1.

Women and Crime in the 18th Century

When women commit crimes, they do so in a manner appropriate to their sex.' (Carol
Smart)

Discuss the accuracy of this statement with reference to the Eighteenth Century period.

Criminologists agree that the gender gap in crime is universal: Women are always and
everywhere less likely than men to commit criminal acts.'

Throughout the ages and with very few exceptions, crime, and especially the more
unspeakably vicious and violent acts, have always been seen to be, in the most part, the
domain of the male. Rapes, murders and brutal assault were seen as 'masculine'
misdemeanors, and much evidence is available to show that the more serious crimes
were mainly undertaken by males, 'The majority of British convicts marked for
transportation were native Englishmen sentenced in English courts,' and women only
really topped crime figures when it came to prostitution. Women as a gender were
widely considered not to be capable of the ferocity or deep-seated evil of men. After all,
in eighteenth century patriarchal society, they were widely seen as demure, submissive
creatures. True, some had fallen on the wrong side of the tracks and had become petty
thieves or whores, but a common contemporary conception seemed to exist that
women were pretty much incapable of malice.

Indeed, there is a strong argument to suggest such views were based on classical
ideologies. Men and women were perceived to have totally different physical make-ups
and possess fundamentally different positive and negative qualities, and in general
have a more direct and physical outlook on life. 'Men were prone to violence, obstinacy,
and selfishness, while women's sins were viewed as the result of their tendency to be
ruled by their bodies and their emotions, notably lust.' This was also perceived when it
came to women within crime. Female deviance was seen as primarily one of sexual
immorality and as such, a blight on the moral fabric of society rather than direct malice
against one individual. They were sent to be involved in shameful, dirty pursuits rather
than direct violent crimes, and so the statistics seemed to prove. Women accounted for
only 27% of the defendants tried between 1674 and 1834. Indeed, they were generally
seen by society as by far the less threatening of the sexes.

However, it is not really surprising that this is the case, and in my view, reflected on the
actual position of women in eighteenth century society as well as the perceptions that
went with them. After all, women were much less likely to be involved in manual labor,
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and so generally were not involved with the testosterone fuelled atmosphere of
workplaces and alehouses, and had no easy access to blunt 'weapons' such as axes,
spades and picks which could be escalated to a fatal purpose very easily if a
spontaneous fight or argument was to break out amongst the laborers. Coupled with
this, the female sphere of society, as the section of society statistically involved in less
serious crimes, were only rarely dragged through the court as at this time as only a
small fraction of crimes were actually prosecuted.

In fact, court proceedings in the eighteenth century were somewhat biased towards
females, in that 'juries may have been more reluctant to convict women since female
crime was perceived as less threatening than that committed by men.' Indeed,
instances of courts going to great lengths to try to and cover up the fact that women
could also be morally abhorrent, seem to be in evidence. For example, during the trial
of Mary Price in 1718, although the woman in question pleaded guilty to strangling a
young girl with a leather strap, a surprised court advised her that it 'would permit her
to withdraw her Plea' but she still persisted to plead Guilty. The Court then told her 'she
would do well to consider what she did, for perhaps if she pleaded Not Guilty, [the
crime] might not be proved upon her.'

As it turned out, she stuck with her initial answer, kept her plea guilty and eventually
received sentence of death, but this case seems to show a clear attitude of a court who
found it extremely difficult to see the viability of violent women. Despite her plea of
guilt, frankly terrible crime of strangling a girl and willingness to pay the price of it, it
almost seems that she was attempted to be talked round a hanging. Indeed, as well as
this, there was even a legal principle called 'feme covert', which, although historically
not called upon particularly often, was sometimes used to exonerate married women
who committed crimes in the presence of their husbands, the rationale being that the
ladies were presumed to be following their 'superior' spouses commands

However, whatever the statistics may say, the notion that women were guilty only of
petty theft and prostitution suffers not only with some particularly bloodthirsty
anomalies, but also a number of instances of infanticide and total neglect of young
children that goes someway to prove the eighteenth century view of 'non malicious
women' as quite outdated. 'Infanticide was seen as the most common form of murder
early in the seventeenth century and even up to the early nineteenth century, writers
continued to believe that it was a common occurrence' and there seems little doubt of
its prevalence in the Eighteenth Century. For example, the following case of incredible

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cruelty took place, and despite the fact that the record seems to suggest guilt, the
defendant was exonerated.

'Mary Tudor, of the Parish of Saint Andrews Holborn,

Was indicted for the Murther of her Female Infant Bastard,

On the 18th of January last, by throwing the same into a

House of Office, whereby it was choaked and strangled.

She called a Witness to prove that she was married, and that the Child was no Bastard.'

Indeed, infanticide coroners tended only to reach a guilty verdict only in the most
obvious cases of infanticide and overlaying (the smothering of children), poisoning and
general fatal neglect rarely led to a conviction, being very hard to prove. For example,
another case in point that of Elizabeth Cole, displayed an extremely heartless
destruction of a child but, due to extenuating circumstances (including the fact that she
danced about the room!) led to her being pronounced 'not guilty'.

Indicted for the Murder of her Female Infant aged

3 Years, by throwing of her into the River of Thames, on the 9th of January last. It was
prov'd plainl

That the Prisoner had such a Child but in her Defense

It appear'd plain that she had for a considerable

Time been under a great trouble of Mind, and particularly

When she lay In three Months ago, would rise out of

Her Bed and Dance about the Room

Of course, it must be considered that these women may have been under tremendous
social, financial or peer group pressure to somehow dispose of these children, but
despite the 18th Century Not Guilty verdict, it is hard, despite the hugely different
social contexts of contemporary morals and those of the 1700's, to find these acts
anything other than terrible admissions of cold blooded human murder. Indeed,
although these are merely two examples, it seems that many other such acts did take
place, and really must encourage the Historian to question the idea that women were as
innocent of violent crimes as popular belief and statistics of the time suggested them to
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be. Hundreds of surviving records of infanticide are testament to some of the
outrageous cruelty that took place the hands of eighteenth century women who
slaughtered their own flesh and blood.

However, infanticide was not the only form of cruelty that took place, and as well as the
rather shocking examples of murdering one’s own children that perpetuated the legal
catalogue of the eighteenth century, other direct murderous crimes were also attached
to certain infamous women of crime in this period, proving them to be very much as
vicious and bloodthirsty as their men folk. One such example was the case of Catherine
Hayes who, in 1726, was reported to have orchestrated the gruesome murder of her
husband through two accomplices. Billions broke his scull as he lay on the bed with an
ax, and knocked out his brains, which causing a great effusion of blood, The good
woman advised to cut the head off, which was done accordingly; She afterwards
brought them a box to put the body in.

She was later hung and burnt and caused somewhat of an uproar, one newspaper
interestingly describing the incident as an 'unheard-of murder of her husband,'
suggesting that the presence of a woman in such an incident really was a distinct shock
to English society of the time. Indeed, no one can dispute that murders by women were
distinctly less than those of males, as this shock would suggest, but records of malicious
ladies seem to be easy to find.

Indeed, Catherine Hayes's misadventure was certainly not an isolated incident.

Another case talks of a Mistress severely whipping, burning (with a red-hot poker) and
beating her maidservant with a hammer for allegedly stealing a shilling, while another
lady was burnt at the stake for stabbing her husband in the groin with a particularly
large carving knife. Still worse was the case of the two Sarah Met yard’s (mother and
daughter) who beat, locked away and eventually starved to death a thirteen year old
girl, seemingly through nothing more than sadistic reasoning, as the following
testament from another girl in the mothers service seems to testify.

'The mother was present, and she held the girl by the head while

The daughter beat her; the mother was in bed, and the girl upon it:

Then she was carried up stairs, and tied to a two pair of stairs

Back room door, by the daughter, the string went round her waist,

And her hands were tied behind her; she could neither sit nor lie down.'

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But despite all these obvious cases, and indeed, there are many more, why was such a
popular view of woman as occasional sexual/petty thief criminals but nothing more,
held as such a society definite? Rates of murderous infanticide seemed be relatively
high and although criminals seem to have been in the majority male, how can Carol
Smarts statement at all be credited when it seems to be flying in the face of such
compelling evidence, as even in this brief essay cases of violence, torture, and
outlandish cruelty have been discussed. Perhaps these really are isolated cases, but the
answer I find more satisfactory is that, especially in the eighteenth century, society
demanded that its gender roles dictated that women could be guilty of sexual disgraces
and often petty theft (with which to pay for their children's upkeep or fashions) and
that nasty, violent acts were either covered up, treated as madness, or perceived by
society as very much a 'freak' case.

Of course, coupled with this, the Eighteenth Centuries most famous female criminals
were involved in prostitution; Moll Harvey, Moll Freeman and the notorious Mother
Needham all received reasonable press coverage and mild infamy when they were
caught and presumably 'set the acceptable tone' for the extent of female crime in the
age. 'The house lately inhabited by Elizabeth Needham, commonly called Mother
Needham, a notorious lewd prostitute and procuress.' Although, the fact that these
women dominated popular concept of women's crime cannot justify the short-sighted
view that 'when women commit crimes they do so in a manner to their sex.'

Indeed, in conclusion, I would state that Carol Smart's statement, while containing a
modicum of truth and having statistic advantage on its side, is however hopelessly over
generalized and cannot be credited in terms of true historic accuracy. Yes, in terms of
eighteenth century's general moral conciseness, women were far more likely to commit
crimes like prostitution and petty theft, but I would argue that this was down primarily
to their social position and role in society rather than any particular difference in
character as she seems to suggest. As the many cases of infanticide and the chilling acts
of murder and torture in this essay suggest, women were certainly capable of anger,
cruelty and malice and the eighteenth century view of the female gender as a somehow
weaker, submissive sex who could not rise to murderous anger is simply outmoded and
very much a product of the time that could not be justified by the actual evidence.

Of course, as my initial quote shows, males statistically are involved in more crime than
females. But this does not mean that the female gender is without malice.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 5 of 72
Darrell Steffensmeier; Emilie Allan - Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of
Female Offending (Annual Review of Sociology: 1996)

2. OVERPOPULATION IN PAKISTAN: CAUSES,

EFFECTS AND MEASURES TO CONTROL-
POPULATION

Introduction:
Overpopulation is one of the major social problems of Pakistan. Population growth rate
since 1947 has been increasing at an alarming rate. Merely a large number of people do
not constitute a population problem; it is the quality of population, which reflects the
nature of problems in comparison with existing resources.

Pakistan is endowed with vast human resources, which have a tremendous

developmental potential. Unfortunately, on account of inadequate pace of growth of the
economy, paucity of capital resources, faulty manpower planning and inappropriate
choice of techniques of production, the country has not been able to optimally utilise
this vast resource with the result that it is confronted with a serious unemployment
problems. The extent of unemployment has a great bearing on the poverty and the
equitable distribution of income. Hence providing adequate and increasing
employment opportunities and ensuring a reasonable living standard for all the people
in the country remain the paramount aims of our effort in this sector.

Pakistan’s population suffers from high birth rate, low per capita income, high
dependency ratio, and underemployment, low participation of labor force, poor health,
and hygiene and literacy standards. While the crude death rate came down from 30 to
10.1 per thousand since 1947 the crude birth rate declined only slightly from 50 to 39.5
per thousand, thereby pushing the population growth rate from 2% in 1950 to 2.6% in
1990s.

Causes _of _High _Population Growth in Pakistan:

According to 1998 population census total population of Pakistan was 130.6 million
showing an overall increase of about 55% over the last census and in 1981. Now the

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population of Pakistan is expected to reach the level of 220 million. Some of the causes
of high population growth in Pakistan are enumerated as under:

Control _of _Infant _mortality:

Number of maternity centers, child clinics, trained dais and midwives has increased
considerably since independence. New methods for caring and rearing of children are
being adopted by the people. Moreover, general health education has also increased.
All these factors have helped in decreasing infant mortality i.e., the number of deaths of
baby belonging to age group of 0-11 months.

Introduction _of _Modern _Medicines:

In the modern age there are patent medicines for various diseases, which were
previously considered incurable. The insecticides have also helped a lot in decreasing
the death rate and indirectly affected the natural increase in population.

Highly _Fertility _Among _Muslims:

If we analyze the pre-partition data Indo-Pakistan subcontinent regarding the fertility

rate classified on religious basis, the rate of fertility among Muslims was higher. A few
reasons for higher fertility among the Muslims are enumerated as under

Polygamy: For an adult Muslim four wives are allowed (under Family Laws now there
are some restrictions) if he could treat them equally. This factor has been enhancing
the chances of more children in comparison to other Monogamous groups.

The remarriage of a widow is in vogue among Muslims which gives them a chance to
again enjoy a matrimonial relation and then have children. On the other hand, among
Hindus the widow is not allowed to remarry (nowadays they are becoming liberal).

It is one of the sacred duties of the parents among Muslims to get their children
married as early as possible. Thus, the children get married in their most fertile age,
produce large number of children. Celibacy among the Muslims is also disallowed.

Antagonistic attitude of the Muslim clerics towards family planning further enhances
the rate of population growth. A large number of children in Muslim families are
considered a blessing from God.

Misinterpretation of religious values pertaining to reproduction and attitude towards

the new population among the Muslims has similarly stimulated the birth rate.

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Illiteracy:

Illiteracy of the masses and specifically among the womenfolk further aggravates the
situation. There is lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of contraceptives and such
other methods to control the birth rate.

Geographical _Environment:

Geographical environment also plays a significant role in giving stimulus to the high
birth rate. The climate of Pakistan is hot and pleasant which is quite favorable for
higher rate of fertility.

Desire _for a Male _Child:

In our society, the urge for a male child is generally a “felt-need”. So the parents of
female children go on having a large number of issues in the hope of getting a male
child, which is a matter of chance. This type of attitude further increases the number of
babies in a family.

Better _Sanitation:

With the overall development in material culture the standard of sanitation and general
cleanliness has improved. There are proper arrangements of water supply for clean
drinking and efficient drainage system in urban areas. At different socio-economic and
cultural gatherings like “mends”, markets and fairs, there are proper arrangements of
vaccination and such other preventive measures by different government and private
agencies, which help in decreasing the rate of diseases. Malaria Eradication Program
and Social Action Programs (SAP) also helped a lot in saving a large number of human
lives from fatal diseases.

Control _Over _National _and _Other _Calamities:

In the past, floods, wars, famine and epidemics were the natural checks on population
growth, which have now been controlled to a great extent. Obviously, control over the
natural calamities has resulted in saving the lives of many people. Nowadays, with the
development of natural sciences and modern transportation and communication
systems, natural calamities can be anticipated well in time and suitable steps can be
taken for safety.

Misdirected _Family _Planning _Publicity:

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Though family planning organization is working in Pakistan, but still it is not so
popular among the masses. The lack of propaganda and ignorance of the masses are
the main reasons for the lack of its popularity. Pseudo-religious leaders also play
important role in cultivating hostile attitude among masses towards family planning.

Philosophical _Support:

Philosophical support for logical thinking of the people also plays a vital role in the
rapid growth of population. Some people claim that the man is above all other
creations and thus he should not be used as means to other ends. And he should not be
denied of the enjoyments and luxuries through contraceptives and late marriages. This
type of support further leads to rapid growth of population which is really a dangerous
problem for the present as well as future generations.

Political _power:

Some people believe that the greater number of people are associated with manpower
and political power in a country. So they do not mind higher birth rate.

