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE

POLITICAL AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

-I-

1. What do you mean by the "Calling-out Power" of the President under Section 18, Article
VII of the Constitution? 5%
2. On February 24, 2006, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Proclamation No.1017
declaring a state of national emergency. Is this Proclamation constitutional? Explain.
2.5%
3. During the effectivity of this Proclamation, Gener, Lito, and Bong were arrested by the
police for acts of terrorism. Is the arrest legal? Explain. 2.5%

- II -

The Samahan Ng Mga Mahihirap (SM) filed with the Office of the City Mayor" of Manila an
application for a permit to hold a rally on Mendiola Street on September 5, 2006 from 10:00 a.m.
to 3:00 p.m. to protest the political killings of journalists. However, the City Mayor denied their
application on the ground that a rally at the time and place applied for will block the traffic in the
San Miguel and Quiapo Districts. He suggested the Liwasang Bonifacio, which has been
designated a Freedom Park, as venue for the rally.

1. Does the SM have a remedy to contest the denial of its application for a permit? 2.5%
2. How should a wage distortion be settled?
3. Does the availability of a Freedom Park justify the denial of SM's application for a permit?
2.5%
4. Assuming that despite the denial of SM's application for a permit, its members hold a
rally, prompting the police to arrest them. '- Are the arrests without judicial warrants
lawful? 2.5%

- III -
The President issued Proclamation No.1018 placing the Philippines under Martial Law on the
ground that a rebellion staged by lawless elements is endangering the public safety .Pursuant to
the Proclamation, suspected rebels were arrested and detained and military tribunals were set up
to try them. Robert dela Cruz, a citizen, filed with the Supreme Court a petition questioning the
validity of Proclamation No.1018.

1. Does Robert have a standing to challenge Proclamation No.1018? Explain. 2.5%

2. In the same suit, the Solicitor General contends that under the Constitution, the President
as Commander-in-Chief, determines whether the exigency has arisen requiring the
exercise of his power to declare Martial Law and that his determination is conclusive
upon the courts. How should the Supreme Court rule? 2.5%
3. The Solicitor General argues that, in any event, the determination of whether the
rebellion poses dangers to public safety involves a question of fact and the Supreme
Court is not a trier of facts. What should be the ruling of the Court? 2.5%
4. Finally, the Solicitor General maintains that the President reported to Congress such
proclamation of Martial Law, but Congress did not revoke the proclamation. What is the
effect of the inaction of Congress on the suit brought by Robert to the Supreme Court?
2.5%

- IV -

State whether or not the following laws are constitutional. Explain briefly.

1. A law prohibiting Chinese citizens from engaging in retail trade. 2%

2. A law denying persons charged with crimes punishable by reclusion perpetua or death
the right to bail. 2%
3. A law fixing the terms of local elective officials, other than barangay officials, to 6 years.
2%
4. A law changing the design of the Philippine flag. 2%
5. A law creating a state corporation to exploit, develop, and utilize compressed natural gas.
2%

-V-

1. What is the function of the Senate Electoral Tribunal and the House of Representatives
Electoral Tribunal? 2.5%
2. What is the composition of each? 2.5%
3. Differentiate an election protest from an action for quo warranto. 2.5%
4. What is a quasi-judicial body or agency? 2.5%

- VI -

1. a) What is the principal identifying feature of a presidential form of government? Explain.

2.5%
b) What are the essential characteristics of a parliamentary form of government? 2.5%
2. What Constitutional provisions institutionalize the principle of civilian supremacy? 2.5%
3. Does a Permit to Carry Firearm Outside Residence (PTCFOR) constitute a property right
protected by the Constitution? 2.5%

- VII -

Select the best answer and explain.

1. An accused's right against self-incrimination is violated in the following cases: 5%

a. When he is ordered by the trial court to undergo a paraffin test to prove he is
 guilty of murder;
b. When he is compelled to produce his bankbooks to be used as evidence against
his father charged with plunder;
c. When he is ordered to produce a sample of his handwriting to be used as
evidence that he is the author of a letter wherein he agreed to kill the victim;
d. When the president of a corporation is subpoenaed to produce certain
documents as proofs he is guilty of illegal recruitment.
2. The legislature may abolish this body: 5%
a. Commission on Appointments
b. Ombudsman
c. Judicial and Bar Council
d. Court of Tax Appeals
e. Commission on Audit

- VIII -

1. Atty. Emily Go, a legitimate daughter of a Chinese father and a Filipino mother, was born
in 1945. At 21, she elected Philippine citizenship and studied law. She passed the bar
examinations and engaged in private practice for many years. The Judicial and Bar
Council nominated her as a candidate for the position of Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court. But her nomination is being contested by Atty .Juris Castillo, also an
aspirant to the position. She claims that Atty. Emily Go is not a natural-born citizen,
hence, not qualified to be appointed to the Supreme Court. Is this contention correct? 5%
2. Atty. Richard Chua was born in 1964. He is a legitimate son of a Chinese father and a
Filipino mother. His father became a naturalized Filipino citizen when Atty .Chua was still
a minor . Eventually, he studied law and was allowed by the Supreme Court to take the
bar examinations, subject to his submission to the Supreme Court proof of his Philippine
citizenship. Although he never complied with such requirement, Atty. Chua practiced law
for many years until one Noel Eugenio filed with the Supreme Court a complaint for
disbarment against him on the ground that he is not a Filipino citizen. He then filed with
the Bureau of Immigration an affidavit electing Philippine citizenship. Noel contested it
claiming it was filed many years after Atty. Chua reached the age of majority. Will Atty.
Chua be disbarred? Explain. 5%

- IX -

1. Where is the seat of the International Court of Justice? 1%

2. How many are its members? 1 %
3. What is the term of their office? 1 %
4. Who is its incumbent president? 1 %
5. What is his/her nationality? 1 %
6. In 1980, the United States filed with the International Court of Justice a complaint against
Iran alleging that the latter is detaining American diplomats in violation of International
Law. Explain how the International Court of Justice can acquire jurisdiction over these
contending countries. 5%

-X-

1. How is state sovereignty defined in International Law? 2.5%

2. Is state sovereignty absolute? 2.5%
3. What is the principle of auto-limitation? 2.5%
4. What is the relationship between reciprocity and the principle of auto-limitation? 2.5%

NOTHING FOLLOWS.
 BAR EXAMINATION 2006
LABOR AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION
3 September 2006 2 P.M. -5 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire consists of fifteen (15) numbers contained in seven (7) pages. Read each
question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each number on a separate
page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be written continuously on the
same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do not repeat the question. A
mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!

Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ

Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE

LABOR AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION

-I-

1. What is the purpose of labor legislation? 2.5%

2. What is the concept of liberal approach in interpreting the Labor Code and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations in favor of labor? 2.5%
3. What property right is conferred upon an employee once there is an employer-employee
relationship? Discuss briefly. 5%

- II -

Wonder Travel and Tours Agency (WTTA) is a well known travel agency and an authorized sales
agent of the Philippine Air Lines. Since majority of its passengers are overseas workers, WTTA
applied for a license for recruitment and placement activities. It stated in i.ts application that its
purpose is not for profit but to help Filipinos find employment abroad.

Should the application be approved? 5%

- III -

Can an overseas worker refuse to remit his earnings to his dependents and deposit the same in
the country where he works to gain more interests? Explain. 5%

- IV -

For humanitarian reasons, a bank hired several handicapped workers to count and sort out
currencies. Their employment contract was for six (6) months. The bank terminated their
employment on the ground that their contract has expired prompting them to file with the Labor
Arbiter a complaint for illegal dismissal. Will their action prosper? 5%

-V-

Can an employer and an employee enter into an agreement reducing or increasing the minimum
percentage provided for night differential pay, overtime pay, and premium pay? 5%

- VI -

1. When is there a wage distortion ?

2. How should a wage distortion be settled?
3. Can the issue of wage distortion be raised in a notice of strike?Explain. 10%

- VII -

Inday was employed by Herrera Home Improvements, Inc. (Herrera Home) as interior decorator.
During the first year of her employment, she did not report for work for one month. Hence, her
employer dismissed her from the service. She filed with the Labor Arbiter a complaint for illegal
dismissal alleging she did not abandon her work and that in terminating her employment, Herrera
Home deprived her of her right to due process. She thus prayed that she be reinstated to her
position.

Inday hired you as her counsel. In preparing the position paper to be submitted to the Labor
Arbiter, explain the standards of due process which should have been observed by Herrera
Home in terminating your client's employment. 5%

- VIII -

The modes of determining an exclusive bargaining agreement are:

a. voluntary recognition
b. certification election
c. consent election

Explain briefly how they differ from one another. 5%

- IX -

Armstrong Corporation, a foreign corporation, intends to engage in the exploration of Philippine

natural resources. Mr. Antonio Reyes offered the forest land he owns to the president of the
corporation. May Armstrong Corporation enter into a financial and technical assistance
agreement (FTAA) with Mr. Reyes to explore, develop, and utilize the land? Explain. 5%

-X-

ABC Tomato Corporation, owned and managed by three (3) elderly brothers and two (2) sisters,
has been in business for 40 years. Due to serious business losses and financial reverses during
the last five (5) years, they decided to close the business.

1. As counsel for the corporation, what steps will you take prior to its closure? 2.5%
2. Are the employees entitled to separation pay? 2.5%

If the reason for the closure is due to old age of the brothers and sisters:
 1. Is the closure allowed by law? 2.5%
2. Are the employees entitled to separation benefits? 2.5%

- XI -

As a result of bargaining deadlock between ROSE Corporation and ROSE Employees Union, its
members staged a strike. During the strike, several employees committed illegal acts. The
company refused to give in to the union's demands. Eventually, its members informed the
company of their intention to return to work. 10%

1. Can ROSE Corporation refuse to admit all the strikers?

2. Assuming the company admits all the strikers, can it later on dismiss those employees
who committed illegal acts?
3. If due to the prolonged strike, ROSE Corporation hired replacements, can it refuse to
admit the replaced strikers?

- XII -

During their probationary employment, eight (8) employees were berated and insulted by their
supervisor. In protest, they walked out. The supervisor shouted at them to go home and never to
report back to work. Later, the personnel manager required them to explain why they should not
be dismissed from employment for abandonment and failure to qualify for the positions applied
for . They filed a complaint for illegal dismissal against their employer.

As a Labor Arbiter, how will you resolve the case? 10%

- XIII -

1. Can a "no-union" win in a certification election? 2.5%

2. When does a "run-off" election occur? 2.5%

- XIV -

Determine whether the following minors should be prohibited from being hired and from
performing their respective duties indicated hereunder: 5%

1. A 17-year old boy working as a miner at the Walwaldi Mining Corporation.

2. An 11-year old boy who is an accomplished singer and performer in different parts of the
country.
3. A 15-year old girl working as a library assistant in a girls' high school.
4. A 16-year old girl working as a model promoting alcoholic beverages.
5. A 17-year old boy working as a dealer in a casino.

- XV -

As a condition for her employment, Josephine signed an agreement with her employer that she
will not get married, otherwise, she will be considered resigned or separated from the service.

Josephine got married. She asked Owen, the personnel manager, if the company can reconsider
the agreement. He told Josephine he can do something about it, insinuating some sexual favors.
She complained to higher authorities but to no avail. She hires you as her counsel. What action
or actions will you take? Explain. 5%

NOTHING FOLLOWS.
 BAR EXAMINATION 2006
CIVIL LAW
10 September 2006 8 A.M. - 12 Noon
INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire consists of sixteen (16) numbers contained in ten (10) pages. Read each
question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each number on a separate
page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be written continuously on the
same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do not repeat the question. A
mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!
Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ
Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE

CIVIL LAW

-I-

Under Article 213 of the Family Code, no child under 7 years of age shall be separated from the
mother unless the court finds compelling reasons to order otherwise.

