See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/313881522

Viscosity for isotopes of Helium with HCB model

Article · January 2017

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2016.00084.5

CITATIONS READS

0 39

2 authors:

Binay Akhouri Sumit Kaur

Birsa college khuntiRanchi University Nitmala College, Ranchi.
19 PUBLICATIONS   5 CITATIONS    5 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Asking a work from you sir: Binay Prakash Akhouri View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Binay Akhouri on 22 February 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

ISSN 0974-4169 (Print) www.ajrconline.org

0974-4150 (Online)

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Viscosity for isotopes of Helium with HCB model

Binay Prakash Akhouri1*, Sumit Kaur2
1
Department of Physics, Birsa College, Khunti-835210, Jharkhand (India)
2
Department of Physics, Nirmala College, Ranchi-834002, Jharkhand (India)
*Corresponding Author E-mail: binayakhouri@yahoo.in

ABSTRACT:
The calculation of viscosities for the fluids of Helium isotopes, He3 and He4, has been made by using HCB
models. The phase shifts required for its calculation of viscosities have been obtained by numerical integration of
the radial wave equation expressed by taking a simple form of Leenard-Jones intermolecular potential specified
in terms of the support function h( x) and surface to surface coordinate representation K. For both He3 and He4
the phase shifts resemble the rigid sphere behavior for high collision energies of the two colliding helium
molecules of the same species. The cross-sections required for the calculation of viscosities below temperature
5K for the fluids of helium isotopes has also been discussed.

KEYWORDS: Support function, HCB coordinate system, Phase shifts, Viscosity.

1. INTRODUCTION: 1.1 The co-ordinate system:

In theoretical physics, the theory of molecular scattering,
has received much attention today. This is because of
their vast applications fall within the framework of
molecular scattering theory. In the present work we shall
deal with the calculation of the phase shifts for the one-
dimensional Schrodinger radial wave equation and for
the orientation of HCB’s along the semi-major axis and
along the semi-minor axis. However, the phase shifts for
other orientations may also be calculated. In this work
the phase shifts have been obtained by solving the radial
wave equation for different values of the angular
* along the common surface normal i.e., the apse vector K̂
momentum  and collision energy J of the two
colliding molecules. The present work has been carried
out with a new form off L-J potential. Once a potential
function of the L-J form is chosen, the evaluated phase
shifts can be used to calculate the cross-sections and then
by substituting the corresponding collision integral
values in the viscosity equation, the viscosities of helium
isotopes can be determined. The paper has been
organized with different sections and subsections to
represent our work.
Received on 03.11.2016 Modified on 25.11.2016
Accepted on 16.12.2016 © AJRC All right reserved
Asian J. Research Chem. 2016; 9(12): 623-631.
DOI:
623
The dynamic properties of hard convex body can be
described more conveniently [1, 2] by a convex body co-
ordinate  K , ,   system in place of conventional co-
ordinate  r ,  ,   system. The two vectors in the system
are the apse vector K̂ and the unit vector ê . The director
axis of the convex body points along the unit vector ê
and the relative position of the atom can be specified by
the shortest surface to surface distance K measured
. The angles  and  are the polar and the azimuthal
angles of the apse vector K̂ with respect to some fixed
co-ordinate frame.
1.2 The support function:
The simplest model for a spherical molecule is a rigid
impenetrable sphere and for a non-spherical molecule
the hard convex molecule can be regarded as a rigid
impenetrable body. A body is called convex if any line
segment whose end points are inside lies entirely in that
body. The necessary properties of HCB are summarized
by Kihara [3] and others [4, 5]. A convex body is that
each point on its surface has a unique surface normal K̂ .
Fig.1 shows our co-ordinates system for a pair of convex
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

bodies separated by a surface to surface distance K But for isotropic–symmetric situation, x2 will become
measured along K̂ . The analytical properties of HCB
are easily demonstrated by means of support function
Kˆ .eˆ2 for a pair of molecules and ê2 may be replaced by
h( x) which is defined as the projection, ê1 . So, x2   x1 and h( x2 )  h( x1 ) ; and to avoid

h( x)  h( Kˆ .eˆ)  Kˆ .  b(1   x 2 )1/2 (1)
the overlapping situation, h( x1 )  h( x2 ) may be
replaced by h( x) . Therefore, equation (3) can be
where Kˆ .eˆ  cos  , ê is a unit vector and
2 expressed as:
a
     1.
b r ( Kˆ )  Kˆ ( K  h( x)) . ...................................... (4)
Here a and b are semi-major and semi-minor axis