Effects _of _Higher _Birth _Rate:

The increasing birth rate of the country is going on multiplying the numbers, which has
created social problems for the private as well as public exchequer. A few of the
increasing need for the country as a whole are enumerated as under:

Establishment _of _New _Educational _Institutes:

More and more number of schools and colleges are required for teaching the increasing
population in the country to meet the growing needs of the new population. This may
include both the technical and professional training institutes to make the coming
generations are more useful citizens for the country.

Establishment _Of _New _Health _Facilities:

The demand for hospitals, child and maternity care clinics also increases. The
hospitalization facilities are the basic requirements for the public. The need for these
humanities increases with the rapid growth of population.

Housing _Problem:

The housing and settlement problem becomes acute with the growth of population
which further enhances and complicates the problem of crime and its control.
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Social _Welfare _Programs:

Social welfare facilities like employment, security, old age pension, and life insurance
have to be increased with the increase of population. These facilities thus become a
heavy burden for underdeveloped country like Pakistan.

Burden _On _Natural _Resources:

If the ratio of the children is much higher in the country the economic burden would be
greater, as the major resources of the country would have to be exploited to meet the
needs of the children. In the same way, more recreational and play facilities are
required for the children. With the increasing population and the exploitation of the
natural resources would also increase, which will ultimately ruin the wealth of the
country in the long run.

Political and Economic Instability:

Political, Social, Religious and Economic instabilities may increase. Due to the rapid
growth of population the process of disorganization and reorganization becomes a
permanent feature, which directly and indirectly affects the Political, Economic and
Social Institutions of the country. Large-scale mobility from the rural to the urban
areas badly affects the institutions of rural areas with a decreasing rate of support from
the remaining inhabitants. On the other hand, the burden of city corporations and
municipalities increases with the influx of new migrants.

Problem _ of _ Social Interaction and Social Control:

The heterogeneity in a society increases with the decrease in primary relations.

Through urbanization and the increasing number of persons the relationship becomes
more and more secondary, which also enhances the problem of social control in a
society.

Low _yield _crop production versus labor and capital:

Increasing number of persons on limited quantity of land would ultimately result in

low yield per acre as well as low living standards due to the law of diminishing return.
For instance, if we go on increasing the amount of labor and capital on a fixed price of
land, a time would come when the input would surpass the output. The same would be
the case in Pakistan: if the dependence of rising numbers goes on increasing on a
limited piece of land, the rate of income per acre versus capital and labour would be
decreasing.
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Suggestions to stop Population Bomb:

Some of the suggestions to check the population explosion are discussed

below:

Birth _control:

Birth control does not mean that there should be no children at all but the idea is that
the rate of births may be controlled in such a way that there should be reasonable
interval between the birth of the babies, which may result in the sound health of the
parents.

More _Literacy _and _Education:

Large number of primary and secondary schools should be opened especially in the
rural areas in order to educate the people. Diffusion of knowledge would change the
attitude of the masses which may encourage the program of family-planning. Evening
classes for adults should also be held to impart knowledge regarding socio-economic
betterment. This will serve as a check on the rapid growth of population in an indirect
way.

Industrialization:

Industrialization means modernization of production, distribution and exchange of

goods and services. It leads to urbanization – more mobility, more commercialization,
better living standards, better education and better facilities for recreation.
Industrialization indirectly and directly affects the rate of fertility in society. It should
also be taken into consideration that both industrialization along with development in
the field of agricultural industry is the basic need of Pakistan. This would raise the
living standards which would decrease the birth rate in the country after a long time. At
the initial stages, industrialization may not show favorable results as the example of
Western countries is before us.

Late _Marriage:

People should be educated to marry late, which is also one of the most effective
methods of controlling the rapid growth of population. For example, if a person
marries at the age of 17 he has immense fecundity for reproduction while, on the other
hand, if he gets the chance of having a wife at the age of 30 he would have passed the
age with more fecundity.

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Monogamy:

We do not want to indulge and interfere in religious matters, but it is obvious, if there
is one wife, the number of children will be definitely less in comparison to person
having more wives. As in the former case during the pregnancy a husband is not in a
position to engage his wife in sexual intercourse. In the latter case he has other wives
there is every chance of enhancing the birth rate. It would not be out of place to
mention here that under the new family laws we are now moving towards monogamy.

Recreation:

The non-availability of recreational facilities especially for the poor classes, who
constitute a majority of the population, is also a great problem. The person who works
all day long and has to spend the evening without any recreation feels bored. Such
people have no enjoyment except sexual activities with their wives, which increase the
birth rate. Every effort should be made to provide recreational activities to all the
classes of people.

Redistribution _of _Population:

As the population in Pakistan is unevenly distributed i.e., all areas are not thickly
populated. The population in areas with heavy pressure can be transferred to areas,
which are sparsely populated. Government planned mobility of labor can be
encouraged. This may lead to better and useful utilization of resources of the country
thus, enabling greater number of people to enjoy a reasonable standard of living.

Family _Planning:

Family planning is one of the many social welfare programs which the government
starts for the betterment of the masses. Every effort should be made to make this
movement successful in Pakistan. Religious sanction should be sought from Ulemas to
get favorable public opinion regarding late marriage and Planned Parenthood. The
government of Pakistan is also trying its utmost to make this movement successful.

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 3. HOW TOURISM SITUATION COULD
IMPROVE IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan is a federation of four provinces, a capital territory and a group of
federally administered tribal areas. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto
jurisdiction over the Pakistan stern parts of the disputed Kashmir region,[6] organized
as two separate political entities (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit – Baltistan). Prior to 2001,
the sub-provincial tier of government was composed of 26 divisions with two further
tiers (districts and tehsils) administered directly from the provincial level.

Pakistan is a multilingual country with more than sixty languages being spoken.
English is the official language of Pakistan and used in official business, government,
and legal contracts, [29] while Urdu is the national language.

Pakistan is a great place for tourism as it has the most appealing and
breathtaking views of mountains, plateaus and deserts. It has the high potential to
attract a large number of foreign tourists, along with that, Pakistan Tourism
Development Corporation (PTDC) had set up 27 motels and 3 restaurants for the
convenience of these foreign tourists, PTDC need to intensify their marketing ability in
order to attract tourists from countries like, China, Middle East Korea, Japan, and
many other countries. Moreover Pakistan government need to take certain actions, in
order to promote and acknowledge Tourism in Pakistan, as doing so will not only
benefit us financially but will also bring unity, compatibility and harmony among
nations. Moreover Government also need to encourage private sector to develop
tourism-friendly environment which will result in financial stability.

Research methodology

Most of the data obtained for this research will come secondary sources including
book, internet, magazine etc but to increase the accuracy of information I will conduct
primary research to validate my results from secondary data.

Tourism in Pakistan

Due to its diverse culture, people and landscape, Tourism is growing industry in
Pakistan, even after considered as one of the most dangerous country in the world,
According to British Magzine “The Economist”. In Pakistan there are number of
Page 13 of 72
varieties of attraction that ranges from the ruins of ancient civilization such as
Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill-stations, that attract those
interested in field and winter sports. Moreover, Pakistan has several mountain peaks of
height over 8,000 meters (26,250 ft), that attract adventurers and mountaineers from
around the world, especially to K2. Many domestic and International tourists visit
these areas most often in the month starting from April to September. Tourism has
become the source of income for local people.

In 2009, Pakistan was ranked 113 out of 130 countries to visit, According to the
World Economic Forum’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (TTCR).
Although due to Political instability, suicide attacks, religious conflict, kidnapping of
foreigner and uncertainty in the country had badly affected the Tourism throughout the
country, especially NWFP, which is currently renamed as Pakhtoonkhuwa.

For decades, Ecotourism has become the significant part of the tourism business
in Pakistan, as it has offered many tremendous experiences along with the stunning
mountains of NWFP, attracting number of tourists all over the world for hiking,
skating, forest camping, climbing, and exploring the region’s natural parks and forests.
Pakistan ecotourism destination is unforgettable for those who have ever visited it.

Especially, Swat, Hunza, Ayubia, Abbottabad, Murrree, Naran and Kaghan have
yet been known as the ideal tourists spot for both summer and winter season. The
snow-peaked mountains, the natural parks and the wildlife in the forests offered a
thrilling experience especially for the one who are in search of adventure.

The natural beauty of these mountainous scenery have attracted number of

tourists generating vital jobs for local people in the hospitality-related businesses.
Moreover the Swat valley alone – known as the “Switzerland of the East” – has become
the centre for 800 hotels. Over 40,000 local people Pakistan employed directly in
hospitality.

Impact of war on tourism in Pakistan:

Over the past decade, and especially since 2007, the rapid spread of terrorism
have not only created uncertainty in the country but also crushed the major sector of
economy that causes unemployment, Suicide bombing has become common in
everywhere likewise, in shops, markets, public places, business centers and institutes.
War and conflict is not limited to a particular city. Its effect is everywhere, anybody can
be victim of it.

Page 14 of 72
 Due to fight between military and religious forces, the NWFP- which is
considered 70% of the country’s tourists site, and where millions of people involved in
the tourism industry are badly beaten. Continuous war and terror has weaken both the
economy and defense of the area.

Due to worst security situation and many of the popular location are converted
into war zones, hardly few travelers now visit Pakistan. Although after 9/11 attack in
USA, there was a slow decline of tourists in Pakistan but the recent military operations
and suicide attacks have been the last nail in the smashing of tourism industry.

Since the initiation of the major religious and military offensive, the earning that
comes from tourism has been declining dramatically. From Rs 16 billion in 2007,
revenues halved in 2008, with a further major fall in 2009. The industry is now facing a
$50 million annual loss as a result of the military operations. The hospitality business
had experienced a major fall of 40% in room occupancy countrywide. Moreover in
NWFP, the insurgency has caused the shutdown of tourist industry. From the last three
years the hotels have been closed while the industry has lost of Rs 600 billion.
Moreover the transport industry is also going through tough times. Due to huge job
losses in tourism and other related industry, majority of the people have migrated to
other cities in the search of employment

Moreover the revenue that was generated from tourism has been declined by
11.8% in 2008, while 12% in 2009. The average family involved in tourism business
used to earn around 40,000 per mouth and soon after war their earning has droped to
5000/ month. With more than 25,000 people killed and more than a million displaced
in the past year, planned hotel projects have been put on hold. The number of
mountain climbers and foreign trekkers has reached zero. Barbarism and bloodshed
now run rampant in places which once offered peace and tranquillity. No-one would
dream of visiting these places for pleasure now.

Moreover adding to the crises faced by these shattered tourism industry, the
federal budget has also been cut by 36 percent for 2010-2011 comparatively with the
previous year. The only project this year will be to reconstruction and renovation of
existing buildings. There isn’t any scheme introduced in order to help overcome
terrorism. With the Pakistani political leadership appears to unaware of the real
potential of industry, that show little or no prospect in the coming years of tourism
attaining momentum that it lost. With the whole industry standing on the boundary of
collapse the future looks blank for Pakistan most spectacularly beautiful locations.

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Pakistan strategy to control extremism:

In the eighth year of the global war on terror, the international community has
realized that it is a war of ideas that cannot be won through force. Eventually Pakistan
sees that countries today have adopted unique approaches towards deradicalization
according to the requirements of their cultural, political situation, and social
specification. The aim of these practicing deradicalization programmers in Middle East
and South East Asia, at a collective level, is to change the worldview of the affected
persons. Private sectors or at some places government and private sectors together
adopted the approach of ‘rehabilitation and re-education of the detainees’.

The failing war on terror on both sides of the Pak-Afghan border has also some
structural causes such as exclusion of Taliban from Afghan government, public
perception of Pakistan’s policies as a key US ally, use of force as a priority option,
continued US drone attacks, denial of any relief and transitional justice to the victims
of military operation, issue of Afghan refugees, and lack of trust between US, Pakistan
and Afghanistan.

There exists a clear linkage between the lack of human security and the
phenomenon of extremism. Rise in extremism can lead to human insecurity and vice
versa. The governments of South Asian states have not been able to provide their
people with the basic, minimum human security since these states became
independent. Governments and ruling classes, instead of focusing on dealing with the
issues of human survival and development, embarked upon perpetuating their
Pakistanar and influence. Subsequently, no South Asian country has been able to free
itself from discriminatory and exploitative policies, which increased insecurity and led
to the rising number of communal and terrorist outfits. Despite the problems these
outfits have created, no serious efforts Pakistanar made by the governments or the civil
society to curtail the rise in extremist trends at the initial stages. All of the regional
states are facing the menace of extremism and terrorism in one or other form.

The South Asian region currently faces grave security threats due to the
increasing extremism and terrorism. There are various factors that have led towards
this situation.

The politics of violence and extremism in South Asia is mainly the result of faulty
national policies and interference of external powers. The region’s vast potential is
hostage to unresolved inter-state and intra-state conflicts. In most of the states, the
governments (either democratic or military) have failed in providing good governance
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and solving social problems such as unemployment, social injustice, and poverty. The
political culture in these states was unable to meet the imperatives of globalization. In
addition, instead of promoting unity and integration (both at national and regional
levels) it led to ethnic solidarities and identification with religion and culture.

How tourism situation could improve in Pakistan:

The tourism sector is being overlooked by the successive governments and quite
tiny amount is allocated in Public Sector Development Programmers that hardly caters
for it demands. At global level, Pakistan is wrongly projected in the media and tourists
are advised not to visit this south Asian country, which offer four-season tourism
opportunities. It’s not just the security issue that haunt tourism as there as so many
other factors that add to woes of this multibillion dollar trade the world over. Lack of
infrastructure, facilities to the tourists, transport, discouraging response from officials
circles etc are some of the prime areas that need to be improved on war-footing. Until
and unless take this (tourism) industry on priority basis, Pakistan are not going to see it
flourishing.

Pakistan also need to put in maximum resource in our tourism sector, Pakistan is
the most blessed country on the map of the world and stands unique in the comity of
nations owing to its diverse cultures, rich archaeological heritage, remains of ancient
civilizations including Gadara and Indus, five out of 14 mountain peaks above 8000
meter, serene valleys, gushing rivers, vast deserts of Tharparkar and Cholistan. What
has been explored so far in terms of tourism in Pakistan is a tip of an ice-berg with a lot
more still awaiting to be discovered. Pakistan will plan to explore more sites in Murree,
Punjab, Balochistan where, Pakistan hope, a tremendous potential exists, He opined
that promotion of tourism could help Pakistan and its people forge friendly relation
with the people and governments of neighboring countries.? Tourism could also be put
to new dimensions if Pakistan improves relations with other countries.

Pakistan is a rich country in its diversity, culture, and adventure tourism, as we

have four main provinces and seven destinations – the Gilgit-Blatistan, NWFP, Punjab,
Sindh, Balochistan, Azad, and Kashmir and Islamabad – each has its own attractions
and different cultures. When visiting these regions, you feel that you are in another
country. Also we have, at the same time, different weather, and you can enjoy the four
seasons travelling in one trip. For example, you can [go from] the extreme cold [to the]
extreme hot – we have summer in the north, and winter in the south.

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 Pakistan is a unique destination [and] offers unique products for tourists. People
visiting us enjoyed their stay [because of] our hospitality and what we offer them, and
trust me, that no other destination in the region has the diversity that [is] available in
Pakistan. The features from region to region [are] different; the language, the culture is
also different; the appearance of the people is also different; so here you can enjoy and
return home with strong experiences and [an] unforgettable trip.