1. Explain the rationale of this provision. 2.5%

2. Give at least 3 examples of "compelling reasons" which justify the taking away from the
mother's custody of her child under 7 years of age. 2.5%

- II -

Saul, a married man, had an adulterous relation with Tessie. In one of the trysts, Saul's wife,
Cecile, caught them in flagrante. Armed with a gun, Cecile shot Saul in a fit of extreme jealousy,
nearly kiiling him. Four ( 4) years after the incident, Saul filed an action for legal separation
against Cecile on the ground that she attempted to kill him.

1. If you were Saul's counsel, how will you argue his case? 2.5%
2. If you were the lawyer of Cecile, what will be your defense? 2.5%
3. If you were the judge, how will you decide the case? 5%

- III -

Ed and Beth have been married for 20 years without children. Desirous to have a baby, they
consulted Dr. Jun Canlas, a prominent medical specialist on human fertility .He advised Beth to
undergo artificial insemination. It was found that Ed's sperm count was inadequate to induce
pregnancy. Hence, the couple looked for a willing donor. Andy, the brother of Ed, readily
consented to donate his sperm. After a series of tests, Andy's sperm was medically introduced
into Beth's ovary .She became pregnant and 9 months later, gave birth to a baby boy, named
Alvin.

1. Who is the father of Alvin? Explain. 2.5%

2. What are the requirements, if any, in order for Ed to establish his paternity over Alvin.
2.5%

- IV -

Gigi and Ric, Catholics, got married when they were 18 years old. Their marriage was
solemnized on August 2, 1989 by Ric's uncle, a Baptist Minister, in Calamba, Laguna. He
overlooked the fact that his license to solemnize marriage expired the month before and that the
parties do not belong to his congregation. After 5 years of married life and blessed with 2
children, the spouses developed irreconcilable differences, so they parted ways.

While separated, Ric fell in love with Juliet, a 16 year-old sophomore in a local college and a
seventh-Day Adventist. They decided to get married with the consent of Juliet's parents. She
presented to him a birth certificate showing she is 18 years old. Ric never doubted her age much
less the authenticity of her birth certificate. They got married in a Catholic church in Manila. A
year after, Juliet gave birth to twins, Aissa and Aretha.

1. What is the status of the marriage between Gigi and Ric - valid, voidable or void?
Explain. 2.5 %
2. What is the status of the marriage between Ric and Juliet - valid, voidable or void?
Explain. 2..5%
3. Suppose Ric himself procured the falsified birth certificate to persuade Juliet to marry him
despite her minority and assured her that everything is in order. He did not divulge to her
his prior marriage with Gigi. What action, if any, can Juliet take against him? Explain.
2.5%
4. If you were the counsel for Gigi, what action/s will you take to enforce and protect her
interests? Explain. 2.5%

-V-

Spouses Biong and Linda wanted to sell' their house. They found a prospective buyer, Ray.
Linda negotiated with Ray for the sale of the property. They agreed on a fair price of P2 Million.
Ray sent Linda .a letter confirming his intention to buy the property. Later, another couple, Bernie
and Elena, offered a similar house at a lower price of Pl.5 Million. But Ray insisted on buying the
house of Biong and Linda for sentimental reason. Ray prepared a deed of sale to be signed by
the couple and a manager's check for P2 Million. After receiving the P2 Million, Biong signed the
deed of sale. However, Linda was not able to sign it because she was abroad. On her return, she
refused to sign the document saying she changed her mind. Linda filed suit for nullification of the
deed of sale and for moral and exemplary damages against Ray.

1. Will the suit prosper? Explain. 2.5%

2. Does Ray have any cause of action against Biong and Linda? Can he also recover
damages from the spouses? Explain. 2.5%

- VI -

Gemma filed a petition for the declaration of nullity of her marriage with Arnell on the ground of
psychological incapacity .She alleged that after 2 months of their marriage, Arnell showed signs
of disinterest in her, neglected her and went abroad. He returned to the Philippines after 3 years
but did not even get in touch with her. Worse, they met several times in social functions but he
snubbed her. When she got sick, he did not visit her even if he knew of her confinement in the
hospital. Meanwhile, Arnell met an accident which disabled him from reporting for work and
earning a living to support himself.

Will Gemma's suit prosper? Explain. 5%

- VII -

Marvin, a Filipino, and Shelley, an American, both residents of California, decided to get married
in their local parish. Two years after their marriage, Shelley obtained a divorce in California.
While in Boracay, Marvin met Manel, a Filipina, who was vacationing there. Marvin fell in love
with her. After a brief, courtship and complying with all the requirements, they got married in
Hongkong to avoid publicity, it being Marvin's second marriage. Is his marriage to Manel valid?
Explain. 5%

- VIII -

Alberto and Janine migrated to the United States of America, leaving behind their 4 children, one
of whom is Manny. They own a duplex apartment and allowed Manny to live In one of the units.
While in the United States, Alberta died. His widow and all his children executed an Extrajudicial
Settlement of Alberto's estate wherein the 2-door apartment was assigned by all the children to
their mother, Janine. Subsequently, she sold the property to George. The latter required Manny
to sign a prepared Lease Contract so that he and his family could continue occupying the unit.
Manny refused to sign the contract alleging that his parents allowed him and his family to
continue occupying the premises.

If you were George's counsel, what legal steps will you take? Explain. 5%

- IX -

A drug lord and his family reside in a small bungalow where they sell shabu and other prohibited
drugs. When the police found the illegal trade, they immediately demolished the house because
according to them, it was a nuisance per se that should be abated. Can this demolition be
sustained? Explain. 5%

-X-

Don died after executing a Last Will and Testament leaving his estate valued at P12 Million to his
common-Iaw wife Roshelle. He is survived by his brother Ronie and his half-sister Michelle.

