HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS

Skeletal System - It supports the overall structure of the body and protects the
organs.

Muscular System - The muscular system works closely with the skeletal system.
Muscles help the body to move and interact with the world.

Circulatory system- Transports blood along with nutrients, oxygen to different

parts of the body.

Digestive System - It helps to convert food into nutrients and energy for the body.

Nervous System - It helps the body to communicate and allows the brain to
control various functions of the body.

Respiratory System – It brings oxygen into the body through the lungs and
windpipe. It also removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Endocrine System – It produces hormones that help regulate the other systems in
the body.

Excretory System – It eliminates the waste metabolic products from the body.

Immune System - The lymphatic and immune systems work together to protect
the body from diseases.

Reproductive System - The reproductive system includes the sex organs that
enable people to have babies. This system is different for males and females.

Skeletal System
• Bones – Provide structural framework.

• Joints - Place where two or more bones connect.

• Cartilage - It is a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints

and facilitates movement.

• Ligaments - It is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and

provides stability to the joint.
Functions of bone
 The skeletal system performs vital functions such as support, movement,
protection, blood cell production and storage of fats and minerals. There
are 206 bones in the human body.
Bone Connections
A joint is the place where two or more bones connect.

Fixed joints allow no movement between bones.

Movable joints allow movement of the bones.

Movable joints:

• Ball & socket: Provide 3600 rotation.

• Pivot joint: Circular, up and down and side-to-side.

• Hinge joint: Up and down or backward and forward.

• Gliding joint: One bone slips/glides over the other during movement.
Movement of this type of joint is backward and forward.

Synovial fluid is the thick liquid that lubricates your joints and keeps them moving
smoothly.

The Muscular System

Consist of specialized tissues which enable the body and its parts to move.

TYPES OF MUSCLES
Smooth Muscles
• Fibers are thin and spindle shaped.
• No striations, Single nuclei ,Contracts slowly
• Found in the circulatory system -Lining of the blood vessels - Helps in the
circulation of the blood
• Found in the digestive, respiratory, urinary system -Controls digestion,
breathing, urination
Cardiac Muscles
• Has striations ,each cell has a central nuclei, Involuntary
• Cardiac Muscle found ONLY in the heart - Contractions of the heart
muscles, pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.
Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal Muscle attached to skeleton by tendons
• Causes movement of bones at the joints.

Functions of muscles:
• Movement.

• Maintenance of posture and muscle tone.

• Heat production.

• Protects the bones and internal organs.

 Respiratory system

The trachea or wind pipe divides into two tubes called bronchi (singular:
bronchus). Each bronchus further divides into bronchioles that end up in alveoli
where gaseous exchange takes place.
 Circulatory system
Comprise of the heart, blood and blood vessels.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM :
• The heart pumps blood throughout our body through the blood vessels.
• It is almost in the middle of your chest. It is made up of cardiac muscle. It
has 4 chambers- Upper 2 atria & Lower 2 ventricle
• Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon
dioxide and other waste materials.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central nervous system (CNS):

 Consists of brain located within the skull and the spinal cord located within
the vertebral column.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

 Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other locations of body

Neurons (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the nervous system.
 FUNCTION:

• Chief controlling and coordinating system of the body.

• Sense organs send the message to the brain and spinal cord through
electrical signals.

• Brain decides and sends impulse through nerves to makes the muscles
move.

Digestive system
A digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert
food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.

The food we take in is

• digested

• utilized by our body and

• the unused parts of the food are defecated.

  The digestive tract or the alimentary canal starts from mouth
and ends in anus.

Stages in digestion:

Ingestion > Digestion > Absorption > Assimilation > Egestion

 Mouth
The mouth is the opening through which the intake of food occurs.
Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands (3 pairs).

 Pharynx
It forms the common passage for food and air.
  Oesophagus
 It is a muscular tube through which small bolus of food passes
from the mouth to the stomach.
 Food in the digestive tract moves by an involuntary movement of
alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles called peristalsis.

 Stomach

It is a sac-like structure which secretes hydrochloric acid. Breakdown of

food substances happens here.

 Liver

Bile is secreted by the liver and stored in gall bladder.

 Small Intestine
It is the longest part of the alimentary canal. Absorption of the digested
food happens through Villi which are fingerlike projections seen in small
intestine.

 Large Intestine
The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the
remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the unwanted waste
material from the body.

 Rectum
temporary storage site for feces.
 Anus
The anus is the opening at the far end of the digestive tract through which
the feces leaves the body.
 EXCRETORY SYTEM
Excretory products:
Lungs- Carbon dioxide
Skin- Sweat
Kidney- Urea + water = Urine
 Removes waste materials.
• Body wastes collected in the blood.
• Regulates the body fluids.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs.
• Nephron: The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney that filters the
blood in order to regulate chemical concentrations and produce urine.

 Ureter
The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
 Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is a muscular sac which stores urine temporarily.

 Urethra
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• It is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones
• Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that
regulate the activity of cells or organs.
• It regulates the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical
processes of the body) and sexual development.
Pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, and is no bigger than a pea. It
secretes growth hormone.
Thyroid: The thyroid is in the front part of the lower neck. Its shaped is like
a butterfly. It makes the thyroid hormones thyroxine.
Reproductive Glands: The gonads are the main source of sex hormones.
Male gonad – Testes.
Female gonad - Ovary.
Adrenaline / Fight or fight hormone– Adrenal Gland – present on top of
kidney. Secreted during stressful or excited situations
Insulin: Insulin secreted by pancreas therefore helps cells to take in
glucose to be used for energy.
When the body does not produce insulin it leads to diabetes disorder.