respectively. Also,  is the vector extending from the 1.3 The intermolecular potential:
centre of the body to the point on the surface of it and is The intermolecular potential has been generalized on the
given by supposition that it is a function of the shortest distance of
 ˆ the surface to surface separation of the molecules and
 ( K )  Kh
ˆ ( x)  (1  KK ˆ ( x),
ˆ ˆ )eh
(2) retaining the Leenard-Jones potential characteristics [6].
where h(x ) is the support function [1] and The expression for the intermolecular pair potential of
HCB model [13] has been chosen as:
h( x)  dh( x) / dx.
If, 1 ( Kˆ ) is the vector extending from center to the
point of minimum separation on the surface of a body A,  h( x) 12  h( x) 6 
then  ( K )  4 E     
 K   K  
1 ( Kˆ )  Kh ˆ ˆ )eˆ h( x ),
ˆ ( x )  (1  KK .......(5)
1 1 1
Similarly, for a body B
 2 (  Kˆ )  Kh ˆ ˆ )eˆ h( x ),
ˆ ( x )  (1  KK
2 2 2
The pair potential has been expressed in terms of
minimum surface to surface separation K , the support
function h( x ) and E (the minimum energy). E ,
indicates the energy at the bottom of the potential well
that accounts for molecular attraction, while the support
function , h( x), establishes the particle radius that
provides a barrier for molecular repulsion. Thus, the
potential is now characterized by three constant
parameters a , b and E . The potential well minimum
occurs at K  21/6 h( x) . In eqn.(5) ,  ( K )  0 for
h( x)  K and  ( K )   for K  0 .

2 NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF
Fig. 1 represents two HCBs , symbols are explained in the text.
PHASE SHIFTS :
2.1 Expression of phase-shifts for Hard sphere fluids:
If the ratio of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b is
Here, r ( Kˆ ) denotes the vector emanating from the
mass center of body A and extending to the mass center 1, the support function h( x)  b 1   x
2 1/2

reduces to 
of body B. In terms of HCB coordinate [2] a  b (  0) , and the intermolecular potential for
representation:
HCB’s reduces to hard sphere intermolecular potential in
terms of surface to surface coordinate representation.
r ( Kˆ )  KKˆ  1 ( Kˆ )   2 ( Kˆ ), (3) Therefore, the support function h( x) becomes zero for
the hard sphere case. Therefore, from eqn.(4) for
isotropic- symmetric state, r ( Kˆ )  KK
ˆ . For the
624
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

numerical calculations of the phase shifts one needs the symmetric part of pair behaves much like that of a hard
radial Eigen functions of the relative motion of a pair of sphere. So the Schrödinger’s equation [7, 15] for the
molecules for the case when there is an interaction radial Eigen functions can be expressed as:
potential  ( K ) and for the case when the interaction
potential is zero. For HCB fluids, the isotropic

d 2 ( K * )  *2 (  1) 16 2 
J   *2  K *12  K *6   K *  0, (6)
dK *2
 K *2
 

and
d 2 ( K * 0 )  *2 (  1)  * 0
J   K   0, when  ( K )  0. (7)
dK *2  K *2 

where, K *  K / h( x) , J *  Jh( x) and *  h / h( x)(mE )1/2 .

The reduced quantum mechanical parameter

of He4, * for He3 is 4 of * for He4 [12]. At
  h / a(mE ) , if x  cos   1 , i.e., when the
* 1/2
3
orientation is along semi-major axis ' a ' . Also, sufficiently large K , the effective potential
(  1)
  h / b(mE ) , if x  cos   0 , i.e., when the eff ( K )   ( K ) 
* 1/2
, decays to zero. Most of
orientation is along semi-minor axis ‘b’ . The value of K2
the phase shifts given by J de Boer and co-workers [8, 9]
* varies from substance to substance. The values of for HS model were determined by numerical integration
* required in this work for the fluids of He isotopes of the one-dimensional radial Schrödinger equation
When the value 
* specified by Lennard–Jones potential [13]. The same
are taken from reference [13].
method has been adopted for this case also. The phase
of one isotope of a molecule is known the value of 
*
shifts may also be defined as the difference in the phase
for any other isotopes can be calculated at once since the between scattered and un-scattered wave, the latter being
parameters ( h( x), E ) required for calculation is same the wave function for zero potential. We just necessarily
for the various isotopes of a substance. The reference have  0 as V0. Mathematically, the asymptotic