Pakistan has the K2, which is the second-highest mountain in the world. The
unique thing [is] that when you drive [by] bus, you can see from your window the K2,
which is over 8,000 meters [in] height. This view is not available [at] any other place.
Here also we have very beautiful enhancing valleys, rivers, and small villages; also
deserts, forts, and hustling, bustling cities. On the seaside, resorts and hotels are
offering wonderful accommodation and sea views with sea sports facilities. However,
our main attraction is the adventure tourism in the K2.

Security situation for tourist in Pakistan:

We can count on my fingers, the places that tourist doesn’t advice, but we cannot
count the places that are safe and wonderful. The foreign media is so against Pakistan;
they publish so negative and fake news and exaggerate about Pakistan, which is not
true, and they affect our tourism industry, so it’s the media which presents the wrong
pictures of Pakistan. Before this campaign in the foreign media, tourists were coming
in good numbers, Yes, Pakistan have areas where some problems are happening and
some issues in a very few parts of the country where tourists should not go; yes,
Pakistan have problems in such places like [the] Suat Area, but [the] media do not say
in detail which places are not safe – they say Pakistan in general, which is not true.
Southern parts are totally secure, Punjab and the K2 area are secure, and there was no
report in history about unsecured things happening. [The] mountain area [is] so
beautiful, so clean. Most of the country [is] safe, and you can ask the people who came
here and visited Pakistan – they will report to you how much they enjoyed [it], and they
can give their remarks and ideas. if you ask those who came here, they will give you the
correct story and not from the media.

Pakistan is receiving thousands of tourists from China and India coming here to
Pakistan, simply because they don’t trust and they don’t listen to the media that shows
Pakistan as a burning or dangerous country. They are coming and enjoying their stay
and return with [a] very positive experience. Also, adventure tourists are coming
because they know that Pakistan is a safe place, and because they are trusting when
people told them [they] are welcome, they come from all parts of the world.
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 Adventure tourism in Pakistan is like Makah for religious tourism. Although in
the region we have Nepal and other parts, but here we have huge mountains like the
Eastern Himalaya and others. Over 8,000 meters [in] height, [the] longest chain of
mountains, we have created incentives; they took the charges and reduced the fees to
visit the mountains – 50 percent, this is one incentive – not a single bad event
happened. Here you can do tracking, exploration, rafting, whatever, hiking. Just you
are here in the most wonderful area, and you are free to enjoy it at your most.

Source: http://www.eturbonews.com/15162/diversity-adventure-story-and-
false-media-news-pakistan

Pakistan is unique! Situated in the heart of the South Asian sub-continent, it is a

country with its own history and cultural heritage, fascinating in its own right. Pakistan
was the site for one of the world’s earliest human settlements, the great prehistoric
Indus Valley Civilization, the crucible of ancient empires, religions and cultures.

The land of Pakistan ranges from lofty mountains in the north, the Karakoram
and the Himalayas, through dissected plateaus to the rich alluvial plains of the Punjab.
Then follows desolate barrenness of Baluchistan and the hot, dry deserts of Sindh
blending into miles and miles of golden beaches of Makran coast. Come and Explore
the Treasures of Pakistan with us. A visitor to Pakistan is more than a tourist – to us he
is an honored guest.

Competitive advantage of Pakistan over other countries:

Compete a country has to possess a competitive advantage in terms of what it can

offer better than the other countries. The other part of the competitive advantage
equation is that the advantage the country possesses needs to get translated and
communicated in marketing terms to the rest of the world. The advantage normally
comes from the resources it has, and, more than that, the quality and quantity of these
resources. The three major resources are financial, physical and human ones. These in
economic terms are also known as factors of production i.e. land, labor, capital and
entrepreneurship.

The tourism potential in the Northern Areas is no secret. The beautiful landscape
and the unique cultural heritage give the Northern Areas a competitive advantage in
attracting tourists. So our question is not how to identify the tourism potential, but
rather to consider how tourism can help conserve this unique natural and cultural
heritage while also contributing to desired improvements in the quality of life in the
Northern Areas. These are the general goals, as I see them, of ecotourism. In order to
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understand how ecotourism might help to achieve this potential, we need to
understand just what ecotourism is. This convention is about sustainable tourism, so
we must also understand what we mean by sustainable tourism, and what are the
similarities and differences between sustainable tourism and ecotourism.

Gilgit Baltistan is, perhaps, the most spectacular region of Pakistan in terms of its
geography and scenic beauty. Here world’s three mightiest mountain ranges: the
Karakoram, the Handukuch and the Himalayas – meet. The whole of Gilgit Baltistan is
like a paradise for mountaineers, trekkers and anglers. The region has a rich cultural
heritage and variety of rare fauna and flora. Historically, the area ha remained a flash
point of political and military rivalries amongst the Russian, British and Chinese
empires. Immediately after the end of British rule in the sub-continent in 1947, the
people of this region decided to join Pakistan through a popular local revolt against the
government of Maharaja of Kashmir.

Five out of the fourteen mountain peaks with height of over 8000 meters
including the K-2 (world’s second heights peak) and some of the largest glaciers outside
Polar Regions are located in Gilgit Baltistan. Acknowledging the vast potential of
tourism and its effects on downstream industries, the Government of Pakistan as well
as the Gilgit Baltistan Administration are focusing on tourism for creation of
employment opportunities, achieving higher economic growth and to introduce to the
outside world, “the hidden treasures” of Gilgit Baltistan.

Beautiful landscape, unique cultural heritage and rich biological diversity given
the Gilgit Baltistan a competitive advantage in attracting tourists from all over the
world. The number of tourists visiting Gilgit Baltistan has steadily increased over the
years, not-withstanding the dip-in figures immediately following 9/11. However, the
challenge ahead is not merely to increase the number of tourists visiting Gilgit Baltistan
but also to consider how tourism can be better promoted without affecting the natural
and cultural heritage of the area, while also improving the quality of life of people to the
desired levels. Mohenjo-Daro was a city located in the south of Modern Pakistan in the
Sind Province, on the right bank of the Indus River. It was built between four and five
thousand years ago, and lasted until 3,700 BP. It was part of the Harrapan Civilization,
and the city had at least 35,000 residents. Mohenjo-Daro means “mound of the dead”.
The city was approximately one square mile in size. In 1922-1927 large scale
excavations at Mohenjo-daro Pakistanre carried out by R. D. Banarjee and continued
by M. S. Vats and K. N. Dikshit under the direction of Sir John Marshall. E. J. H.

Page 20 of 72
MacKay carried out further excavations from 1927 to1931. Sir Mortimer Wheeler made
small excavations in1950.

As a result of this extensive work almost one-third of the area of the old city was
exposed, revealing for the first time the remains of one of the most ancient civilizations
in the Indus Valley. Typical of most large and planned cities, Mohenjo-daro had
planned city streets and buildings. The settlement was thought to house roughly 5,000
people, and had houses, a granary, baths, assembly halls and to Pakistanrs. The city
was divided into two parts, the Citadel included an elaborate tank or bath created with
fine quality brickwork and drains; this was surrounded by a verandah. Also located
here were a giant granary, a large residential structure, and at least two aisled assembly
halls. To the east of the citadel was the loPakistanr city, laid out in a grid pattern. The
streets Pakistanr straight, and Pakistanre drained to keep the area sanitary. The people
of the city used very little stone in their construction. They used two types of bricks-
mud bricks, and wood bricks, which Pakistanre created by burning wood. They used
timber to create the flat roofs of their buildings; there are brick stairways leading to the
roofs of many houses. Some houses Pakistanre small, and others Pakistanre larger with
interior courtyards. Most had small bathrooms. Potter’s kilns, dyer’s vats, as Pakistanll
as metalworking, bead making, and shell-working shops have all been discovered. The
people Pakistanre good at irrigation and flood control. HoPakistaner, when the Indus
River changed its course around 3700 years ago, the civilization died.

In Balochistan there are many caves for cavers and tourists to visit especially the
Juniper Shaft Cave, the Murghagull Gharra cave, Mughall saa cave, and Pakistan’s
naturally decorated cave, the Mangocher Cave. Pakistan is a member country of the
Union International de Spéléologie (UIS).

The northern parts of Pakistan are home to several historical fortresses, to

Pakistanrs and other architecture including the Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter
being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community.[Punjab is also the
site of Alexander’s battle on the Jhelum River. The historic city of Lahore is considered
Pakistan’s cultural centre and has many examples of Mughal architecture such as the
Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. The
Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) also helps promote tourism in the
country. HoPakistanver, tourism is still limited because of the lack of proper
infrastructure and the worsening security situation in the country. The recent militancy
in Pakistan’s scenic sites, including Swat in Khybar Pakhtoon Kawa province, has dealt
a massive blow to the tourism industry. Many of the troubles in these tourist
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destinations are also blamed on the frail travel network, tourism regulatory framework,
and low prioritization of the tourism industry by the government, low effectiveness of
marketing and a constricted tourism perception. After these areas Pakistanre being
cleared off the militant groups in late 2009, the government, with financial support
from the USAID, started a campaign to reintroduce tourism in Swat valley. Pakistan
receives 500,000 tourists annually, with almost half of them heading to northern
Pakistan

Strategies to improve tourism in Pakistan:

2. Safety

3. Emergency evacuations

4. Easy bookings of hotels and resorts, train and air services, cabs etc.

Tourism is, in the current period, one of the areas that can provide regional and
country, a profitable and economic development. Natural and anthropogenic potential
which Romania has is necessary to be properly exploited, providing promotion and
development of investment programs, able to attract a large number of tourists. The
project is presenting a series of specific mountain tourism development through
investment programs focused on strategic quality tourism services and protect the
natural environment.

Airports are the gateway to the country. Facilities and handling provided at the
international airports from a lasting impression on the foreign tourist. Our airports
suffer from a number of drawbacks despite the vast improvements undertaken in
recent years.

Sufficient attention has not been paid to the periodic training and education of
personnel involved in handling immigration, security and health checks. Personnel at
the airports would be encouraged to learn at least one foreign language. Suitable
financial incentive will be provided for this purpose. Facilitation counters located in the
immigration area will be manned by the personal of PTDC. Accredited representatives
of recognized travel agencies would be given identity cards valid up to airline and
immigration counters. Baggage handling and clearance system should be improved.
The tour operators will arrange insurance cover for the tourist groups handled by them.
The existing requirement of police registration and restriction of movement of
foreigners would be removed except where specifically required under security
considerations.
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 Most tourists visiting Pakistan require visas, which are issued by Pakistani
Embassies or High Commissions in other countries. While implementation is
satisfactory, visas are an irritant to tourism and add to the cost of a holiday. Visas for
nationals from some neighboring states include considerable restrictions, which puts
significant limitations on the development of regional tourism. However, as a part of its
policy to facilitate tourism, the government has recently eased restrictions on visas.

The Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation maintains 21 Tourist Information

Centers at various sites across the country; in addition, there are information offices
operated by provincial tourism authorities. However, the standard of service offered is
variable and a rationalization of all centers is required, with staff training in foreign
languages and customer relations. High-tech Tourist Information Centers of the kind
available at Karachi International Airport, with e-mail, fax, and website facilities need
to be established at the other major airports and city centers.

A website of 1500 pages showing Pakistanis scenic tourist sites and cultural
heritage has recently been launched which will greatly enhance awareness both
nationally and internationally.

There are approximately 41 tour operators in Pakistan that provide destination

management services for domestic and foreign tourists. As their services are critical to
the development of international tourism, they need to be treated as a primary sub-
sector and supported accordingly.

Several areas of regulation impact negatively on tourism, such as the forbidden

photography of bridges and airports and restricted zones where trekkers require special
permission to enter. These restricted areas could be limited and perhaps renamed
permit zones. Tribal leaders may be involved in the development of ¿½ tourism
activities in their areas.

Although Pakistan possesses world-class tourist attractions, the international

tourist potential of areas such as the Swat Valley has been considerably reduced
because of the lack of planning regulations, over-development and environmental
degradation. Due to lack of co-ordination between the tourism industry and authorities
in charge of natural, historical or religious sites, the tourism potential of such sites is
not fully realized.

Conclusion:

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 It’s the only industry, which needed more and more exploration’ (Zamir Sheikh)
Pakistan is a major tourist attraction because it is blessed with natural beauty and
Historical places that can yield huge foreign exchange if properly and methodically
exploited. Tourism could become foreign exchange earning industry for the country.
Though Pakistan, has lately taken initiative but still there is dire need of tireless efforts
to exploit this sector and to add more dimensions to attract the tourists. No proper
attention was paid to harness the God gifted opportunity to earn more and more
foreign tourists and foreign exchange which would open up new vistas of Employment
in the tourism sector.

Moreover the tourists may find and explore the market of their interest in
Pakistan. Involvement of private sector was important to give boost to tourism. Private
sector should be given not only tax exemption but they also should be provided with
vast opportunities to invest and they must be facilitated also in terms of money; a
network of five stars hotels and motels should be constructed at all tourists’ spots and
tourist operators may be provided necessary facilities, which on the one hand helped
reduce unemployment while on the other harness foreign exchange.

Get help with your essay today, from our professional essay writers! Qualified writers
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Get help with your essay view professionally written samples Private sector should take
initiative to develop and exploit all tourist attraction and Historical location in the
province, which unfortunately, has suffered due to negative concept about its law and
order. Good hotel industry acceptable to the international standards would give boost
to the Tourist industry, which has suffered because of a number of reasons and one of
them, was lack of proper accommodation for local as well as foreign tourists. At present
there are about 4000 to 4500 rooms available in five star hotels throughout Pakistan,
which were insufficient to the demand.

4. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

There are many compelling questions one can ask about how climate science
experts and economic experts interpret the change in climate and man’s contribution
to it. To argue that our earth is not warming is futile; nonetheless, the risk of trying to
prevent it is very high. It is only useful if we try to adapt. In the field of climate change,
scientists denounce non-science experts claiming that these are technical questions for
Page 24 of 72
those who understand the theories and concepts. The controversy over whether global
warming exists or not, is undoubtedly, a scientific question. However, deciding whether
we should intervene, and if so, what actions to embrace is clearly not a scientific
question. It is an economic question, which puts us firmly in the realm of economic
experts. For any continuing event, there are five theory responses: maximizing,
inverting, preventing, adapting and ignoring. Supposing we do not want to maximize or
ignore global warming, the three applicable options are reversing, prevention (known
as “mitigation” in the climate change idiom) or adaptation.

Right up until the present day, the favored option has been prevention. For a
period of twenty-five years, public servants have debated only this response. Margaret
Thatcher’s speech to the UN assembly (in 1989) throws light on the beginning of this
approach. Later came Al Gore and Kyoto with the Stern Review adding to the list.
Currently, David Cameron and Edward Miliband debate about whether or not climate
change is a “national security threat” and which party is best placed to prevent this
threat.

There are good scientific reasons to believe that prevention (or even inverting) is
a realistic option. Since the `90s there have been tremendous breakthroughs with our
ability to reduce chlorofluorocarbons. Despite this, there are those who believe that the
past twenty-five years have brainwashed us into believing that our potential and ability
to prevent global warming by reducing Carbon emissions is much less compared to
some Sulphur emissions and other pollutants. These years of framing tremendous
exorbitant prevention schemes only took some few degrees centigrade off global
warming, in comparison with the rise of three to four degrees. This puts the minimum
price of such vanity at 5 per cent of Gross Domestic Product each year, with some
models recommending that the definite cost is realistically more than 20 per cent.

Scientific inclined people reply by saying we must increase our attempt to prevent
global warming from advancing. However, China and India and America will disagree
and in economically desolate Britain there are no chances requesting for more.