1. Was Don's testamentary disposition of his estate in accordance with the law on
succession? Whether you agree or not, explain your answer. 2.5%
2. If Don failed to execute a will during his lifetime, as his lawyer, how will you distribute his
estate? Explain. 2.5%
3. Assuming he died intestate survived by his brother Ronie, his half-sister Michelle, and his
legitimate son Jayson, how will you. distribute his estate? Explain. 2.5%
4. Assuming further he died intestate, survived by his father Juan, his brother Ronie, his
half-sister Michelle, and his legitimate son Jayson, how will you distribute his estate?
Explain. 2.5%

- XI -

Spouses Alfredo and Racquel were active members of a religious congregation. They donated a
parcel of land in favor to that congregation in a duly notarized Deed of Donation, subject to the
condition that the Minister shall construct thereon a place of worship within 1 year from the
acceptance of the donation. In an affidavit he executed in behalf of the congregation, the Minister
accepted the donation. The Deed of Donation was not registered with the Registry of Deeds.

However, instead of constructing a place of worship, the Minister constructed a bungalow on the
property he used as his residence. Disappointed with the Minister, the spouses revoked the
donation and demanded that he vacate the premises immediately. But the Minister refused to
leave, claiming that aside from using the bungalow as his residence, he is also using it as a place
of worship on special occasions. Under the circumstances, can Alfredo and Racquel evict the
Minister and recover possession of the property?

If you were the couple's counsel, what action will you take to protect the interests of your clients?
5%

- XII -

Tony bought a Ford Expedition from a car dealer in Muntinlupa City. As payment, Tony issued a
check drawn against his current account with Premium Bank. Since he has a good reputation the
car dealer allowed him to immediately drive home the vehicle merely on his assurance that his
check is sufficiently funded. When the car dealer deposited the check, it was dishonored on the
ground of "Account Closed". After an investigation, it was found that an employee of the bank
misplaced Tony's account ledger. Thus, the bank erroneously assumed that his account no
longer exists. Later, it turned out that Tony's account has more than sufficient funds to cover the
check. The dealer however, immediately filed an action for recovery of possession of the vehicle
against Tony for which he was terribly humiliated and embarrassed. Does Tony have a cause of
action against Premium Bank? Explain. 5%

- XIII -

Arturo sold his Pajero to Benjamin for P1 Million. Benjamin took the vehicle but did not register
the sale with the Land Transportation Office. He allowed his son Carlos, a minor who did not
have a driver's license, to drive the car to buy pan de sal in a bakery .On the way, Carlos, driving
in a reckless manner, sideswiped Dennis, then riding a bicycle. As a result, he suffered serious
physical injuries. Dennis filed a criminal complaint against Carlos for reckless imprudence
resulting in serious physical injuries.

1. Can Dennis file an independent civil action against Carlos and his father Benjamin for
damages based on quasi-delict? Explain. 2.5%
2. Assuming Dennis' action is tenable, can Benjamin raise the defense he is not liable
because the vehicle is not registered in his name? Explain. 2.5%

- XIV -

Zirxthoussous delos Santos filed a petition for change of name with the Office of the Civil
Registrar of Mandaluyong City under the administrative proceeding provided in Republic Act
No.9048. He alleged that his first name sounds ridiculous and is extremely difficult to spell and
pronounce. After complying with the requirements of the law, the Civil Registrar granted his
petition and changed his first name Zirxthoussous to "Jesus." His full name now reads "Jesus
delos santos."

Jesus delos santos moved to General santos City to work in a multi-national company. There, he
fell in love and married Mary Grace delos santos. She requested him to have his first name
changed because his new name "Jesus delos santos" is the same as that of her father who
abandoned her family and became a notorious drug lord. She wanted to forget him. Hence,
Jesus filed another petition with the Office of the Local Civil Registrar to change his first name to
"Roberto." He claimed that the change is warranted because it will eradicate all vestiges of the
infamy of Mary Grace's father.

Will the petition for change of name of Jesus delos Santos to Roberto delos santos under
Republic Act No.9048 prosper? Explain. 10%

- XV -

1. What entries in the Civil Registry may be changed or corrected without a judicial order?
2.5%
2. Mayan illegitimate child, upon adoption by her natural father, use the surname of her
natural mother as her middle name? 2.5%

- XVI -

1. Under Article 2219 of the Civil Code, moral damages may be recovered in the cases
specified therein, several of which are enumerated below.

Choose the case wherein you cannot recover moral damages. Explain. 2.5%

a. A criminal offense resulting in physical injuries

b. Quasi-delicts causing physical injuries
c. Immorality or dishonesty
d. Illegal search
e. Malicious prosecution
2. Article 36 of the Family Code provides that a marriage contracted by any party who, at
the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential
marital obligations of marriage, shall be void.

Choose the spouse listed below who is psychologically incapacitated. Explain. 2.5%

a. Nagger
b. Gay or lesbian
c. Congenital sexual pervert
d. Gambler
e. Alcoholic

NOTHING FOLLOWS.
 BAR EXAMINATION 2006
MERCANTILE LAW
17 September 2006 8 A.M. - 12 Noon
INSTRUCTIONS This questionnaire consists of sixteen (16) numbers contained in eight (8)
pages. Read each question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each
number on a separate page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be
written continuously on the same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do
not repeat the question. A mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will
not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!
Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ
Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

MERCANTILE LAW

-I-

1. What is the doctrine of "piercing the veil of corporate entity?" Explain 2.5%
2. To what circumstances will the doctrine apply? 2.5%
3. What is the minimum and maximum number of incorporators required to incorporate a
stock corporation? is this also the same minimum and maximum number of dicrectors
required in a stock corporation? 2.5%
4. Must all incorporators and directors be residents of the Philippines? 2.5%

- II -

Discuss the legal consequences when a bank honors a forged check. 5%

- III -

Jun was about to leave for a business trip. As his usual practice, he signed several blank checks.
He instructed Ruth, his secretary, to fill them as payment for his obligations. Ruth filled one check
with her name as payee, placed P30,000.00 thereon, endorsed and delivered it to Marie. She
accepted the check in good faith as payment for goods she delivered to Ruth. Eventually, Ruth
regretted what she did and apologized to Jun. Immediately he directed the drawee bank to
dishonor the check. When Marie encashed the check. it was dishonored.