[13] also shows how the parameters h ( x ) and E of the
solution of the radial wave equation for real (interacting)
potential function may be determined by analysis of the and ideal (non-interacting) pairs of molecules are
second virial co-efficient data. The calculations of the sinusoidal and differ only in the phase of the sine
parameters of the potential function have been restricted
to the interactions between molecules of the same functions, the difference being the phase shifts  .
chemical species. Since mass of He3 is three-fourths that

This is expressed as:

sin 
   16  2 
1/2
 
  K *12  K *6  sin  J * K * 

 *   K *1/2 J  1/2 ( J * K * )    dK *
 2J  0 J 
*2 *2
 2  (8)
Dividing by sin
16( / J ) * 5/2
     * *    *
  K *1/2 J  1/2 ( J * K * )   K *12  K *6   sin  J * K * 

 cot   cos  J K   dK
*2 2 0
  2   2  
1

625
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

The phase shift depends upon the angular momentum quantum number . The expression for phase-shifts has been
given by N. F. Mott [5] as:
 
16( / J * )5/2  *1/2    *
 K J  1/2 ( J * K * )   K *12  K *6  sin  J * K *   dK
tan 1  *2
2 0  2  (9)
16( / J * )5/2  *1/2    *
1  K J  1/2 ( J * K * )   K *12  K *6  cos  J * K *   dK
 2 0
*2
 2 
* *
where J   (1/ 2) ( J K ) is a Bessel’s function [10].

2.2 The calculation of phase shifts for HCB to b. For the interval 0 x  1, we get the lower and
fluids: upper limit of the support function of the form
If the ratio of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b is
b  h (x ) 2b . If, b  0.5 , and when the orientation

2, the support function h( x)  b 1   x
2 1/2

reduces is along semi-major axis, the obtained value of support
function is h( x)  1 and when the orientation is along
 a
2

to a or 2b       1  3  if x  cos   1 ,
semi-minor axis the value obtained for support function
 b  is h( x)  0.5 . Therefore, different values of h( x)
 
may be obtained for different orientations of the two
i.e., when the orientation is along semi-major axis ' a ' HCB’S. The integral equation for phase shifts required
and if x  cos   0 , i.e., when the orientation is along for the orientation along the semi-major axis [13] may be
semi-minor axis ' b ', the support function h( x) reduces written as:

 
16( / J * )5/2     *
 (1  K )
*1/2
J  1/2 ( J * (1  K * )   K *12  K *6  sin  J * (1  K * )   dK
tan 1  *2
2 0  2 
16( / J * )5/2     *
1  (1  K )
* 1/2
J  1/2 ( J * (1  K * )   K *12  K *6  cos  J * (1  K * )   dK
 2 0
*2
 2  (10)
For the orientation along the semi-minor axis,
 
16( / J * )5/2     *
 (0.5  K )
*1/2
J  1/2 ( J * (0.5  K * )   K *12  K *6  sin  J * (0.5  K * )   dK
tan 1  *2
2 0  2 
16( / J * )5/2     *
1  (0.5  K )
* 1/2
J  1/2 ( J * (0.5  K * )   K *12  K *6  cos  J * (0.5  K * )   dK
 2 0
*2
 2 
(11)

The above formulae have been used for the calculation respectively. A Leennard-Jones potential energy function
of phase shifts of Helium isotopes and these depend is used as a model for He-He interaction. The phase
upon the angular momentum quantum number  and the shifts as a function of collision energy for a model He-
* He collision is calculated by eqn.(10) and eqn.(11).
relative kinetic energy J of the two colliding molecule. Since He4 has an even number of nucleons and electrons
The phase shifts have been calculated for a series of
*
and zero spin, phase shift with even  (  = 0, 2, 4…..)
values of J from 1 to 3. The complete calculated have been calculated and for He3, which has an odd
values of phase shifts for He3 and He4 for HCB model
with a fixed orientation are tabulated in Tables 1 and 2
626
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

1 of the angular momentum the phase shift is negative.