Considering prevention were realistic, policy analysis recommends it would be

dreadful an idea to consider. At the moment, according to government criteria in the
UK, there is difficulty in trying to get access to a global warming mitigation scheme that
matches cost with benefits.

As an example, the rediscovery of the strategy for the renewal of energy having a
twenty-year cost of fifty-seven billion pounds to seventy billion pounds but only
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benefits around four billion pounds to five billion pounds. The problem is so worse that
couple of years back the guidance for the ministerial sign-off of policy impact
assessments amended the strategy so that ministers no longer proclaim that their
assertion that benefits will exceed costs. At the present moment, they sign to
acknowledge they solely assume that benefits “justify” costs.

The few analysis that found more positive net profits, such as the Climate Change
Act of 2008, reckoned a global consensus that has not been implemented. On that note,
it is absurd to recommend that the UK’s doing ten times more to prevent warming
proceedings could perhaps be an outstanding scheme, even though it will be possible to
work. The economics of preventing global warming has simply not been up to the task.

Prior to the famous Stern Review, economic experts observing the sector thought
that adapting to the change in climate patterns should be the pivotal strategy. What
“adaptation” will suggest in a practical way is that we cut the risk of spending too much
money, and the program will be less complicated. There are some UK Green schemes
that influence the public to use extravagant energy and make them pay out
incompetent immense sum of capital to cater for insulation. These Green systems also
tax their traveling in ways that force them to execute reduced trade and craft which
does not only hamper the growth, but also make adaptation very hard and unyielding.
In the year 2012 the UK authority acquired forty-five billion pounds from fuel taxes,
which corresponds to 2.9% GDP. While UK authorities evaluate green schemes will
increase medium-scaled vocation invoice by thirty-eight per cent over the next sixteen
years. On the contrary, the most outstanding project is by instigating GDP to allow the
folks to be more prone to behaving in ways that are friendly to their habitat

Moreover, the public should not misuse their wealth, on mitigation attempts
while fragmenting capital for adaptation. If the UK authorities do not have enough
funds and they should opt between money for energy and money for flooding
protection, it must be considered a walkover.

There is the need to investigate several ways to adapt to the warming of our globe
with likely brutal climate. These strategies should change the methods of supporting
our rivers by building flood defense systems, developing of crops that can be tolerant to
drought and using water sources that are scarce in a more efficient manner. Adaptation
would not be inexpensive or straightforward. However, it will be more attainable than
prevention and will cost so much less.

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 Additionally, adaptation is highly safer than prevention on two significant
techniques. Firstly, we do expect that global warming will not occur as we presume.
Ten years earlier, scientists studying climate patterns have scuffled to explain that the
temperature has not sprung in view of the late 80’s. They persist it does not make any
discrepancy to their indelible tale about whether warming advancement exists, and
what their consequential effects are. Moreover, perchance, it could be right.
Nevertheless it makes a change to policy assessment. If, in 1997, it was clear that
abstaining from mitigation of climate patterns could not cause any rise in
temperatures, there should have been a concern to adjust the way we assess our
schemes. Virtually no scheme which has no effect within three to five years is a good
one to start, by virtue of how we discount our future.

Secondly, adaptation is much safer considering we only know nearly insufficient

facts about prevention strategies and may suffer a great loss if they do not function, or
they might develop delinquent long duration response. When we adapt only when there
is a need, there is a reduction in waste of time and capital that is crucial to sustainable
development.

At the point of finality, adaptations make us prosperous and have richer tastes. It
seems plausible that we can devise means that can stop global warming from getting
out of hand. However, we have wasted twenty-five years in trying to prevent warming
of our globe, and have merely scraped the plain. In that initiative, we have lost untold
large sums of money and are planning to waste even more. We do not have to disbelief
the real existence of climate change to reject the notion that adaptation is a not a good
tactic. Our method of prevention has perished, adaptation is the key.

5. ISLAMOPHOBIA
One of the most dangerous mentalities people throughout the world can adopt is
blaming a whole group for the actions of the few. While this has always been present
throughout the history starting with women perceived as evil temptress and continuing
to Hitler blaming all Jews for Germany’s problems. I feel that scapegoating is one of the
most dangerous mentalities to have because it’s so easy to write a whole group off than
to focus on the few who have actually done the wrong. My best friend is a Muslim
American woman who is inadvertently apart of America’s media, governmental, and
societal bashing due to terrorism attacks done by Islamic extremist groups. While she
expresses that she doesn’t receive much discrimination on a daily basis I know that’s
Page 27 of 72
not the case for many other Muslims. After the attack on the twin towers many
innocent Muslims were killed, terrorized, beaten, and their businesses vandalized all
because they worshipped the same god as the perpetrators. There’s a favorite movie of
mine called Mooz-Lum about 9/11 and the reproductions. In this movie the main
character Tariq is targeted by his peers and society in terrible ways. On the day of the
attacks where he feels helpless because he cannot protect either himself or the ones he
loves. Having the ability to separate the wheat from the chaff is essential to life.

When one person has preconceived notions about a whole group of people,
they’re perceived to be racist and closed-minded; but when a country does on the
governmental level, that’s life threatening. Within the last fifteen years the treatment of
Muslims has only gotten worse due to the actions of ISIS and the recent media
coverage of presidential elections on these issues. Huge families with women and
children worship Islam and radicals only make up a small amount of that community.
Mothers and fathers have to explain their children why their religion is a threat to
themselves. Muslims are the new African Americans but on a worse scale because the
discrimination doesn’t stop at our borders. They wonder how they should deal with
bullies and discrimination. Non-Muslims make up the majority of terrorists in the
United States. According to the FBI statistics, 94% of terrorist attacks carried out in the
United States are committed by non-jihadist. While Islamic extremist groups are
known to do more damage than others it’s still considered to be one act. The many
shouldn’t be blamed for the few. All Muslims can’t be terrorists; otherwise, there would
not be an America to speak of with the Muslim population reaching 1.8 million.

In its simplest form America is a playground bully. America will slander any and
all who don’t agree with their opinion and get the media to further the witch hunt. The
American government has the media in the back of their pocket. With every attack on a
grand scale the media always has a premade script equipped with their go to scapegoat.
Stereotypes of Muslims and Support on the War on Terror, is a source I implemented
to support my belief in that the long ongoing and tax leeching war is fueled by the
government and media. The sources used for this argument backs my opinion but there
is no better source than history. History is a broken record that shows that America
always has to have a main stream punching bag for the public to get behind.

6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POVERTY AND

EMPLOYMENT
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 The social problem I have chosen to focus on is poverty, but specifically the lack
of access to adequate employment and the obstacles people living in poverty might
encounter. For this particular social issue, I have decided to compare and contrast the
United States with Australia. Taking a closer look at this problem, I am going to focus
on the more specific issues pertaining to this concern, which include, the lack of access
impoverished individuals in rural or remote communities face when it comes to
employment, as well as the difficulties individuals living in urban communities
encounter. Some of these obstacles consist of, limited access to needed transportation,
lack of sufficient means to acquire or obtain access to technology, such as computers
and the internet; lack of essential hygiene necessities and other resources, such as the
proper attire required for employment, and most people living in poverty lack the
essential skills and knowledge needed for adequate employment. These problems are
faced by impoverished people living in both the United States and Australia, because
generally speaking and for comparison purposes, they are similar when it comes to
their development, economy, industrial level and social problems. Even though these
two countries are very well developed, poverty continues to be an issue, especially when
dealing with employment, unemployment or lack of adequate employment. Due to the
disadvantages mentioned above, people continue to remain in poverty and at a social
disadvantage, because their social mobility is hindered.

This social problem of poor lacking access to employment in the United States
has been going on all throughout history, but I believe has gotten worse after the
economy began to decline. For my purposes, I am interested in the lack of access to
resources that are essential to getting a job, when getting a job means improving their
current situation in an honest way. They kind of poverty I am referring to is relative
poverty, which is where someone lack resources that many people take for granted
(S201 lecture 1/18/11). This problem affects any individual living in poverty regardless
if they live in cities or away from the city. In World War II, populations and jobs moved
away from the city and into the suburbs, which resulted in job loss for individuals living
in the city and causing them to become poor (S201 lecture 1/20/11). This action had
major implications that are still taking place today, where people cannot afford
housing, which is a huge part to getting a job because employers need a permanent
address for employees, and as learned in class, approximately 500,000 people are
homeless on any given day (S201 lecture 1/20/11). Also, if they cannot afford a place to
live, chances are they cannot afford a vehicle and they have access to public
transportation at a relatively low cost, however, as mentioned the majority of decent
jobs are in the suburbs, which is not typically serviced by public transportation. Public
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transportation also is not always reliable, which could result in them being late to work
and getting fired because of it. These problems were encountered by Barbara
Ehrenreich in Nickel and Dimed, where she had a difficult time finding and affording a
place to stay and she relied heavily on her car. Another resource people in poverty lack
is access to computers. When applying for a job, employers require a resume,
references and sometimes a cover letter, which all need to be typed and printed or
emailed, which cannot be done without a computer and a printer. Also, some jobs only
post openings online and some require an applicant to fill out an application online,
which requires a computer and internet access. Without these resources, individuals
cannot even get past the first step when applying for a job. There are public libraries
which are available to everyone, however, an individual would need a way to get there,
money to print or copy documents, and computer access is sometimes limited to 30
minutes, which is not enough time to complete everything. Individuals living in poverty
lack many employment resources, one of these things is proper attire for a job
interview. Interviewers are looking for someone who dresses well and is presentable,
some require business professional or business casual, this type of clothing is expensive
and not something an impoverished individual can afford, so here is just another
employment element that stops them from getting employed. To go along with proper
clothing, employers want someone who is clean and does not smell, which is a difficult
thing to do when individuals do not have adequate water access and cannot afford the
basics such as soap and tooth paste. In Nickel and Dimed, Ehrenreich experienced
these problems first hand when she had to buy clothing or had to wear worn out
clothing to work or for an interview; sometimes she could not afford to wash her
clothes, so she wore dirty, smelly clothes to work. When it comes to education, chances
are that people living in poverty did not receive adequate education and also lack some
basic employment skills (S201 lecture 1/25/11). Most employers require a high school
diploma or GED, and without that it is impossible to get a good job. Another
component is having some essential skills, which include good communication and
experience working on computers and with computer programs, which poor people
lack because they have not had much professional interaction and as mentioned earlier,
they lack access to computers, therefore they do not have the required computer
experience that well-paying jobs are looking for. This problem is not only an issue in
America, it is an issue other places, a relatively comparable place is Australia.

In Australia, poverty has always been around just like in the United States, and it
has been increasing, which results in more people living in poverty and lacking access
to resources that are needed for employment. During the 1990’s, poverty increased
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from 11.3% to 13.0%, which then resulted in 60% of poor Australian families relying on
government assistance as their main income in 2000, an increase from 46% in 1990
(Harding, 2002). There is not a set standard for how to measure poverty or a poverty
line, but in 2000 when researching individuals who make 50% of the average
household income, there were 3,274,000 individuals, 17.5%, living in poverty (The Bare
Necessities, p.66). The key cause of poverty in Australia is unemployment, where from
the 1990’s to 2000, the unemployment rate increased which then led to an increase in
the number of individuals living in poverty (Harding, 2002). In Australia, just like in
the United States, lack of opportunities or resources such as shelter, education,
transportation and housing is included in the definition of poverty; when individuals
lack these resources, it hinders their ability for employment (Brokensha). A more
specific definition of poverty is participation poverty, which involves lacking resources
to participate in economic and social life or is defined by the inability to access certain
resources that result in the inability to attain a decent level of wellbeing; an example of
this is not having appropriate transportation (The Bare Necessities, p.40). Also like the
U.S., Australia has been going through a recession, where the economy was weak along
with the job market, resulting in an increased unemployment (The Bare Necessities,
p.13). All areas in Australia are affected by poverty, but unemployment and poverty are
more present in major cities because there are low employment opportunities for
multiple reasons, one of them being businesses in the cities have shut down or
relocated; housing in the slums of the cities is cheaper, so poor people tend to live in
these areas, which causes them to lack access to adequate employment opportunities
(The Bare Necessities, p.107). Individuals living in rural communities are also majorly
affected by unemployment and poverty because they also lack access to the necessary
resources for employment, for example, not being in walking distance of a lot of
community services and not having some form of transportation (Brokensha). Also
affecting their opportunities is low education levels, which is a continuous cycle
because, often individuals whose families could not afford to send them to school lack
the education levels to get a decent job, therefore they are unable to afford to send their
children to school (Poverty and its Causes p.2). Like the U.S., Australia has government
programs that provide assistance to low-income/poor individuals, but the majority of
these programs are for children living in poverty, which excludes individuals without
children that live in poverty (Brokensha). These government assistance programs have
improved over the last few years, but the main assistance program used to combat
poverty, social security, provides payments that are lower than the poverty benchmark
and the groups who face the highest probability of living in poverty, receive the lowest

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payments (The Bare Necessities). When comparing the U.S. and Australia, we can see
that there are quite a few similarities, but there are some differences as well.

A similarity between the United States and Australia in reference to the social
problem of poor lacking access to employment resources was, they both went through a
recession which leads to an increase in unemployment, resulting in an increase in
poverty. I think they share this because countries do business together and when the
economy takes a turn in one country, it affects other countries. In both places, the
government is involved in this issue, by providing assistance to individuals who need it,
but people in both places still lack the resources needed to obtain a job, like access to
technology and transportation. They might share this because they are both well
developed countries and to be well developed, government needs to be somewhat
involved but they cannot solve everything. Another similarity in both countries is
poverty mostly affects the inner cities, which is a consequence of job
relocation/shutdown. I think this is so because as mentioned, both countries went
through a change in industrialization, which affected business stability and location.
With these similarities there are also differences, one of them being the poverty
percentages; in the U.S. the poverty rate is 24%, in Australia it is 19% (The Bare
Necessities, p.10). These percentages aren’t really that far apart and I think this is
because both countries are well developed but have both went through economic
changes that affected the people; this difference could be associated with economic
situation in the countries before economic events. Another difference is how the
poverty line is determined; in the U.S. it is determined by the standard of living and the
lack of goods and services that mainstream society tends to take for granted, which is
constantly being evaluated (Poverty in the United States). In Australia, there are
different methods for determining this, but there is no agreed upon measure. Although
the definitions vary, I think it is hard to define what poverty is because there are so
many variables which make it hard to determine and pinpoint, so I think this difference
just comes from different approaches to poverty. Another definition variance is in the
U.S., when an individual lacks resources or access to resources need to better their lives
is referred to as relative poverty; in Australia, this is referred to as participation
poverty. These definitions are basically the same, just with different terms. I think they
both have a term for this because individuals that lack the ability to improve their lives
do not fit into the typical definition of poverty, but they do lack resources needed for
employment and that are typically taken for granted. As mentioned earlier, cities are
the areas mostly affected by poverty, but rural communities are also affected; in the
U.S., minorities, who have migrated here, tend to live in cities and in Australia,
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indigenous people tend to live in rural areas. This difference could be from groups not
wanting to mix with other groups. Another difference was post World War II, when
jobs in America moved from the cities to the suburbs, which left a lot of people at a
disadvantage, and after the war in Australia, there was an economic boom, which some
of the poor did not take advantage of (Poverty in Australia).

Throughout this paper I have explained the problems people living in poverty
face when trying to find a job and getting hired, where they lack housing, education,
technology, transportation, clothing and hygienic necessities. This problem affects
people in the U.S. and in Australia, so this is not an isolated issue. With this
information, it can be determined that people in poverty have little social mobility
because they lack resources needed to better their lives. This is clearly a social problem
that has been around a long time and has no signs of disappearing.

7. MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AMONG

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
INTRODUCTION

Mental health issue among university students is a major growing health

concern. Research conducted in recent years has established that cases of students
diagnosed with mental health issues are on the rise. A study conducted by the National
Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) found out that one in four students in the US suffers
from a mental-related health issue. In the UK, university counselors have reported
increased cases of students dealing with mental-related issues. A survey conducted by
NUS in 2014 established that 75% of the students suffered from a mental health issues
(Winrow, 2017). There are also increased cases of university students dropping out of
school because of being overwhelmed by mental health issues. Mental health status of a
university student is of uttermost importance because it plays a critical role in shaping
the education life.

In the UK, about 15,000 first year students reported dealing with mental health
issues (Burns, 2017). The figures are a sharp contrast to about 3000 students in 2006
that were diagnosed with mental health issues. Surveys conducted by different
companies have also established that females are more likely to report a mental health
issue than males.

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Mental health issues affecting university students

There are numerous mental health issues that affect university students.
Depression is among the prevalent mental health issues among students. A survey
conducted by YouGov found that 77% of students with mental health issue had
depression (Aronin and Smith, 2016). Anxiety is another mental health issue facing
university students. Anxiety is largely caused by divergent issues like exam fear and
experiencing difficulties while studying. University education is quite demanding and
may prove a high-energy consuming activity for some students. Students are also
expected to attain a certain score to guarantee them a pass in a certain class.
Resultantly, some students may become anxious about their performance, which may
affect their mental status. Stress among university students is another major mental
health issue. Stress among university students is influenced by different factors. The
highly demanding university studies are a leading cause of stress among the university
students. Other causes of stress include examinations, deadlines, managing debts and
demand coursework. Other mental health issues facing university students in the UK
include self-harm, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, and addiction.

Causes of mental health issues

There are numerous and divergent students pressures that may cause mental
health issues. They include;

Living independently for the first time

Some university students are compelled to live independently depending on the

location of the university they study. Living away from their homes may result to
loneliness. Students living alone may feel overwhelmed by responsibilities, which they
are expected to do on their own. At times, they may also feel scared. Such situations
may lead to mental health issues.

Managing an increased workload

Students are expected to go through a large amount of workload during their

university education. Students are expected to bear the amount of workload expected
in a university. However, some students find it a tall order, which may make them
uncomfortable and unhappy. Failing to manage increased workload can result in poor
performance. Such students may fail to complete assignment and fail to meet deadlines
set for different academic activities. As a result, such students may develop stress,
which affects their mental health status.
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Additional work responsibilities

Some students may be in engaged in other responsibilities like working on a part-

time basis. They may engage in such activities to raise income that will help them to
sustain their university education. Balancing between education and part-time job is at
times a challenge that may bring health mental issues.

Culture shock, language barriers, and homesickness

International students studying in different UK universities suffer from culture

shock, language barrier, and homesickness. These students are compelled to leave their
families and countries and embark on education in the UK. They are compelled to go
through a difficult period of learning a new culture feel like strangers. Cultural
differences may at times feel strange and difficult to adopt. International students also
experience language barrier, which may make it difficult for them to comprehend what
the professors are saying. Language barrier may also make it difficult for such students
to interact with local students. International students experience homesickness
because they are separated from their family and loved ones. Such issues lead to
substantial levels of stress, which affect their mental health status.

Increased study costs

The cost of funding university education is on the rise. Resultantly, students are
increasing a difficult situation of dealing with the soaring expenses to fund their
education. A research conducted among 2000 students by NUS established that a third
of them report of having mental health issues because of financial problems (Minsky,
2016). The students stated credit cards and payday loans as some of the financial
problems that contributed to mental health issues. Maintenance loans given to
students results in increased stress because students are worried about their debts.

Increasingly competitive job market

The job market is getting increasingly competitive, which results in increased

pressure among university students. New grads looking for jobs are compelled to cope
with increased competition. Employers have increased the competitiveness of the job
market because they are looking for grads that possess hard and STEM skills.
Universities are churning out students, who do not have employability skills that can
match the fast-changing skills that characterize the competitive job market.

Curbing health mental issues

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 Besides relying on health authorities to monitor mental health issues among
students, universities need to increase support services that should look after their own
students to help them deal with mental health issues. The already established support
services that deal with mental health issues are overwhelmed by the increasing number
of students affected. A study conducted by IPPR found out that one in four students is
using or waiting to use counseling services. In Leeds University, the study found out
that there was a 50% increase in demand of mental health services, while the
University of Birmingham there has been an annual increase of 5-6% for the past 10
years in need of the services (Burns, 2017). Universities need to prioritize mental
health issues and channel more resources and effort towards curbing the issues.
Additionally, universities need to improve students’ access to National Health Service
(NHS).

In summary, it is evident from the above discussion that mental health issues
among university is a major concern that should be taken more seriously given the
rising cases of the affected students. Mental health issues stem from different student
pressures like living independently for the first time, managing an increased workload,
additional work responsibilities, and soaring university cost. Students may experience
different mental health issues like depression, stress, anxiety, and eating disorders.
Universities need to increase their efforts towards establishing the right support
services to handle increasing cases of students experiencing mental health issues.

8. IMPACTS OF INCREASED TUITION FEES

In times of economic uncertainty, questions on the purpose, value, and
investment of higher education (HE) come to the fore. Such questions have a particular
relevance in the study “The decision-making and changing behavioral dynamics of
potential higher education students: the impacts of increasing tuition fees in England”
(2013) written by Stephen Wilkins, Farshid Shams, and Jeroen Huisman. One of the
major challenges of higher education is funding and how the government is providing
the needs of the students. Due to inadequate funds, raising tuition fees becomes
inevitable (Wilkins, Shams, & Husiman, 2013, p. 126). This article focuses on the
changes in the English tuition fee policies and how it correlates to student choice for
higher education institutions (p. 125). Research confirms that financial considerations
are the most important factors in the student-decision process when choosing a HEI
(Maringe et al. 2006).
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 Higher Education in the UK is no longer just a public good, but a public good
with a private cost. Since 2006, all university students in the UK have been charged a
tuition fee and each following year tuition fees have increased (Wilkins, Shams, &
Husiman 2013, p. 126). By 2012, the UK government decided on a £9000 tuition cap in
England (Business Innovation & Skills [BIS] 2011). With the recent changes in the
global economies and rising unemployment rates the question arises: how are students
understanding and responding to increases in tuition fees? The study examines three
scenarios as the possible outcomes of the increase in tuition fees: 1) not entering HE; 2)
going abroad; and 3) looking for a cheaper alternative in the UK (Wilkins, Shams, &
Husiman, 2013, p. 129).

The central focus of the study is to evaluate whether financial factors take a first
priority in students’ choice of applying to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). A
survey was used to collect data amongst students in their final year of secondary
school, specifically students who were following a General Certificate of Education
Advanced Level programme (A-levels) in England (Wilkins, Shams, & Husiman, 2013,
p. 131). To supplement the survey, two focus group discussions were conducted, each
lasting one hour. According to the study the first group “consisted of five year 12/13
students who were studying A-levels at a school sixth form, while the second group had
four students from a further education college” (Wilkins, Shams, & Husiman, 2013, p.
131). The researchers do not go into depth as to why they choose this selective group of
students. It makes one think of the potential biases of selecting these students and if
their perceptions were tailored to match the propositions. By only conducting a
discussion with nine students the study cannot fully capture the diversity of choice
within the student body.

Wilkins, Shams, and Husiman (2013) assess the impacts of the tuition fee
increase by presenting the following six propositions:

Proposition 1: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, financial issues will become the
key influencer determining a student’s higher education choices.

Proposition 2: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, working-class students will be

the most likely to consider not entering higher education.

Proposition 3: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, working-class students will be

the most likely to seek cheaper higher education opportunities.

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Proposition 4: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, females will be more likely than
males to be influenced by financial issues when making decisions about higher
education.

Proposition 5: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, students in England are still not
likely to consider studying at higher education institutions (HEIs) abroad.

Proposition 6: Facing substantially higher tuition fees, students who take at least one
modern foreign language at A-level will be more likely to consider studying at HEIs
abroad. (language influences). (p. 129-31)

The six propositions have a focus on gender, language, socioeconomic status, and
geographic considerations. However, a potential flaw within the propositions is not
considering ethnicity. Student ethnicity is not considered within the study nor the
impacts of ethnic background on students choosing a HEI. This is a potential limitation
when considering student choice of HEIs in the United States, specially the historically
black colleges including Howard University, Spelman College, and Hapmton
University. Since these schools do not have large endowments in comparison to large
prestigious HEIs such as Harvard University, with an endowment of 36 billion dollars
(Mulvey, J., and Holen, M., 2016), they cannot offer as much financial aid. Therefore,
many students decide to attend a different HEI which can offer a more attractive
financial aid package, but at the cost of sacrificing the opportunity of being part of a
unparalleled cultural experience at a historically black college (Gasman, M., 2009). In
the United States, an endowment is the universities’ largest financial asset and serves a
major determinant in student choice in HEIs. This study would benefit by having a
comparative approach to HEIs in the United States if time and word limit permitted.

A further point of tension within the study is the ambiguity of terms. Firstly, two
out of the six propositions (ie. propositions two and six) did not provide a description
which puts into question the validity of the study. Furthermore, the phrase “not
entering HE” occurred nine times throughout the study. The researchers did not
specify in any of those sentences what it means by “not entering HE.” An important
question to ask is whether “not entering HE” refers to students taking a gap year and
eventually returning to higher education or entering the labor market and never
pursuing HE. This is a significant distinction because if students are taking a gap year
but will return to HE it shows that they are impacted by the economy and having
financial stability is an important consideration for them before starting their studies.
There are no statistics in the study to outline the percentage of students not pursuing

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HE and no words to explain their decision. These are important considerations to help
build depth within the study.

The epistemological assumptions of this study help us to understand student

choice of HEIs by hypothesizing and testing empirical approaches through a natural
science lens. On the other hand, the ontological assumption concerns the natural
world, taking in account the effects of the global financial crisis in 2008, and the
human behavior within the global HE context (Pring 2005, p. 232). Wilkins, Shams,
and Husiman embrace quantitative methods approach to the study, using SPSS
software to generalize the findings and test the propositions. Since the data is in a
numeric form, statistical tests are applied in making statements about the data.
Quantitative studies help to produce data that is descriptive but difficulties arise when
it comes to their interpretation. For instance, it is helpful that the study includes the
demographics and socioeconomic statuses of the participants, but the study would have
more depth if it integrated a qualitative approach in addition to the quantitative
research. The students had a one hour discussion on the questionnaire yet there is no
student voice, only statistics from SPSS. With group discussion responses we can have
a qualitative measure of analysis of the data caption. Without properly interpreting the
data behind these numbers, it is difficult to say why students choose HEIs based on
financial considerations.

In conclusion, the rise of tuition fees in England has altered the ways in which
students choose to enter HE and if so, which HEIs. Wilkins, Shams, and Husiman
mention that this study is not intended for policy reform (p. 137); however, it calls
attention to the pressures placed on students in determining to enter HEIs and brings
awareness to the major factors of student choice. An important consideration for
restructuring this study is incorporating a mixed methods approach, by utilizing
qualitative and quantitative methods. Without the necessary qualitative data, there is
no authentic way to determine why students are choosing a certain HEI. If Wilkins,
Shams, and Husiman used an interpretive paradigm and observations from the
discussion groups to investigate the issues on the increase tuition fees it would create a
more holistic picture of the student experience and behaviors with statistical data to
prove the point. Lastly, the data used in this study was gathered before the increase in
fees in 2012 (Wilkins, Shams, & Husiman, 2013, p. 129). Students were aware of the fee
increase but it was not a real determining factor for them at that point in time. It would
be most helpful to have a follow-up study at the same colleges from which the data for
this study was collected, using the questionnaires, and group discussion in order to
compare and contrast student opinions and choice patterns overtime.
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 9. AN ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN INDIA
RELATIONS
INTRODUCTION

Relations are built on mutual trust. This is no different when these relations are
between states. Salient features of Pak-India relations include strong feelings of
mistrust and suspicion on both sides. This stems from a volatile past -i.e. the hasty
separation of 1947, the wars of 1965 and 1971 and the Kargil Conflict- and is
exacerbated by the on and off border skirmishes and standoffs between the two
countries. Reservations of one country about the other are so strong that any terrorist
activity/insurgency in either country is somehow linked with or blamed to have been
caused by the other one. Also both countries have strong militaries with India’s being
much stronger than Pakistan’s and with Pakistan’s having significant power
independent of the governments so that even if relations are good on a diplomatic level,
things often escalate and become heated at the borders between the two nations. In
such conditions, envisioning positive relations is not only impractical, but letting our
guard down in the face of a continuous threat, a poor strategy.

1971 war and India’s role in the creation of Bangladesh

Bitterness over the 1971 war exists in Pakistan not only because of the direct war
with India and the high casualties or the humiliation of defeat but because of the strong
role played by India in the permanent alteration of Pakistan’s boundaries and the
secession of East Pakistan.

In the 1970 elections, Awami League (led by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman), which

was the largest political party in East Pakistan won a majority of the seats. However,
General Yahya Khan, refused Awami League the right to form a government, which led
to protests all across East Pakistan, with the population demanding self-determination
and acceptance of the election results. In 1971, an operation was led by Yahya Khan
against these protestors and all major political parties and newspapers in East Pakistan
were banned. A West Pakistani-dominated martial law was imposed on the province.

Kargil Conflict-1999

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External Factors that have precipitated military standoffs on the borders

Events in both countries have caused friction on both sides of the border, with
the armies massing, on alert and prepared to fight if the need arise. Diplomatic ties
become adversely affected and it is hard to taper these tensions and start anew.

2001: After the terrorist attacks on the Indian Parliament in 2001, there was a
massing of troops on either side of the border and the LoC in the region of Kashmir.
India alleged that the Pakistan-based terror groups of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-
Mohammad which were also carrying out an insurgency in Indian administered
Kashmir and were purportedly backed by the ISI- a charge denied by Pakistan- were
responsible for these attacks. Tensions were high and there were speculations of a
nuclear war between the two nations in the western media. However, these deescalated
following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002
withdrawal of Indian and Pakistani troops from the international border.

2007 and 2008: The Samjhauta Express Bombings of 2007 were alleged to have
been carried out by the Hindu fundamentalist group Abhinav Bharat. Even though
these allegations were never proven to be true, they did give rise to Anti-India
sentiments in Pakistan. In 2008, India held the Pakistan and the ISI directly culpable
for the Mumbai attacks. This led to strained relations between the two countries for a
period of time. An anti-Pakistan sentiment also rose in India. There was a standoff at
the border with the navies, armies and air forces on red alert and it had the potential
for dire consequences since both nations were nuclear powers and had already
participated in many wars. John McCain said, “The Indians are on the verge of some
kind of attack on Pakistan”. However the tensions were dissipated when both sides
made an effort to have discussions and avert nuclear war.

Border Skirmishes in the Recent Years

Border skirmishes and cross border firing between the Border Security Force and
Pakistan Army along the Line of Control (LoC) in the disputed Kashmir area and
Punjab have resulted in a high number of casualties of civilians and soldiers on both
sides in the past decade. In 2011, shooting took place across the Line of Control in
Kupwara District/Neelam Valley between 30 August and 1 September 2011. Casualties
included five Indian soldiers and three Pakistani soldiers. Both countries accused each
other for instigating the hostilities.