1. Is Jun liable to Marie? 5%

2. Supposing the check was stolen while in Ruth's possession and a thief filled the blank
check, endorsed and delibvered it to Marie in payment for the goods he purchased from
her, is Jun liable to Marie if the check is dishonored? 5%

- IV -

Rudy is jobless but is reputed to be a jueteng operator. He has never been charged or convicted
of any crime. He maintains several bank accounts and has purchased 5 houses and lots for his
children from the Luansing Realty I Inc. Since he does not have any visible job, the company
reported his purchases to the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). Thereafter, AMLC
charged him with violation of the Anti-Money Laundering Law. Upon request of the AMLC, the
bank disclosed to it Rudy's bank deposits amounting to P100 Million. Subsequently, he was
charged in court for violation of the Anti-Money Laundering Law.

1. Can Rudy move to dismiss the case on the ground that he has no criminal record? 2.5%
2. To raise funds for his defense, Rudy sold the houses and lots to a friend. Can Luansing
Realty, Inc. be compelled to transfer to the buyer ownership of the houses and lots?
2.5%
3. In disclosing Rudy's bank accout:)ts to the AMLC, did the bank violate any law? 2.5%
4. Supposing the titles of the houses and lots are in possession of the Luansing Realty I
Inc., is it under obligation to deliver the titles to Rudy? 2.5%

-V-

The Peninsula Insurance Company offered to insure Francis' brand new car against all risks in
the sum of P1 Million for 1 year. The policy was issued with the premium fixed at P60,000.00
payable in 6 months. Francis only paid the first two months installments. Despite demands, he
failed to pay the subsequent installments. Five months after the issuance of the policy, the
vehicle was carnapped. Francis filed with the insurance company a claim for its value. However,
the company denied his claim on the ground that he failed to pay the premium resulting in the
cancellation of the policy.

Can Francis recover from the Peninsula Insurance Company? 5%

- VI -

1. In several policy addresses extensively covered by media since his appointment on

December 21, 2005, Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban vowed to leave a judiciary
characterized by "four Ins" and to focus in solving the "four ACID" problems that corrode
the administration of justice in our country.

Explain this "four Ins" and "four ACID" problems. 2.5%

2. The Chief Justice also said that the judiciary must "safeguard the liberty" and "nurture the
prosperity" of our people.

Explain this philosophy. Cite Decisions of the Supreme Court implementing each of these
twin beacons of the Chief Justice. 2.5%

- VII -

1. What is a mutual insurance company or association? 2.5%

2. Distinguish between the role of a conservator and that of a receiver of a bank. 2.5%

- VIII -

Pio is the president of Western Bank. His wife applied for a loan with the said bank to finance an
internet cafe. The loan officer told her that her application will not be approved because the grant
of loans to related interests of bank directors, officers, and stockholders is prohibited by the
General Banking Law.
Explain whether the loan officer is correct. 5%

- IX -

The Blue Star Corporation filed with the Regional Trial Court a petition for rehabilitation on the
ground that it foresaw the impossibility of paying its obligations as they fall due. Finding the
petition sufficient in form and substance, the court issued an Order appointing a rehabilitation
receiver and staying the enforcement of all claims against the corporation.

What is the rationale for the Stay Order? 5%

-X-

1. What acts or omissions are penalized under the Trust Receipts Law? 2.5%
2. Is lack of intent to defraud a bar to the prosecution of these acts or omissions? 2.5%

- XI -

Under Republic Act No.1405 (The Bank Secrecy Law), bank deposits are considered absolutely
confidential and may not be examined, inquired or looked into by any person, government
official, bureau or office.

What are the exceptions? 5%

- XII -

1. Is the Securities and Exchange Commission the venue for actions involving intra-
corporate controversies? 2%

- XIII -

Supposing Albert Einstein were alive today and he filed with the Intellectual Property Office (IPO)
an application for patent for his theory of relativity expressed in the formula E=mc2. The IPO
disapproved Einstein's application on the ground that his theory of relativity is not patentable.

Is the IPO's action correct? 5%

- XIV -

In a written legal opinion for a client on the difference between apprenticeship and learnership,
Liza quoted without permission a labor law expert's comment appearing in his book entitled
"Annotations on the Labor Code."

Can the labor law expert hold Liza liable for infringement of copyright for quoting a portion of his
book without his permission? 5%

- XV -

A real estate mortgage may be foreclosed judicially or extrajudicially.

In what instance may a mortgagee extrajudicially foreclose a real estate mortgage? 5%

- XVI -
Pursuant to a writ of execution issued by the Regional Trial Court in "Express Bank v. Don
Rubio," the sheriff levied and sold at public auction 8 photocopying machines of Don Rubio. Is
the sheriff's sale covered by the Bulk Sales Law? 5%
NOTHING FOLLOWS.

BAR EXAMINATION 2006

CRIMINAL LAW
17 September 2006 2 P.M. - 5 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire consists of seventeen (17) numbers contained in ten (10) pages. Read each
question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each number on a separate
page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be written continuously on the
same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do not repeat the question. A
mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!

Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ

Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE

CRIMINAL LAW

-I-

Motive is essential in the determination of the commission of a crime and the liabilities of the
perpetrators.

What are the instances where proof of motive is not essential or required to justify conviction of
an accused? Give at least 3 instances. 5%

- II -

1. When can a Filipino citizen residing in this country use an alias legally? Give 3 instances.
2.5%
2. Under what situations may a private person enter any dwelling, residence, or other
establishments without being liable for trespass to dwelling? 2.5%

- III -

1. What are the 3 ways of committing arbitrary detention? Explain each. 2.5%
2. What are the legal grounds for detention? 2.5%
3. When is an arrest by a peace officer or by a private person considered lawful? Explain.
 5%

- IV -

1. Enumerate the differences between pardon and amnesty. 2.5%

2. Under Presidential Proclamation No. 724, amending Presidential Proclamation No. 347,
certain crimes are covered by the grant of amnesty. Name at least 5 of these crimes.
2.5%
3. Can former DSWD Secretary Dinky Soliman apply for amnesty? How about columnist
Randy David? (You are supposed to know the crimes or offenses ascribed to them as
published in almost all newspapers for the past several months.) 2.5%
4. General Lim and General Querubin of the Scout Rangers and Philippine Marines,
respectively, were charged with conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman under
the Articles of War . Can they apply for amnesty? 2.5%