number of nucleons and electrons and spin  , phase This indicates that the repulsive part of the potential is
2 dominating the scattering. At larger values of the orbital
shifts with both for odd  (  = 1, 3, 5……) and even  ( angular momentum the scattering is determined to a
 = 0, 2, 4….) have been calculated. The obtained smaller extent by the repulsive part of the potential and
results of our work are in good agreement with the to a larger degree by the attractive part of the potential.
results of rigid-sphere [7, 18] . From the behavior of the This leads to a more positive value of the Phase shifts.
phase shifts for He3 we observe that when collision At very large values of the orbital angular momentum
energy approaches zero, no stationary states exist for two the centrifugal potential prevents the wave function from
interacting He3 atoms. For He4, on the other hand, it is sampling any part of the potential and the phase shifts
difficult to decide whether or not there is a discrete level tends to zero. These behaviors of phase shifts can be
for zero value of collision energy [19, 20]. At low values observed in Table 1 and Table2.

Table.1 Phase shifts for He3 as calculated from the new form of L-J potential. The values for rigid spheres are from J.de Boer and Michel
[8].
0 2 4
J* Orientation Orientation Rigid Orientation Orientation Rigid Orientation Orientation Rigid
along semi- along semi- spheres along semi- along semi- spheres along semi- along semi- spheres
major axis minor axis major axis minor axis major axis minor axis
1.0 -0.467 -0.666 0.205 0.287 0.345 0.137
1.5 -0.769 -0.956 -0.355 0.567 -0.769 0.415 0.09 0.127 0.03
2.0 -1.324 -1.551 -0.890 0.756 -0.988 0.510 0.145 0.175 0.078
2.5 -1.645 -1.783 -1.400 -0.321 -1.230 0.390 0.302 0.390 0.205
3.0 -2.476 -2.568 -1.913 -0.536 -2.510 0.105 0.438 0.573 0.325

Table.2 Phase shifts for He4 as calculated from the new form of L-j potential. The values for rigid spheres are from J.de Boer, J.van
Kranendonk and Compaan [9].
 1 3 5
J* Orientation Orientation is Rigid Orientation Orientation is Rigid Orientation Orientation is Rigid
along semi- along semi- spheres along semi- along semi- spheres along semi- along semi- spheres
major axis minor axis major axis minor axis major axis minor axis
1.0 1.57 1.84 1.08 0.23 0.44 0.11 0.32 0.48 0.01
1.2 1.34 1.47 1.08 0.41 0.52 0.22 0.45 0.53 0.03
1.4 1.22 1.09 0.92 0.56 0.74 0.39 0.63 0.75 0.05
1.6 1.01 0.87 0.65 0.95 1.06 0.65 0.94 1.06 0.10
1.8 0.97 0.34 0.30 1.04 1.87 0.98 1.54 1.72 0.17
2.0 0.65 -0.05 -0.09 1.51 1.78 1.32 1.69 1.98 0.26
2.2 0.42 -0.69 -0.51 1.98 2.08 1.66 1.95 2.45 0.40
2.4 -0.54 -1.07 -0.95 2.56 2.79 1.97 2.33 2.68 0.55
2.6 -1.66 -1.57 -1.40 2.49 2.83 2.18 2.78 2.97 0.73
2.8 -2.56 -2.02 -1.87 2.67 2.99 2.29 2.92 3.29 0.94
3.0 -3.04 -2.77 -2.34 2.83 3.03 2.23 2.97 3.39 1.18

3 The cross-sections for HCB fluids
The fluid we are considering is composed of
impenetrable elastic molecules, a collision between two
molecules is well defined. This makes it possible to
introduce a quantity known as mean free path [ 14, 17].
It should be noted that at constant pressure the mean free
path is directly proportional to the temperature. In
classical theory, the cross section Q( g ) is expressed as
an integral of the deflections, caused by collision of a
pair of atoms, integrated over the impact parameter b
and at a fixed value of the relative velocity g .The total
collision probability per unit time in terms of deflection
angle (b, g ) and relative velocity g converges when
volume tends to zero as r   . Employing polar co-
ordinates, we define the impact parameter,b, as the
distance of closest approach, presuming no
627
intermolecular potential, while  represents the angle
of deflection caused by interaction between the particles.
At high temperatures where the deviations from the
classical theory are negligible the quantum mechanical
expression for cross-section approaches the classical
expression in accordance with the correspondence:
bg 
 bJ *