From mid- January 2013, a series of armed skirmishes took place along the LoC
in the disputed Kashmir area. They have been described as the “worst bout of fighting
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in the region in nearly 10 years.” They were initiated after reports of a Pakistani border
post being attacked by Indians, killing one Pakistani soldier. The Indian authorities
denied having crossed the demarcation line and claimed that the attack was in
retaliation to prior Pakistani ceasefire violations. On January 8th, Indian authorities
alleged that two Indian soldiers had been killed when Pakistani forces crossed the LoC.
Even though Pakistan denied these reports, the incident led to an outrage by the Indian
army and government and an outcry in the media claiming that one of the soldiers had
been beheaded. Talks were held between Lieutenant General Vinod Bhatia and Major
General Ashfaq Nadeem who agreed that tensions needed to be tapered. But these
skirmishes continued and the death toll reached 9 Pakistani and 8 Indian soldiers in
August.

On 9 October 2014 Indian media claimed that a total of 9 military personal and 6
civilians were killed on Pakistani side. 12 Indian soldiers and 1 civilian were killed on
Indian side

These skirmishes continued well in 2014, with both India and Pakistan trading
blame for the violence. In October, the situation became aggressive following which
then Indian Defence Minister Arun Jaitley urged Pakistan to stop “unprovoked” firing
and warned that the response by India would be “unaffordable”. His Pakistani
counterpart, Khawaja Asif replied to the warning with subtle mention of “nuclear
power” that the country would be able to respond “befittingly” to the Indian aggression.
So far in 2015, Pakistan claims to have lost 12 of its soldiers.

CONCLUSION

India and Pakistan border disputes and skirmishes are not all as blatant as is
believed. India is speculated to have been making strong efforts to manipulate the
borders of Pakistan by financially backing Baloch separatist insurgents, causing unrest
in the country. British Intelligence officials believe India is providing undercover
support to insurgents in Balochistan according to WikiLeaks cables. This support is
speculated to have strengthened after Pakistan’s purported role in backing the Lashkar-
e-Taiba post the 2008 Mumbai attacks. According to a security official Pakistan is
considering taking up the issue of Indian involvement in Balochistan unrest at the
United Nations.,” This matter cannot be ignored. Also, for nations such as India and
Pakistan, with a long-standing conflict over Kashmir, territorial integrity is a huge
priority. This is evident from the large defense budgets of both nations. [Check] Given
this, the on and off cross-border firings, the general sentiments in both countries
towards the other, and the aggregate of thousands of casualties in the conflicts and
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wars over the past sixty-seven years, it is evident why the attempts at improving
relations between the two nations fail..

10. ROLE OF IMF IN PAKISTAN

First of all we should understand Pakistan’s economy and on what factors it depends.
In that we can easily understand the role of IMF on our economy.

1. INTRODUCTION

A. Economy of Pakistan

The economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest economy in the world in terms of
purchasing power and the 48th largest in absolute dollar terms. Pakistan is the second
largest economy in South Asia. Pakistan’s economy mainly encompasses,

Textiles

Chemicals

Food processing

Agriculture and other industries.

B. Economic History

At the time of independence in 1947, Pakistan was a very poor country and its
economy majorly depends on agriculture. Since independence, Pakistan’s average
economic growth rate has been higher than the average growth rate of the world
economy during the period. Average annual was 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s,
and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with
significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade. Industrial-sector growth,
including manufacturing, was also above average. During the 1960s, Pakistan was seen
as a model of economic development around the world, and there was much praise for
its economic progression. The table which gives every five years progress of GDP, US
Dollar Exchange Rate, Inflation Index, and Per Capita Income is given on the next
page.

C. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

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 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 186 countries,
working to help the development of global monetary cooperation, secure financial
stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. The IMF works to help
development of global growth and economic stability. It provides policy advice and
financing to members, in economic difficulties and also works with developing nations
to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty.

The IMF’s fundamental mission is to help ensure stability in the international

system. It does so in three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the
economies of member countries; lending to countries with balance of payments
difficulties; and giving practical help to members.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization that

oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its
member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rate and the balance
of payments. It is an organization formed with a stated objective of stabilizing
international exchange rates and facilitating development.[1] It also offers highly
leveraged loans, mainly to poorer countries. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C.,
United States.

D. History

The International Monetary Fund was conceived in July 1944 during the United
Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The representatives of 45 governments
met in the Mount Washington Hotel in the area of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
United States, with the delegates to the conference agreeing on a framework for
international economic cooperation.[2] The IMF was formally organized on December
27, 1945, when the first 29 countries signed its Articles of Agreement. The statutory
purposes of the IMF today are the same as when they were formulated in 1943 (see
#Assistance and reforms). The International Monetary Fund was established, along
with the World Bank, at a conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, in the
closing stages of World War II. The participants represented the governments soon to
win the war against fascism. They were concerned about the rebuilding of Europe and
of the global economic system after a devastating war.

The key debate at Bretton Woods was between the British and US delegations
representing, respectively, liberal and conservative visions of global economic
institutions. The British delegation, led by Maynard Keynes, imagined that the new
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IMF should be a cooperative fund which member states could draw upon to maintain
economic activity and employment through periodic crises. This view suggested an IMF
helping governments to act as the US government had during the New Deal in response
to the great recession of the 1930s.

By contrast, the US delegation to Bretton Woods foresaw an IMF more like a

bank, making sure that borrowing states could repay their debts on time. This more
conservative view was less concerned to avoid recession and unemployment. The US
view prevailed, and set the stage for how economic crises have been handled since

World War II (Harris 1988).

Since the Second World War, the International Monetary Fund has provided
loans to governments facing economic crises. The loans have come to be known as
structural adjustment loans because they aim to help borrowing governments adjust
the structure of economic activity. The presence of the IMF as an international lending
institution continues to evolve with the changing conditions of globalization. Most
recently the IMF has begun to focus its policy-making strategies to incorporate poverty
reduction policies in addition to creating economic stability (New Generation – HIPC)

E. Organization and purpose

The International Monetary Fund was created in July 1944, originally with 45
members,[3] with a goal to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the
world’s international payment system. Countries contributed to a pool which could be
borrowed from, on a temporary basis, by countries with payment imbalances (Condon,
2007). The IMF was important when it was first created because it helped the world
stabilize the economic system. The IMF is still important because it works to improve
the economies of its member countries.[4]

The IMF describes itself as “an organization of 186 countries (as of June 29,
2009), working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty”. With the exception of Taiwan (expelled in 1980), North
Korea, Cuba (left in 1964), Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Tuvalu and Nauru, all UN
member states participate directly in the IMF. Member states are represented on a 24-
member Executive Board (five Executive Directors are appointed by the five members
with the largest quotas, nineteen Executive Directors are elected by the remaining
members), and all members appoint a Governor to the IMF’s Board of Governors. [5]
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F. What does the IMF do?

Most people think of the IMF as an institution that provides emergency credits to
countries that have found themselves in difficulties, either as a consequence of poor
economic policies or through external circumstances, such as a sudden drop in
commodity prices, or a financial crisis in a neighboring country. In return the country
is obliged to impose painful austerity policies, usually involving reductions of budget
deficits, through spending cuts or increased revenue (taxation), a rise in interest rates
to reduce inflation, and an alteration of the exchange rate (a devaluation).

This view, while not inaccurate, gives only a partial picture of the reality of the
Fund’s operations, or of what it is supposed to do. Its mandate, as laid down in the first
Article of Agreement in 1944 in Bretton Woods, NH, is very general: to promote
international monetary cooperation, facilitate the growth of world trade, promote
exchange rate stability, and to help to create a multilateral system of payments. In
order to achieve these objectives, the Fund was supposed to provide short term balance
of payments support to countries in need of additional international reserves. It is now
an almost universal financial institution, having grown from the 44 states represented
at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference to 182 countries today. Now it includes almost
every economy of the world. (There are only a few exceptions: Cuba, North Korea, and
Taiwan.)

Who runs it?

The IMF is owned by the governments of its member countries, represented

through a Board of Governors. The Governor for each member country is usually the
Minister of Finance or sometimes the Central Bank Governor (in the case of the United
States, the Secretary of the Treasury). Voting is in accordance with the size of a
country’s share-holding in the Fund (or “quota”), and many important decisions
require special majorities (85% of the vote). There is no attempt to give an equal voice
to every country, as there is in the United Nations. Periodically, quotas are recalculated
to reflect changing economic size. The United States, the largest member of the IMF,
currently has 17.78% of the vote, and thus can veto any major decision of the Fund it
feels is unacceptable. Under the terms of its Articles of Agreement, the IMF’s
headquarters are located in the largest member country: they have always been in
Washington D.C.

Meetings of the full Board of Governors are a rather cumbersome annual event; a
smaller and more manageable body is the so-called “Interim Committee”, of 24
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Governors, which meets twice a year and is charged with reporting to the Governors
(and in practice making recommendations which stand a good chance of success) on
“the management and functioning of the international monetary system and on
proposals to amend the Articles of Agreement”.

Day to day decisions is made by an Executive Board. Countries are grouped into
constituencies to elect 24 Executive Directors as members of the Board, with the
exception that the five largest members of the IMF (the United States, Germany, Japan,
France and the United Kingdom) have their own Executive Directors. The Executive
Board also appoints a Managing Director. The staff of the IMF (currently 2,660) is
recruited internationally, but without any quotas as to nationality (as is the practice in
the United Nations).

How big is it?

Fund quotas for member countries are initially determined by a calculation based
on the size of the national economy (GDP, current account transactions in the balance
of payments). They are periodically increased, in response to perceived needs for the
IMF’s operations. The Articles of Agreement provide for a general review of the quotas
every five years. There have been a total of 12 such quota reviews, in 4 of which it was
decided that no increase was needed. In the other 8, there was a general increase, and
some redistribution of quotas to reflect changing positions in the world economy. In
the most recent round of increases, the total quota was raised by 45%, from SDR 146
bn. to 212 bn. (approx. $291 – on September 3, 1999, SDR= $1.37494), with the U.S.
share being set at SDR 37,149.3. The size of the IMF, measured by the total of IMF
quotas, measured as a proportion of world trade fell sharply between 1946 and the
mid-1970s; since then this ratio has been stable, and even shown a slight increase.

2. Factors affecting economy

Growth and Investment

Agriculture

Manufacturing

Fiscal Development

Money and Credit

Inflation

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Capital Market

Trade and Payments

External and Domestic Debt

Education

Health and Nutrition

Population, Labor Force and Employment

Poverty

Transport and Communication

Energy

A. Manufacturing:

Pakistan’s manufacturing sector is growing from 2000. In 1999, large scale

manufacturing is 1.5% and it is 19.9% in 2004-05. So it makes an average 8.8% by the
end of 2007.

B. Finance:

Pakistan’s finance and insurance sector department also showed a great

development from 2000. In 2005, it is at Rs.311, 741 million. It shows a growth of 166%
since 2000.

C. Stock market:

“Business Week” the international magazine declared Pakistan’s stock market,

the best performing stock market index in the world, in the first four years of 21st
century. But in 2008, there is a great decline in Pakistan’s economy due to uncertain
political environment and many other reasons.

D. Tourism:

Pakistan has diverse cultures, people and landscapes. Tourism in Pakistan is a

growing industry. To promoting Pakistan’s unique and various cultural heritages, PM
launch “Visit Pakistan” marketing campaign in 2007. In 2009, The World Economic
Forum’s Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranks Pakistan as one of the top

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25% tourist destinations for its World Heritage sites. Some famous tourist spots are
shown below,

K2, world’s second-highest mountain, in northern

Damn-e Koh Park in Islamabad

DHA Marina Club in Karachi

The Badshahi mosque in Lahore epitomizes the beauty, passion and grandeur of the
Mughal era.

E. Revenue:

The income of a government from taxation, excise duties, customs, or other

sources, appropriated to the payment of the public expenses. The Board of Revenue has
collected nearly one trillion Rupees ($14.1 billion) in taxes in the 2007-2008.

3. Sectors of Pakistan economy

A. Agriculture:

Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm
output. About 25% of Pakistan’s total land area is under cultivation and is watered by
one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Agriculture accounts for about 23% of
GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force. Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is
contributing a lot in our agriculture sector.

B. Industry:

Pakistan ranks forty-first in the world and fifty-fifth worldwide in factory output.
Pakistan’s industrial sector accounts for about 24% of GDP. Cotton textile production
and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan’s largest industries, accounting for about 66%
of the merchandise exports and almost 40% of the employed labor force. Merchandise
exports mean export of goods not services. Other major industries include cement,
fertilizer, edible oil, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, and food processing.

C. Automobile industry:

Pakistan is an emerging market for automobiles and automotive parts. The total
contribution of Auto industry to GDP in 2007 is 2.8%. Auto sector presently,
contributes 16% to the manufacturing sector which also is expected to increase 25% in

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the next 7 years. But in my opinion this prediction can’t be correct due to high inflation
and shortage of CNG.

D. CNG industry:

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a substitute for gasoline (petrol) or diesel fuel.
It is considered to be an environmentally “clean” alternative to those fuels. In 2009,
Pakistan is one of the largest users of CNG (compressed natural gas) in the world.
Presently, more than 2,900 CNG stations are operating in the country in 85 cities and
towns. It has provided employment to many people. But now this industry has a
decline and shortage of CNG is creating a big problem for CNG station owners and the
employs working at these stations. Many CNG stations closed and many are going to
close if we don’t fight with the shortage problem of CNG.

E. Cement industry:

Growth of cement industry is rightly considered a barometer for economic

activity. In 1947, Pakistan had inherited 4 cement plants with a total capacity of 0.5
million tons. The industry comprises of 29 firms, with the installed production capacity
of 44.09 million tons. There are four foreign companies, three armed forces companies
and 16 private companies listed in the stock exchanges. The cement sector is
contributing above Rs 30 billion to the national exchequer in the form of taxes.
Exchequer was a part of the government’s hat was responsible for the management and
collection of revenues. Cement industry is also serving the nation by providing job
opportunities and presently more than 150,000 persons are employed directly or
indirectly by the industry.

F. IT industry:

Pakistan’s IT industry has been rising steadily. The Government of Pakistan has
been proactively developing the IT sector in Pakistan. A few of the incentives offered
include tax exemption till 2016, establishment of IT Parks with low rent, foreign
ownership of equity invested in IT and 100% repatriation of profit allowed to IT
companies. Profit repatriation is an important factor that determines whether ‘foreign
direct investment’ in another country is actually profitable for the parent firm.

G. Textiles:

Pakistan’s textile industry and clothing sector has always been a major
contributor to the foreign exchange earnings and still contributes about 55% to the

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total exports. Textile exports in 1999 were $5.2 billion and rose to become $10.5 billion
by 2007. Textile exports managed to increase at a very decent growth of 16% in 2006.
There is development in other sectors and exports of other sectors increases therefore
textile exports share in total export of Pakistan has declined from 67% in 1997 to 55%
in 2008.The top buyers of Pakistani textile goods are:

USA, UK, Japan, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Turkey, Germany, Etc.