-V-

There are at least 7 instances or situations in criminal cases wherein the accused, either as an
adult or as a minor, can apply for and/or be granted a suspended sentence. Enumerate at least 5
of them. 5%

- VI -

1. In 1982, the Philippine National Bank (PNB), then a government banking institution, hired
Henry dela Renta, a CPA, as Regional Bank Auditor. In 1992, he resigned and was
employed by the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC), another government-
owned and controlled corporation. In 1995, after the PNB management unearthed many
irregularities and violations of the bank's rules and regulations, dela Renta was found to
have manipulated certain accounts involving trust funds and time deposits of depositors.
After investigation, he was charged with malversation of public funds before the
Sandiganbayan. He filed a motion to dismiss contending he was no longer an employee
of the PNB but of the PDIC.

Is dela Renta's contention tenable? 2.5%

2. After his arraignment, the prosecution filed a motion for his suspension pendente lite, to
which he filed an opposition claiming that he can no longer be suspended as he is no
longer an employee of the PNB but that of the PDIC.

Explain whether he mayor may not be suspended. 2.5%

- VII -

1. While the 5.5. Nagoya Maru was negotiating the sea route from Hongkong
towards Manila, and while still 300 miles from Aparri, Cagayan, its engines
malfunctioned. The Captain ordered the ship to stop for emergency repairs
lasting for almost 15 hours. Due to exhaustion, the officers and crew fell asleep.
While the ship was anchored, a motorboat manned by renegade Ybanags from
Claveria, Cagayan, passed by and took advantage of the situation. They cut the
ship's engines and took away several heavy crates of electrical equipment and
loaded them in their motorboat. Then they left hurriedly towards Aparri. At
daybreak, the crew found that a robbery took place. They radioed the Aparri Port
Authorities resulting in the apprehension of the culprits.
 What crime was committed? Explain. 2.5%

2. Supposing that while the robbery was taking place, the culprits stabbed a
member of the crew while sleeping.

What crime was committed? Explain. 2.5%

- VIII -

Commissioner Marian Torres of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) wrote solicitation
letters addressed to the Filipino-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry and to
certain CEOs of various multinational corporations requesting donations of gifts for her
office Christmas party. She used the Bureau's official stationery. The response was
prompt and overwhelming so much so that Commissioner Torres' office was
overcrowded with rice cookers, radio sets, freezers, electric stoves and toasters. Her staff
also received several envelopes containing cash money for the employees' Christmas
luncheon.

Has Commissioner Torres committed any impropriety or irregularity? What laws or

decrees did she violate? 5%

- IX -

Eduardo Quintos, a widower for the past 10 years, felt that his retirement at the age of 70
gave him the opportunity to engage in his favorite pastime - voyeurism. If not using his
high-powered binoculars to peep at his neighbor's homes and domestic activities, his
second choice was to follow sweet young girls. One day, he trailed a teenage girl up to
the LRT station at EDSA-Buendia. While ascending the stairs, he stayed one step behind
her and in a moment of bravado, placed his hand on her left hip and gently massaged it.
She screamed and shouted for help. Eduardo was arrested and charged with acts of
lasciviousness. Is the designation of the crime correct? 5%

-X-

Jaime, Andy and Jimmy, laborers in the noodles factory of Luke Tan, agreed to kill him
due to his arrogance and miserliness. One afternoon, they seized him and loaded him in
a taxi driven by Mario. They told Mario they will only teach Luke a lesson in Christian
humility. Mario drove them to a fishpond in Navotas where Luke was entrusted to Emil
and Louie, the fishpond caretakers, asking them to hide Luke in their shack because he
was running from the NBI. The trio then left in Mario's car for Manila where they called up
Luke's family and threatened them to kill Luke unless they give a ransom within 24 hours.
Unknown to them, because of a leak, the kidnapping was announced over the radio and
TV. Emil and Louie heard the broadcast and panicked, especially when the announcer
stated that there is a shoot-to-kill order for the kidnappers. Emil and Louie took Luke to
the seashore of Dagat-dagatan where they smashed his head with a shovel and buried
him in the sand. However, they were seen by a barangay kagawad who arrested them
and brought them to the police station. Upon interrogation, they confessed and pointed to
Jaime, Andy, Jimmy and Mario as those responsible for the kidnapping. Later, the 4 were
arrested and charged.

What crime or crimes did the 6 suspects commit? 5%

- XI -

Ana has been a bar girl/GRO at a beer house for more than 2 years. She fell in love with
Oniok, the bartender, who impregnated her. But Ana did not inform him about her
condition and, instead, went home to Cebu to conceal her shame. However, her parents
drove her away. So, she returned to Manila and stayed with Oniok in his boarding house.
Upon learning of her pregnancy, already in an advanced state, Oniok tried to persuade
her to undergo an abortion, but she refused. Because of their constant and bitter
quarrels, she suffered birth pangs and gave birth prematurely to a live baby girl while
Oniok was at his place of work. Upon coming home and learning what happened, he
prevailed upon Ana to conceal her dishonor. Hence, they placed the infant in a shoe box
and threw it into a nearby creek. However, an inquisitive neighbor saw them and with the
help of others, retrieved the infant who was already dead from drowning. The incident
was reported to the police who arrested Ana and Oniok. The 2 were charged with
parricide under Article 246 of the Revised Penal Code. After trial, they were convicted of
the crime charged.

Was the conviction correct? 5%

- XII -

Judge Rod Reyes was appointed by former President Fidel Ramos as Deputy
Ombudsman for the Visayas for a term of 7 years commencing on July 5, 1995. Six
months thereafter, a lady stenographer filed with the Office of the Ombudsman a
complaint for acts of lasciviousness and with the Supreme Court a petition for disbarment
against him. Forthwith, he filed separate motions to dismiss the complaint for acts of
lasciviousness and petition for disbarment, claiming lack of jurisdiction over his person
and office.