  2 ( J * )   ( J * )   (b, g ) (12)
where  is the reduced mass of the colliding pair of
molecules. In the light of the above, the expression for
the quantum mechanical cross-sections has the form
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

 2   (  1)    2  2 calculated from eqn.(14a) and He3 (solid line) which are

Q( J )   * 
*
sin   2    half spin particles, the cross-section is calculated from
 J   0,1,2,... (  3 / 2) eqn.(15a)
(13)
*
Here  and J are quantum numbers characteristic of Cross section
the angular momentum and the relative kinetic energy of
a two-molecule collision, and the  ( J ) are the phase 50
*

shifts in the radial wave function for a binary collision. 40

The expressions of cross-sections valid for particles with
zero spin are given by
30
 4   (  1)(  2) 2
QB . E .  2   sin    2    
 k    0,2,4... (  3 / 2) 20

(14a) 10

 4   (  1)(  2) 2
QF . D.   2   sin   2    3 4 5 6 7 8
Collision energy
 1,3,5,... (  3 / 2)
 k  Fig.3 shows the cross-sections as a function of relative
(14b) collision energy for He4 and He3 for orientation along
semi-minor axis with  b  4.921 and  b  5.682
* *
For particles with spin s  0 , the cross-sections are
given by respectively for the two molecules. He4 (dashed line)
which are zero spin particles, the cross-section is
 s 1   s  calculated from eqn.(14b) and He3 (solid line) which are
[QB.E . ]s   Q 
 B. E .   F . D.
Q (15a)
 2s  1   2s  1  half spin particles, the cross-section is calculated from
eqn.(15b)

4 CALCULATION OF VISCOSITY FOR

 s 1   s 
[QF . D. ]s    QF . D.    QB. E . (15b) HELIUM ISOTOPES:
 2s  1   2s  1  The general expression for co-efficient of viscosity valid
in quantum theory has been expressed in the notation of
The graphs representing the cross-sections of Helium Chapman and Cowling as:
molecules illustrates the diffraction effects encountered
in transport phenomenon are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3. 5kT
The plots of these graphs are taken for ratio a / b  2.
v  (16)
8 2 (T ) 1

The collision integral 1 (T ) in equation(16) has been

Cross section 2

40
defined according to Chapman and Cowling as:
   10
7/2
1  J *9
30   
2
  Q( J * )dJ *
h6 ( x)8
1
 2kT 
2 ( x )T
2 0
e2Kh
20 (17)
*
where Q( J ) stands for the cross-sections as required
10 for the calculation of viscosity of Helium isotopes,
temperature, T , must be in K ,  be the reduced mass
Collision energy of the colliding molecules and the 6-12 L-J parameter,
3 4 5 6 7 8
Fig.2 shows the cross-sections as a function of relative h( x) must be in A0 . Equation (17) implies that by
collision energy for He4 and He3 for orientation along *
integrating over J , we may account for all possible
semi-major axis with  a  2.534 and  a  2.926 impact scenarios for a given intermolecular potential.
* *

respectively for the two molecules. He4 (dashed line) The values of coefficients of viscosity for the isotopes of
which are zero spin particles, the cross-section is helium have been calculated for semi-major and semi-

628
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

minor axis ratio a / b  2 at temperature below 5K.
The calculated values of viscosity for He4 and He3 are
given in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. The obtained
values of viscosity of He4 are compared with the
available experimental data for hard sphere due to
Chapman and Cowling [11] and Keller [12]. Also, the
obtained values of viscosity of He3 are compared with
the available experimental data for hard sphere due to
Keller [12] and J de Boer [10]. The agreement for the
calculated values has been found to be remarkably good
with available experimental values. The viscosity of He3
actually exceeds that of He4 at very low temperatures.
The values of the viscosity have been plotted in Fig.3, 4
for He4 and in Fig.5, 6 for He3.