4. IMF assistance to Pakistan

When IMF is advancing loans to their members, they not only analyze the
economic conditions of their members but the borrower will also have to frame its
policies in the light of directions given by IMF authorities. The question in my mind is
that when and how much was lent to Pakistan by IMF. And what were the conditions
imposed by IMF and what were the consequences of these loans. Pakistan joined IMF
on 11th July, 1950. IMF is providing financial assistance to Pakistan since 1952.
According to 1977 statistics, Pakistan borrowed 1193 million dollars from IMF. Since
1980, the fund has made four main agreements with Pakistan as,

In November,1980

In December, 1988

In February, 1994

In July, 1997

A. THE YEAR 2008:

As a result of elections of 18th February 2008, General Musharaf had to

surrender and Asif Ali Zardari became the president of Pakistan. At that time, the
country was entrapped into economic difficulties. Not only trade deficit had gone to
$20 billion, but the fiscal deficit also reached 4.7% of GDP. Foreign reserves had
touched at lowest level.

The IMF’s Executive Board has approved a $7.6 billion loan for Pakistan to support its
program to stabilize and rebuild the economy while expanding its social safety net to
protect the poor.

“The Government’s program has two objectives: first, to restore overall economic
stability and confidence through a tightening of macroeconomic policies, and second,
to do so in a manner that ensures social stability and adequate support for the poor
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during the adjustment process,” said Juan Carlos Di Tata, the IMF mission chief to
Pakistan.

Of the $7.6 billion loan, $3.1 billion will be made available by the IMF
immediately to strengthen the reserve position. And the regular monitoring of the
economy by the IMF will show how the macroeconomic objectives set by the
Government are being met and whether they need to be adjusted in the light of
changing circumstances.

The Pakistan authorities have already taken some difficult steps to achieve these
objectives: energy subsidies have been cut and the interest rate has been increased to
tighten monetary policy. The authorities’ program for the coming 24 months envisages
a number of additional steps:

The fiscal deficit, excluding grants, will be brought to down from 7.4 percent of
GDP in 2007/08 (starting July 1) to a more manageable 4.2 percent in 2008/09 and
3.3 percent in 2009/10-in line with what it was three years ago. This fiscal adjustment
will be primarily achieved by phasing out energy subsidies and strengthening revenue
mobilization through tax policy and administration measures.

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) will act on monetary policy to build its
international reserves, bring down inflation to 6 percent in 2010, and eliminate central
bank financing of the government. The program includes measures to improve
monetary management and enhance the SBP’s bank resolution capacity, and avoid the
use of public resources to support the stock market.

Expenditure on the social safety net will be increased to protect the poor through
both cash transfers and targeted electricity subsidies. The fiscal program for 2008/09
envisages an increase in spending on the social safety net of 0.6 percentage points of
GDP to 0.9 percent of GDP.

B. THE YEAR 2009:

The IMF’s Executive Board agreed to increase lending to Pakistan by an extra

$3.2 billion to fund priority spending and help the government provide assistance to
nearly three million people displaced by military operations and a difficult security
situation.

The Board reviewed progress under a $7.6 billion Stand-By Arrangement for
Pakistan that was agreed in November last year. During the August 7 discussion,

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 Directors agreed to increase lending by $3.2 billion, after a request from the Pakistan
government to meet the country’s increased balance of payments needs resulting from
higher oil prices.

C. EFFECTS OF IMF PROGRAMES:

IMF authorities think that the problem of Pakistan increased because of non-
compliance with the IMF programs. But it is not true. The IMF program has led to
increase the charges of gas, electricity, petrol and telephone. The imposition of sales tax
and cut in tariff rates on the advice of IMF has greatly affected the incomes of the poor
and middle class earners. They have widened the gaps between the incomes. The
absolute poverty has increased which has promoted unsocial activities. But this is not
all because of IMF, we are responsible for it. If our fiscal deficit and trade deficit
decreases then we should not go to IMF for financing. But we should be prepared to
pay more in the form of taxes and reduces imports; particularly oil etc, the dependence
on IMF may go down.

11. INDO PAK RELATIONS

Background

1. Indo-Pakistan relations are grounded in the political, geographic, cultural, and

economic links between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
The two countries share much of their common geographic location, and religious
demographics yet diplomatic relations between the two are prefaced by numerous
military conflicts and territorial disputes. However, attempts to improve relations have
been made.
2. Since independence, Pakistan owes much of its identity to its distinctness from India. It
has engaged in three sizable wars with India, plus several major border skirmishes. The
struggle over Kashmir has contributed to most of these conflicts. Pakistan has
sponsored decades of proxy paramilitary operations undertaken in the name of
freedom fighting designed to right or take revenge for cumulative wrongs. It has
developed aad deployed nuclear weapons whose sole strategic purpose relates to India.
And it has used its relations with other countries, particularly Afghanistan and China to
promote its anti India interests. Recently also its perceived participation in the US led
war on terror has been cunningly exploited to continue the proxy war against India
with perpetual immunity from worldwide criticism.
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3. Most of South Asia came under direct control of Great Britain in the late 18th century.
The British rule over the Indian subcontinent lasted for almost 150 years. 95% of the
people living in South Asia practiced either Hinduism or Islam. The Muslim League,
headed by Jinnah, proposed the Two Nation Theory in the early 20th century.
According to the theory, Muslims and others shared little in common, and British India
should be divided into two separate countries, one for the Muslims and the other for
the Hindu majority, which he feared would suppress the Muslim minority. The
campaign gained momentum in early 1940s and by the end of World War II, British
India’s partition was inevitable. The Partition of India in 1947 created two large
countries independent from Britain: Pakistan as two wings in the East and West
separated by India in the middle. After Independence, India and Pakistan had
established diplomatic relations. Subsequent years were marked by bitter periodic
conflict, and the nations went to war four times. The war in 1971 ended in defeat and
another partition of Pakistan. The eastern wing split off as a new country named
Bangladesh, while the western wing continued as Pakistan.

Stumbling Blocks

4. The Debris of partition of India in 1947 has clouded India’s relations with Pakistan.
Pakistan’s tendency to assume the role of guardianship of Indian Muslims is one of the
major irritants between India and Pakistan. Another matter which became source of
irritant between two countries was the distribution of river waters. The divergent
perception of both the countries on Indian Ocean as a zone of peace was yet another
irritant including the sir creek issue. Pakistan threat perception, inspite of assurances
by India, coupled with party syndrome gave shape to a proposal for Nuclear Weapon
free zone in South-Asia (N.W.F.Z.S.A.); for it is believed that internal security will give
the external powers an opportunity and justification to futher enhance their presence
and prestige in the Indian Ocean region. So this perception of Pakistan and India on
the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace led to differences in their strategic perception.
5. Another major issue which emerged between the two countries was the question of
political status of the three princely states – Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. But
the most important issue which has marred the relations between the two countries has
indeed been Kashmir. The dispute over Siachin glacier is an offshoot of the same
problem.
6. Alleged interference in each other’s internal affairs is an irritant in Indo-Pak relations
which has raised its head very seriously in the recent years. India considers Pakistan
responsible for fomenting terrorism in Punjab and Kashmir.

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7. Pakistan has always viewed Afghanistan through the prism of antagonistic relationship
with India, attempting to use Afghanistan as its defence in depth and cultivating its
Mujahedeen as paramilitary reservists against possible Indian threats. Subsequent to
the fall of Taliban in Afghanistan, Indian humanitarian aid and development activity in
the war ravaged country appeared to Pakistan as a threat to its support in Afghanistan
and that inimical interests will have free reign in the country. Pakistan has viewed this
activity with dismay, its fear of encirclement compounded by India’s establishment of a
new airbase at Farkhor in Tajikistan.

Current Challenges

8. A year after the Mumbai attack, two questions have persisted: was the ISI or any other
state element of Pakistan an accomplice in the attacks? If ISI which had nurtured LeT
to wage a proxy war against India, has cut itself from the group as claimed and was not
involved in the attack, what stops Pakistan from effectively cracking on it?
9. In weeks after the attacks, the Pakistan government, under immense international
pressure and scrutiny, took several steps. A raid on Lashkar camp at Muzaffarabad led
to the arrest of Commander Zuikur Rehman Lakhvi. This is possibly also where Abdul
Wajid, whose alias has been shown as Zarar Shah, was picked up. Both are alleged
master minds of the attack. Next it placed Hafiz Saeed, LeT founder and leader of its
front organization, Jammat ud Dawa (JuD), under house arrest.
10. Some other corners of establishment may still hold the view that the LeT can be
viewed as a strategic asset. The Pakistani government’s reluctance to go all the way
against LeT is too obvious. After six months of house arrest, Hafiz Saeed is a free man,
and the government says it cannot act against him unless New Delhi provides concrete
evidence linking him to Mumbai attacks. All other JuD activists have been released.
The organization has not yet been banned and now operates under the name of Fallah-
i- Insaniyat and was noticed in relief operations among the internally displaced in the
Swat valley during the military operations there.
11. As the arrest of David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana in the US has shown, the
LeT also retains operational capabilities. The two men are said to have been in
communication with the LeT, and though they were arrested for an alleged terror plot
against the Danish newspaper, they were also said to be planning attacks on National
Defence College at New Delhi. Latest probes in Mumbai have revealed their definite
links with the Mumbai terror attacks and many such incidents across India in the past.
Further arrest of a Pakistan army Major for his links with Headley and Rana are bound
to raise questions on LeT’s continuing links with the military as an institution, but with
the sections within it, especially because the Major retired only two years ago.
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12.Home Minister Chidamaram’s words point us in the direction of just why these issues
need to be taken seriously: another major terrorist attack on India could have
consequences that would destabilise both the countries and could conceivably
precipitate a regional crisis. In both Islamabad and New Delhi Mr. Chidambaram’s
speech was interpreted as warning that India would respond to future mass casualty
attack by targeting jihadist bases and logistical facilities in Pakistan. That, in turn could
snowball into a conflict that would bring misery to all the people of South Asia.
13. It is now accepted within the Pakistan Military that Al Qaeda, Taliban and their allies
among Punjabi jihadis operate as a syndicate. But while they have included the Jaish-e-
Mohammed, along with Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and the Sipah-e-Sahaba, in the syndicate,
the LeT is still not considered part of it.
14.The threat to India’s security from Islamic fundamentalism and globalization of terror
is immense. It is feared in some quarters that Pakistan is sending fundamentalist
groups to Bangladesh as well. The Dhaka based extremist Islamic group, Harkatul-
Jehad- Al-Islam (HJAI), is believed to be financed by Osama Bin Laden. The evidence
suggests that ISI and Taliban are involved with Harkatul operations in Bangladesh.
15. On the other hand Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi says Pakistan
is compiling hard evidence of India’s involvement in terrorist attacks on Pakistan’s
public and its armed forces
16.The Indian External affairs minister Mr SM Krishna assured of the fact that India has
clean hands with respect to Baluchistan and Afghanistan. He also mentioned that
Islamabad’s suspicion s of India’s ulterior motives in Afghanistan were unfounded. The
only motive is to restore peace and stability in the war-torn country.
17. During the period of excessive tension, India and Pakistan have growled at each other
while meaningfully pointing towards their respective nuclear arsenal. Most recently
following the Mumbai massacre, Pakistani troops were moved out of NWFP towards
the eastern border. Baitullah Mehsud’s offer to jointly fight India was welcomed by the
Pakistani army.
18. India should derive no satisfaction from Pakistan’s predicament. Although
religious extremists see ordinary Muslims as Munafiqs (hypocrites) – and therefore
free to be blown up in markets and mosques – they hate Hindus even more. In their
calculus, hurting India would buy even more tickets for heaven than hurting Pakistan.
They dream about ripping apart both societies or starting a war – preferably nuclear –
between Pakistan and India.
19.A common threat needs a common defense. But this is difficult unless Pakistan India
conflict is reduced in intensity. In fact the extremist groups that threaten both

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countries today are an unintended consequence of Pakistan’s frustration at India’s
obduracy in Kashmir.

12. CORRUPTION CULTURE IN PAKISTAN

Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of corruption: It is misusing of power for the private/personal gain
• Types of Corruption: Petty, Grand and Political
• Incidence of corruption: rare, widespread, systemic
• Scenario of corruption in world in general and Pakistan in particular
• Corruption in Islamic teaching
• Quaid-i-Azam on corruption
• Causes of corruption
• Dismal performance of Institutions
• Poor governance
• Absence of political will
Lack of effective accountability
Meager income
Lack of Transparency
Impact of corruption
Deteriorate the quality of governance
Moral degeneration
Shamble the economy
Retards economics growth
Increase poverty
Inflation
Unemployment
Injustice to people
Widening the gap between rich and poor
Remedial Measures
Rule of law
Effective accountability
Mass awareness
Adherence to Islamic principles
Role of transparency agencies
Conclusion

Corruption is the misuse of entrusted power for private gains. It is of different types
e.g. petty, grand and political. The petty corruption is usually linked with the lower
salary employees and generally considered as facilitating payments, whereas, the grand
corruption is associated with the high level bureaucracy. However, the political
corruption as name indicates is related to the politician. They usually involve in this
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type corruption in order to maintain their status quo. The corruption varies in the rate
of presence; therefore, in this regard the incidence of corruption may be rare,
widespread or systemic. The rare corruption is easy to identify and control than
widespread. Whereas, the systemic corruption becomes a way of life and it is very
difficult to overcome. The corruption is universal, however, its existence varies in rate
of occurrence. Since the inception of Pakistan, the country has witnessed of the
rampant corruption. Many governments in general and the governments in decade of
1990 in particular has become the victim of the widespread corruption and corrupt
practices. In a recent survey conducted by the Transparency International, Pakistan
ranks lowered from 42th most corrupt country to 34th country in the world.

Islam explicitly condemns the existence of corruption in every form. Hazart

Muhammad (PBUH) declared that;

Damned is the bribe giver (or corruptor)-the bribe taker (the corrupted) and he who
goes between them.

Quaid-i- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah has strongly condemned the presence of
corruption. He avowed a strict action against such mal practices and their doer.

The root causes of the rampant corruption in the country are lack of effective
accountability, poor performance on the part of respective institutions, unchecked and
unlimited power of feudal for vested interests. The presence of corruption and corrupt
practices play a pivotal role to deteriorate law and order, shackle the economy which
leads to the inflation, unemployment and poverty in the country. Its presence distracts
a man from ethics, humanely attitude, tradition and civic laws. The pervasive
corruption in the country can be checked by applying certain measures. The
government should ascertain the rule of law; it means equal application of law, equal
protection by the law and equality before law, effective and impartial accountability,
active role of media to eradicate the corruption are the few factors which can play an
active role to diminish the corruption.

The word corruption is derived from the Latin word corrupt us means to break. In
simple words the corruption is defined as the misuse of delegated power for
private/personal gains. National anti-corruption strategy (NACS) has defined the
corruption as;

“A behavior on the part of the office holder in the public or private sector whereby they
improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them or induce others to
do so, by misgiving the position in which they are placed”.
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Conceptually it is a behavior which distracts a person from ethics, morality tradition,
law and civic virtues. The corruption is of various types. It is a petty, grand or political.

The petty corruption is linked to the low salaried employees. This type of corruption
usually exists to fast track the administrative bureau tic procedure and regulations.
Therefore, it is generally referred as ‘facilitating payments’. The general perception
about this kind of corruption is that people indulge in order to meet their living
expenses. Thus the need a reason is applied to this form of corruption. The grand type
of corruption is associated with high level bureaucracy. The greed and lust for power is
the main factors behind this type of corruption. The political corruption is related to
politicians. The expensive election campaigns dispense the political favor from the
colleagues and to keep the sub-ordinates happy, cooperative and loyal, and lust for
power is few factors which inspire the politicians for corruption. The incidence of
corruption varies in rate of existence in society. It may be rare, widespread and
systemic.