Are both motions meritorious? 5%

- XIII -

Dang was a beauty queen in a university. Job, a rich classmate, was so enamored with
her that he persistently wooed and pursued her. Dang, being in love with another man,
rejected him. This angered Job. Sometime in September 2003, while Dang and her sister
Lyn were on their way home, Job and his minor friend Nonoy grabbed them and pushed
them inside a white van. They brought them in an abandoned warehouse where they
forced them to dance naked. Thereafter, they brought them to a hill in a
nearby barangay where they took turns raping them. After satisfying their lust, Job
ordered Nonoy to push Dang down a ravine, resulting in her death. Lyn ran away but Job
and Nonoy chased her and pushed her inside the van. Then the duo drove away. Lyn
was never seen again.

3. What crime or crimes were committed by Job and Nonoy? 2.5%

4. What penalties should be imposed on them? 2.5%
5. Will Nonoy's minority exculpate him? 2.5%
6. Is the non-recovery of Lyn's body material to the criminal 2.5%

- XIV -

In a crime of homicide, the prosecution failed to present any receipt to substantiate the
heirs' claim for an award of actual damages, such as expenses for the wake and burial.

What kind of damages may the trial court award to them and how much? 5%

- XV -
 7. <="" p="" style="font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-
family: arial, verdana;">

What is that offense? Explain. 2.5%

During the preliminary investigation and up to the trial proper, Rene and Dante
contended that if they were to be held liable, their liability should be limited only to
the newly-cut logs found in their possession but not to those found outside the
gate.

If you were the judge, what will be your ruling? 2.5%

- XVI -

After receiving a reliable information that Dante Ong, a notorious drug smuggler, was
arriving on PAL Flight No. PR 181, PNP Chief Inspector Samuel Gamboa formed a group
of anti-drug agents. When Ong arrived at the airport, the group arrested him and seized
his attaché case. Upon inspection inside the Immigration holding area, the attaché case
yielded 5 plastic bags of heroin weighing 500 grams. Chief Inspector Gamboa took the
attaché case and boarded him in an unmarked car driven by PO3 Pepito Lorbes. On the
way to Camp Crame and upon nearing White Plains corner Edsa, Chief Inspector
Gamboa ordered PO3 Lorbes to stop the car. They brought out the drugs from the case
in the trunk and got 3 plastic sacks of heroin. They then told Ong to alight from the car.
Ong left with the 2 remaining plastic sacks of heroin. Chief Inspector Gamboa advised
him to keep silent and go home which the latter did. Unknown to them, an NBI team of
agents had been following them and witnessed the transaction. They arrested Chief
Inspector Gamboa and PO3 Lorbes. Meanwhile, another NBI team followed Ong and
likewise arrested him. All of them were later charged.

What are their respective criminal liabilities? 5%

- XVII -

Aling Maria received an urgent telephone call from Junior, her eldest son, asking for
P2,000.00 to complete his semestral tuition fees preparatory to his final exams in
Commerce. Distressed and disturbed, she borrowed money from her compadre Mang
Juan with the assurance to pay him within 2 months. Two months lapsed but Aling Maria
failed to settle her obligation. Mang Juan told Aling Maria that she does not have to pay
the loan if she will allow her youngest 10-year old daughter Annie to work as a
housemaid in his house for 2 months at P1,000.00 a month. Despite Aling Maria's
objection, Mang Juan insisted and brought Annie to his house to work as a maid.

8. Was a crime committed by Mang Juan when he brought Annie to his house as
maid for the purpose of repaying her mother's loan? 2.5%
9. If Aling Maria herself was made to work as a housemaid in Mang Juan's
household to pay her loan, did he commit a crime? 2.5%

NOTHING FOLLOWS.
 BAR EXAMINATION 2006
REMEDIAL LAW
24 September 2006 8 A.M. - 12 Noon
INSTRUCTIONS

This questionnaire consists of seventeen (17) numbers contained in nine (9) pages. Read each
question very carefully. Answer legibly, clearly, and concisely. Start each number on a separate
page; an answer to a sub-question under the same number may be written continuously on the
same page and immediately succeeding pages until completed. Do not repeat the question. A
mere "Yes" or "No" answer without any corresponding discussion will not be given any credit.

HAND IN YOUR NOTEBOOK WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE

GOOD LUCK!!!

Signed ANGELINA S. GUTIERREZ

Chairperson
20006 Bar Examination Committee

PLEASE CHECK THE NUMBER OF PAGES IN THIS SET

WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE

REMEDIAL LAW

-I-

1. What is the concept of remedial law? 2%

2. Distinguish between substantive law and remedial law. 2%
3. How are remedial laws implemented in our system of government? 2%
4. Distinguish jurisdiction from venue? 2%
5. What do you mean by (a) real actions; and (b) personal actions? 2%

- II -

What court has jurisdiction over an action for specific performance filed by a subdivision
homeowner against a subdivision developer? Choose the correct answer. Explain. 2.5%

1. The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

2. The Securities and Exchange Commission
3. The Regional Trial Court
4. The Commercial Court or the Regional Trial Court designated by the Supreme Court to
hear and decide "commercial cases".

- III -

1. What is forum shopping? 2.5%

2. Honey filed with the Regional Trial Court, Taal, Batangas a complaint for specific
performance against Bernie. For lack of a certification against forum shopping, the judge
dismissed the complaint. Honey's lawyer filed a motion for reconsideration, attaching
 thereto an amended complaint with the certification against forum shopping. If you were
the judge, how will you resolve the motion? 5%

- IV -

Jojie filed with the Regional Trial Court of Laguna a complaint for damages against Joe. During
the pre-trial, Jojie and her counsel failed to appear despite notice to both of them. Upon oral
motion of Jojie, Joe was declared as in default and Jojie was allowed to present her evidence ex
palte. Thereafter, the court rendered its Decision in favor of Jojie.