Table.3
Temperatures Values of viscosities for He4 (in Poise)
(in K) Orientation along semi- Orientation along Observed value due to
major axis semi-minor axis Keller J de Boer
0.2 2.062x10-6 2.072x10-6 1.823x10-6
0.4 3.224x10-6 3.238x10-6 3.139x10-6
0.51 4.325x10-6 4.336x10-6 ----------- 3.77x10-6
0.6 4.629x10-6 4.877x10-6 4.162x10-6
0.8 5.510x10-6 5.712x10-6 5.234x10-6
1.0 6.553x10-6 6.687x10-6 6.355x10-6
1.02 6.567x10-6 7.179x10-6 ---------- 7.20x10-6
1.4 8.501x10-6 8.667x10-6 8.475x10-6
-6
1.8 10.133x10 10.223x10-6 10.121x10-6
2.04 8.218x10-6 10.287x10-6 ------------- 11.3x10-6
2.2 11.249x10-6 11.339x10-6 11.236x10-6
2.6 11.962x10-6 12.077x10-6 11.950x10-6
3.0 12.434x10-6 12.513x10-6 12.429x10-6
3.07 12.615x10-6 12.298x10-6 ----------- 12.4x10-6
3.4 12.805x10-6 12.944x10-6 12.796x10-6
3.8 13.175x10-6 13.217x10-6 13.128x10-6
4.09 13.312x10-6 13.654x10-6 ------------ 13.1x10-6
4.5 13.743x10-6 13.956x10-6 13.729x10-6
5 14.239x10-6 14.367x10-6 14.204x10-6
5.11 14.543x10-6 14.678x10-6 ------------ 14.0x10-6

Table. 4
Temperatures Values of viscosities for He3(in Poise)
(in K) Orientation along semi- Orientation along Observed value due to
major axis semi-minor axis Keller J de Boer
0.2 0.458x10-6 0.479x10-6 0.343x10-6
0.4 1.923x10-6 1.978x10-6 1.701x10-6
0.6 3.113x10-6 3.234x10-6 3.001x10-6
0.8 3.772x10-6 3.801x10-6 3.528x10-6
-6
1.0 3.759x10 3.913x10-6 3.624x10-6
1.29 3.913x10-6 3.998x10-6 -------------- 3.4x10-6
1.4 4.001x10-6 4.089x10-6 3.825x10-6
1.8 4.588x10-6 4.613x10-6 4.459x10-6
2.2 5.460x10-6 5.432x10-6 5.338x10-6
2.6 6.552x10-6 6.645x10-6 6.382x10-6
2.68 7.779x10-6 6.978x10-6 ------------- 6.6x10-6
3.0 8.243x10-6 7.856x10-6 7.507x10-6
3.4 8.781x10-6 8.881x10-6 8.648x10-6
3.8 9.984x10-6 9.997x10-6 9.771x10-6
4.2 10.342x10-6 10.518x10-6 -------------- 10.78x10-8
4.5 11.813x10-6 11.913x10-6 11.636x10-6
5 13.119x10-6 13.239x10-6 12.869x10-6

629
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

Viscosity inPoise Points represent the experimental value due to Keller

[20] and Je de Boer [21].
0.000014
0.000012
Viscosity inPoise
0.00001
8. 10 6 0.000012
6. 10 6 0.00001
4. 10 6
8. 10 6
2. 10 6
6. 10 6
Temperature in K
1 2 3 4 5 4. 10 6
Fig.4 Viscosity of He4 when the orientation is along semi-major
axis (solid line). 2. 10 6
Temperature in K
Points represent the experimental value due to Keller 1 2 3 4 5
[20] and Je de Boer [21]. Fig.7 Viscosity of He3 when the orientation is along semi-minor
axis (solid line).

Viscosity inPoise

0.000014 Points represent the experimental value due to Keller

[20] and Je de Boer [21].
0.000012
0.00001 5 CONCLUSIONS:
The most extensive low-temperature calculations have
8. 10 6 been made using the Leenard –Jones (6-12) potential. In
6. 10 6 general, an intermolecular potential describing the
interaction between two bodies depends not only on their
4. 10 6 separation distance but also on their relative orientation.
2. 10 6 The later is especially significant for molecules with
permanent dipole moments. Nevertheless, we presume
1 2 3 4 5
Temperature in K for convenience an intermolecular potential,  ( K ) , that
4
Fig.5 Viscosity of He when the orientation is along semi-minor depends only on the surface to surface distance, K ,
axis (solid line).
separating two bodies. The two considered orientations
Points represent the experimental value due to Keller in our work is actually represents separation r ( Kˆ ) in
[20] and Je de Boer [21]. terms of support function, h( x) , and surface to surface
separation, K . The phase shift calculations of our work
Viscosity inPoise for both the isotopes are found to be negative at
moderate low energy collision values and positive at
high energy collision values. Expectedly, the results of
0.000012 the phase shifts for these isotopes agree well with the
values of the phase shifts of rigid sphere model [17-22].
0.00001
For both He3 and He4 the phase shifts have much
8. 10 6 resemblance for the rigid sphere behavior at high
energies as compared with the results for both the HCB
6. 10 6 models. The values of the obtained phase shifts from
6 these models and hence the evaluated cross-sections for
4. 10
a fixed orientation of the two HCB bodies have been
2. 10 6 used for the calculation for viscosity for Helium
isotopes. Our results for the effective He3-He3 and He4-
Temperature in K He4 cross-sections are summarized in figure2-3, which
1 2 3 4 5
Fig.6 Viscosity of He3 when the orientation is along semi-major represent the diffraction effects encountered in transport
axis (solid line). phenomena. Actually, the attractive and repulsive forces

630
 Asian J. Research Chem. 9(12): December 2016

of the L-J 6-12 potential together with the model create

an opportunity for improved predictions of viscosities.
Hence, for this simple potential it was found that the
obtained results of viscosities have remarkably good
agreement with the experimental values.

6. REFERENCES:
1 Talbot J, Kirelson D, Pallen M, Evans G T and Frenkel D.
Structure of the Hard Ellipsoidal Fluid,” Journal of Chemical
Physics. 92; 1920: 20.
2 Kumar B, James C and Evans J T. Invariant expansions of the
radial distribution function for fluids of hard convex bodies.
Journal of Chemical Physics. 8; 1988: 11.
3. Kihara T. Convex Molecules in Gaseous and Crystalline.
Advances in Chemical Physics. 5; 1963: 147-188.
4. She R S C and Evans G T. Orientational correlations in fluids of
hard convex bodies. Journal of Chemical Physics. 85; 1986:
1513.
5. Mott N F and Massey H S W. The theory of atomic collisions,
Oxford: Calerondon, 1949.
6. Leenard-Jones J E. The determination of molecular fields from the
equation of state of a gas. Proceedings of Royal Society. 106 A;
1924: 463.
7. Schiff L I. Progress. in Theoretical Physics.11; 1954: 288.
8. De Boer and Michels A. Quantum-mechanical calculatios of the
second virial coefficient of helium at low temperatures. Physica 6;
1939: 409-420.
9. De Boer J, Kranendonk J V and Compaan K. The equation of state
of gaseous He3 . Physica.16; 1950: 545-554.
10. Watson G N. A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Fnctions.2nded ,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1945.
11. Chapman S and Cowling T G. The mathematical theory of non-
uniform gases, Cambridge: University press, 1970.
12. De Boer J and Lunbech R J. Statistical mechanics of mixtures of
He3 and He4. Physica.14; 1949: 510.
13. Akhouri B P and Giri V S. Constant parameters of HCB’S fluids.
Indian Journal of Physics. 77B; 2003: 233.
14. Chapman W G, Jackson G and Gubbins K E. Phase Equilibria of
Associating Fluid: Chain Molecules with Multiple Bonding Sites.
Molecular Physics. 65; 1988: 1057.
15. Morrisonin P and Segre E. Experimental Nuclear Physics. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1953, Part VI.
16. Guggenheim E A. Variations on van der Waals’ Equation of State
for High Densities. Molecular Physics. 9; 1965: 43.
17. Reed T M and Gubbins K E. Applied Statistical Mechanics:
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids, New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1973.
18. Massey H S W and Mohr C B O. Free paths and Transport
phenomena in Gases and the Quantum theory of collision I. The
rigid sphere model. Proceeding of Royal Society, London, A141;
1933: 434.
19. Uehling E A. Transport Phenomena in a Einstein-Bose and Fermi-
Dirac Gases. Physical Review. 46; 1934: 917.
20. E.S. Meyer, J.C. Mester, M.W. Reynolds, T.E. Huber, Z. Zhao, B.
Freedman, J. Kim and I.F. Silvera. Observation of giant scattering
cross sections in 4He. Physica B. 194; 1994: 885–886.
21. Boer J de and Michel A H. Physica. 5; 1938: 945.
22. Bird R B, Stewart W E and Lightfoot E N. Transport
Pheonemenon, 2 nd edn. Wiley: New York, 2002.

631

View publication stats