Joe hired Jose as his counsel. What are the remedies available to him? Explain. 5%

-V-

May Congress enact a law providing that a 5,000 square meter lot, apart of the UST compound
in Sampaloc, Manila, be expropriated for the construction of a park in honor of former City Mayor
Arsenio Lacson? As compensation to UST, the City of Manila shall deliver its 5-hectare lot in Sta.
Rosa, Laguna originally intended as a residential subdivision for the Manila City Hall employees.
Explain. 5%

- VI -

Explain each mode of certiorari:

a. As a mode of appeal from the Regional Trial Court or the Court of Appeals to the
Supreme Court. 2.5%
b. As a special civil action from the Regional Trial Court or the Court of Appeals to the
Supreme Court. 2.5%
c. As a mode of review of the decisions of the National Labor Relations Commission and
the Constitutional Commissions. 2.5%

- VII -

Mark filed with the Bureau of Internal Revenue a complaint for refund of taxes paid, but it was not
acted upon. So, he filed a similar complaint with the Court of Tax Appeals raffled to one of its
Divisions. Mark's complaint was dismissed. Thus, he filed with the Court of Appeals a petition for
certiorari under Rule 65.

Does the Court of Appeals have jurisdiction over Mark's petition? 2.5

- VIII -

Does the Court of Appeals have jurisdiction to review the Decisions in criminal and administrative
cases of the Ombudsman? 2.5%

- IX -

1. What are the requisites for the issuance of (a) a writ of preliminary injunction; and (b) a
final writ of injunction? 2.5%
2. Distinguish between injunction as an ancillary remedy and injunction as a main action.
2.5%

-X-
 1. Define a temporary restraining order (TRO). 2%
2. Maya Regional Trial Court issue injunction without bond? 2%
3. What is the duration of a TRO issued by the Executive Judge of a Regional Trial Court?
2%
4. Differentiate a TRO from a status quo order. 2%
5. Maya justice of a Division of the Court of Appeals issue a TRO? 2%

- XI -

1. What is an interlocutory order?

2. What is the difference between a judgment and an opinion of the court? 2.5%

- XII -

Tina Guerrero filed with the Regional Trial Court of Bifian, Laguna, a complaint for sum of money
amounting to P1 Million against Carlos Corro. The complaint alleges, among others, that Carlos
borrowed from Tina the said amount as evidenced by a promissory note signed by Carlos and
his wife, jointly and severally. Carlos was served with summons which was received by Linda, his
secretary .However, Carlos failed to file an answer to the complaint within the 15-day
reglementary period. Hence, Tina filed with the court a motion to declare Carlos in default and to
allow her to present evidence ex parte. Five days thereafter, Carlos filed his verified answer to
the complaint, denying under oath the genuineness and due execution of the promissory note;
and contending that he has fully paid his loan with interest at 12% per annum.

1. Was the summons validly served on Carlos? 2.5%

2. If you were the judge, will you grant Tina's motion to declare Carlos in default? 2.5%

- XIII -

Sergio Punzalan, Filipino, 50 years old, married, and residing at Ayala Alabang Village,
Muntinlupa City , of sound and disposing mind, executed a last will and testament in English, a
language spoken and written by him proficiently. He disposed of his estate consisting of a parcel
of land in Makati City and cash deposit at the City Bank in the , sum of P300 Million. He
bequeathed P50 Million each to his 3 sons and P150 Million to his wife. He devised apiece of
land worth P100 Million to Susan, his favorite daughter-in-Iaw. He named his best friend, Cancio
Vidal, as executor of the will without bond

1. Is Cancio Vidal, after learning of Sergio's death, obliged to file with the proper court a
petition for probate of the latter's last will and testament? 2%
2. Supposing the original copy of the last will and testament was lost, can Cancio compel
Susan to produce a copy in her possession to be submitted to the probate court? 2%
3. Can the probate court appoint the widow as executor of the will? 2%
4. Can the widow and her children settle extrajudicially among themselves the estate of the
deceased? 2%
5. Can the widow and her children initiate a separate petition for partition of the estate
pending the probate of the last will and testament by the proper court? 2%

- XIV -

When is bail a matter of right and when is it a matter of discretion ? 5%

- XV -

Leticia was estranged from her husband Paul for more than a year due to his suspicion that she
was having an affair with Manuel, their neighbor. She was temporarily living with her sister in
Pasig City.

For unknown reasons, the house of Leticia's sister was burned, killing the latter. Leticia survived.
She saw her husband in the vicinity during the incident. Later, he was charged with arson in an
Information filed with the Regional Trial Court, Pasig City.

During the trial, the prosecutor called Leticia to the witness stand and offered her testimony to
prove that her husband committed arson.

Can Leticia testify over the objection of her husband on the ground of martial privilege? 5%

- XVI -

1. What are the requirements in order that an admission of guilt of an accused during a
custodial investigation be admitted in evidence? 2.5%
2. As counsel of an accused charged with homicide, you are convinced that he can be
utilized as a state witness. What procedure will you take? Explain. 2.5%

- XVII -

In 1996, Congress passed Republic Act No.8189, otherwise known as the Voters' Registration
Act of 1996, providing for computerization of elections. Pursuant thereto, the COMELEC
approved the Voters' Registration and Identification System (VRIS) Project. It issued invitations
to pre-qualify and bid for the project. After the public bidding, Fotokina was declared the winning
bidder with a bid of P6 Billion and was issued a Notice of Award. But COMELEC Chairman
Gener Go objected to the award on the ground that under the Appropriations Act, the budget for
the COMELEC's modernization is only P1 Billion. He announced to the public that the VRIS
project has been set aside. Two Commissioners sided with Chairman Go, but the majority voted
to uphold the contract.

Meanwhile, Fotokina filed with the RTC a petition for mandamus to compel the COMELEC to
implement the contract. The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), representing Chairman Go,
opposed the petition on the ground that mandamus does not lie to enforce contractual
obligations. During the proceedings, the majority Commissioners filed a manifestation that
Chairman Go was not authorized by the COMELEC En Banc to oppose the petition.

1. May the OSG represent Chairman Go before the RTC notwithstanding that his position is
contrary to that of the majority? 5%.
2. Is a petition for mandamus an appropriate remedy to enforce contractual obligations? 5%

NOTHING FOLLOWS.