The corruption which is not deeply rooted in the entire edifice of the government
known as rare corruption. Further, it is easy to detect and control, and the culprit can
easily be punished, whereas, the corruption which is permeated in all the sphere of life
is called as widespread corruption, and it is difficult to detect and control. However, in
case of systemic corruption, it becomes the way of life and it is very difficult to
overcome. In Pakistan the prevalent corruption is perceived as widespread and
systemic. It has deeply ingrained in society and government at all levels. Islam is the
religion of high values and ethics and strongly condemns the corruption in all its forms.

Islam provides complete code of life. It is replete with moral standards, ethics,
values and norms of behavior which facilitates the Muslims to run the daily affairs of
personal, professional and business life in more disciplined way. Islam condemns the
corruption in it's every form i.e. bribery, unlawful hoarding and earning, extortion,
embezzlement. Hazart Muhammad (PBUH) said about the hoarding;

“Whoever withholds cereals that may become scarce and dear is a sinner” (Mishkat-
12:8) Furthermore, Islam lays great importance on the lawful earning. Hazart
Muhammad said in this context;

“Earning of lawful livelihood is a duty only next to importance to the duty (of prayers)”

Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the staunch opponent of the corruption. He
advocated the policy of strict action against the corruption doer. In this regard, he said
that;
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“One of the biggest curses is the bribery and corruption. That’s really is a poison, we
must put it down with iron hand”

The corruption is perceived as universal. It exists in all countries i.e. developed

and developing, in all sectors i.e. public and private, autonomous or semi-autonomous
as well as in non-profit and charitable organization; however, it varies in magnitude
and frequency. In some countries it is infused in lesser scale than the other countries.
In Pakistan the corruption has become systemic on large scale. Pakistan has remained
the prey of corruption since its inception, despite that fact that Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder as well as the first Governor General of Pakistan
denounced the existence the corruption. Therefore, due to the continuity of corruption
it has become the way of life now. In a country over a period of years particularly
during 1990’s many government became the victims of the rampant corruption. In a
recent report presented by Transparency International, Pakistan’s corruption
perception index declined to 2.3 in 2010 against 2.4 in 2009 and out of 178 counties, its
ranking as most corrupt country jumped from 42 in 2009 to 34 in 2010. There are
several factors responsible for the existence of prevalent corruption in the country.

The major factors are responsible for the pervasive corruption in the country is
the poor governance on and the dismal performance on the part of institutions. It is a
fact of matter that the very foundation of any institution lays in the process of
appointment. If such process is carried out transparently, the institution becomes the
model of efficiency and performance. However, in Pakistan the appointments are being
made on the basis of favoritism and nepotism at a great extent. Therefore, the
development and innovation in these institutions remain stagnant, rather these
become the hub of politics. Consequently, the institutions become the burden on the
country’s exchequer. In Pakistan there are many profit-earning institutions which have
been running in a loss during many years. These include; steel Mill, Pakistan Railway,
Wapda, etc. Though the governments have made efforts for handling the corruption
like Pakistan penal code of 1960, the prevention of corruption Act of 1947, and the
National Accountability Ordinance , however, these efforts remain elusive on the side
of implementation due to absence of a political will to carry out this gigantic task. Mr.
Shoukat Ali Tarin, former Finance Minister publicly acknowledged and pointed out
about the existence of 500 billion rupee corruption in Federal Bureau of Revenue
(FBR), tax collecting institution. But the government does not seem to take any strong
measures to nip the corruption in the bud.

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 Other factor conducive to such a rampant corruption in a country is the meager
income of the employees. The minimum wages set by the government, and salaries
given to lower grade employees do not keep the body and soul together. The
government increases pay at once in a year, however, the prices of consumer goods
soar on the daily basis. In a recent year it is recorded that the prices rose on 18 months
high. Pays and prices tend the employees to the corruption to make both ends meet.
This gap in the prices and pays engender the corruption. The presence of corruption a
country has extensively and devastating effect on society and country.

The existence of corruption weakened the very foundation of society and country.
The presence of corruption and corrupt practices in a society distract a man from
ethics, humanely attitude, tradition, civics and laws. It degrades the morality of the
people which leads to violence or dissension among the people. It deteriorates the
quality of governance. The corruption and corrupt practices are indicative of breaches
in the governance edifice. They pose serious threats to the sanctity of ethical and
democratic values and weaken the administrative, social and political institutions. The
economic reform in a country demand greater transparency, accountability, free and
fair competition, however, the corruption and corrupt practices place restraint on the
country’s capacity to undertake economics reforms and make some substantial
progress in the development of a country. Corruption has also adverse impact on the
private investment, both domestic and foreign which are considered very harmful to a
developing economy. This impact on the economy lead to inflation and unemployment
in the country. The direct impact of corruption in Pakistan could be witnessed in the
rise of food commodities, which according to the Federal Bureau of Statistics, had
increased up to 120 percents in the last one year. It plays significant role in widening
the gap between the rich and poor. The pervasive corruption cannot be eradicated in a
day, however, it requires well-woven plan along with effective implementation.

Government is required to ensure the rule of law in a strict sense. The law of rule
means equal application of law, equal protection by law, and equality before law.
Without rule of law, the institutions get weak and become hatcheries of corrupt
practices. The government must provide the effective mechanism for implementation
of rule of law without any discrimination. The application of rule of law in a letter and
spirit requires political will to carry out such a colossal task to eradicate the corruption.
The government has already made serious efforts to combat the scourge of corruption,
however, all these efforts are in vain due to the absence of political will. Once the
people are convinced that the government is serious about fighting the corruption, they
will provide their support in resolving the problem. A publicity campaign to create
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awareness among the people on the adverse effects of corruption is indispensible to
combat the corruption. A responsible press to gather, analyze, organize and
disseminate the information is vital to create the great public awareness and to provide
the impetus for undertaking reforms to overcome the corruption.

Moreover, Islam obviously condemns the corruption and provides means and
mechanism to curb the corruption. Therefore, the corruption may be eradicated on
adherence to Islamic teaching.

It is concluded that the Corruption issue is that corruption is a symptom of deep-

seated and fundamental economic, political and institutional weaknesses and
shortcomings in a country. It has severally affected the state of governance, has
shackled the economy, has distracted the man from ethics, humanely attitude,
tradition, civics and laws. To be effective, measures against corruption must therefore
address these underlying causes and not the symptoms. Government must ensure the
rule of law i.e. equal application of law, equal protection by law, and equality before
law, effective and impartial accountability. Media also plays significant role in creating
the awareness among masses and government plan to curb the pervasive corruption
with an iron hand.

13. GLOBALIZATION:
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Until recently, many organizations and individuals alike supported globalization.
The political climates in the United States and Europe, however, have shown that there
are different viewpoints on its results.

It has become clear that globalization can produce a variety of results; companies
and individuals can implement globalization best practices to increase the benefits
while mitigating the risks to improve our collective futures. In this post, we’ll talk about
some of the main globalization benefits and challenges.

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What are the Benefits of Globalization?

Improved Living Standards

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 One of the main benefits of globalization is the massive rise in living standards in
developing nations. According to the World Bank, extreme poverty has been reduced
by 35% since 1990. Further, the first Millennium Development Goal target to cut the
1990 poverty rate in half by 2015 was achieved five years ahead of schedule, in 2010.
Nearly 1.1 billion people have moved out of extreme poverty since then.

These same countries also have access to huge technological improvements

without going through the difficulties that developed nations have experienced. For
example, developing countries in Africa did not have an extensive land-line phone
network before mobile phones permeated the market. Many African markets skipped
landlines, avoiding the huge setup costs. In developed nations, phone companies still
maintain aging, outdated systems.

Increased Creativity and Innovation

Global competition can encourage creativity and innovation, helping companies

to stay one step ahead of competitors. This drive toward quality and price can improve
products and keeps costs low. The free movement of labor and capital means that ideas
from developing nations can drive innovation around the world.

Before globalization, getting funding for an idea in an underdeveloped country

was extremely difficult. Since communications have evolved, individuals without access
to funding can still make a difference in both their home market and around the world.

Lowered Costs for Goods and Services

Lowered costs help people in both developing and developed countries live better
on less money. Huge cost reductions from inexpensive manufacturing and logistics
have lowered the cost of living for everyone around the world. The world trade system
has also created an unprecedented variety of food at lower costs.

Easy Access to Foreign Culture

Globalization has also made it easier to access foreign culture, including food,
movies, music, and art. The free flow of people, goods, and information has made it
possible to have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite
Norwegian death metal band and stream the latest Brazilian movie.

What are the Challenges of Globalization?

Job Mobility

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 One of the most common critiques of the global trade system is how it ships jobs,
especially manufacturing jobs, from less developed countries to developing countries.
Lower-skilled workers who lose manufacturing jobs in developed countries often have a
difficult time finding new, comparably compensated work. Job loss in developed
countries creates a double-strain on those countries’ social welfare systems. More
people are in need of help, and job loss leads to lower tax revenues that are needed to
fund these social welfare systems.

Western Dominance

Despite huge growth in emerging markets, the Western developed world still
holds the reigns on international order and on how capital flows from country to
country. For example, organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank make it simple to acquire a loan. Western values, however, are not
universal; applying them to non-western countries can bring disastrous financial
results. Even worse, some ways that the developed world tries to help the developing
world deepens poverty rather than alleviating it.

Loss of Cultural Identity

While globalization has made foreign cultures easier to access, it has also begun
to meld cultures together. The success of certain cultures throughout the world have
caused other countries to emulate these lifestyles and culture. When cultures begin to
lose their distinctive features, we lose our global diversity.

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14. Labour And Productivity Definition Important And

Measurement

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 In whole economics, labour is one of the general bodies of wage earner. But in
classical economics, labour is one of the three factors of production that along with
capital and land. Besides that, labour can be used to describe the work performance
that include any valuable service showed by a human agent in the production of wealth,
which other than accumulation and provide capital. In the modern economic life,
labour is performed for the sake of its product or a share of the aggregate product of the
community’s industry. The wage rate or price per unit of time is commanded by a
particular kind of labour in the market. It depends on a number of variables such as the
technical efficiency of the worker, the demand for the person’s particular skills and also
the supply of similarly skilled workers. Other variables that influence labour are
included training, experience, intelligence, social status, prospects for advancement
and also the relative difficulty of the work. All of these factors will make it impossible
for economists to distribute a standard value to labour. Instead, economists always
quantify labour hours that according to the quantity and value of the goods and
services which produced in the market.

Besides that, the labour also can be defined as the aggregate of all human
physical and mental effort that used in creation of goods and services. Because of the
labour is primary factor of production. The size of a nation’s labour force is determined
by the size of population and extents to community are either working or prepared to
offer their labor for wages.

There are several characteristics of labour. First, labour is inseparable from

labourer. This is because labourer cannot work without his labour. Whatever the labour
performs is based on their result of their mental and physical exertion. Therefore,
labour and labourer cannot be separated from each other. Another reason is the main
driving force of labourer is their labour. It may not happen that when labourer remains
at home and ask their labour to go for work. It is covert to present within a human
being.

The second characteristics of labour are a person is indispensable for production.

The matter of fact production is not possible without labour. This is because labour is
necessary to activate the production process. The reason is every aspect of production
ranging from purchase of raw material to final distribution in market completely
depends upon labour. As a general rule, the efficient labour in the industrial will gives
the efficient production.

Third, the other important characteristics of labour are a person is perishable by

natural law. It perishes with a passage of time. Since labour is present within a human
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being, so at the end of the laboures life means an end of labour as well. Besides that, the
labour cannot be stored. Once we lost of the labour, it may be difficult for them to make
up every single prod…

1. Pakistan, China enter second stage of free trade

• Pakistan and China on April 28, 2019 embarked on the new phase of the China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor by signing memoranda of understanding (MoUs) on the
first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and socio-economic development and a new
agreement on free trade.

• The MoUs and the second stage Free Trade Agreement (FTA) were signed towards the
conclusion of Prime Minister Imran Khan`s second trip to China in six months.

• The prime minister`s latest visit to Beijing was for attending the second Belt and
Road Forum and talks with the Chinese leadership on the expanded CPEC. The earlier
visit was more about the future course of the CPEC after the change of government in
Pakistan and soliciting Beijing`s help for dealing with the balance of payments crisis.

• PM Khan in his meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping assured him of Pakistan`s
`unflinching commitment` to the CPEC and hailed its next phase, which includes
newer areas like agriculture, industrial development and socio-economic uplift with
livelihood projects.

2. Privatisation of seven PSEs to be discussed with IMF

• The government has firmed up a plan for privatisation and restructuring of major
public sector entities (PSEs) as part of the proposed medium-term economic and
financial policies.

• This will be part of discussions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) this week
for a three-year bailout package under which the provinces have agreed in principle on
a single sales tax pro forma that will ultimately lead to a single value-added tax (VAT)
regime.

• Informed sources said the government was not committing with the IMF divestment
of any of the lossmaking entities at this stage and these would be passed through a
restructuring phase, but transactions of seven mostly profitable and efficient entities
would be completed in the first year i.e. fiscal year 2019-20.

3. Woman minister removed from GB cabinet

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• Gilgit-Baltistan Chief Minister Hafeezur Rehman has removed the only female
member of his cabinet, Sobia Muqaddam, for her continued absence from official
meetings, travelling abroad without permission and lack of interest in government
affairs.

• According to a press release issued by the Chief Minister House on April 28, 2019, Mr
Rehman said minister for youth affairs and women development Sobia Muqaddam was
not serious in fulfilling her duties and remained absent from cabinet meetings and her
ministry`s affairs for last six months.

• The chief minister also sought explanation from the woman minister many times for
her non-serious attitude but she didn`t respond and refused to meet the chief minister.

• It said the vacant ministry would be given to an `active` member of GB Assembly to

ensure that the affairs of the ministry did not suffer.

4. CM becomes head of Buzdar tribe

• The ceremony of turban tie of Punjab Chief Minister Sardar Usman Buzdar took place
at Barthi which was attended by eminent leaders of Baloch tribes. Respectable
members and seniors of Buzdar tribe were also present at this ceremony after which he
was nominated as their leader.

• The tradition of AAS ROTI for (late) Sardar Fateh Muhammad Khan father of CM was
arranged and Fateha was offered to bless the departed soul and to seek forgiveness for
him.

5. Khalilzad, Wells due today for talks on Afghan peace efforts

• Another round of talks between Pakistan and the United States on Afghan peace
process will start here from April 28, 2019 (today).

• US Special Representative for Afghan Reconciliation Zalmay Khalilzad and Principal

Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, South and Central Asia, Alice Wells, will be
arriving the same day to participate in the negotiations.

• The two sides will hold meetings as part of `regular consultation on bilateral
relationship and Afghan peace process`.

• Ambassador Khalilzad warned that there would be no enduring peace in Afghanistan

unless the Taliban adapted to the changes that had swept the country since they were
ousted in 2001, adds AFP.
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• Mr Khalilzad made the comments during a visit to Kabul on April 28, 2019.

6. 270 poll officials die from overwork in Indonesia

• Ten days after Indonesia held the world`s biggest single-day elections, more than 270
election staff have died, mostly of fatigue-related illnesses caused by long hours of work
counting millions of ballot papers by hand.

• The April 17 elections were the first time the country of 260 million people combined
the presidential vote with national and regional parliamentary ones, with an aim to cut
costs.

• Voting was largely peaceful and was estimated to have drawn 80 per cent of the total
193 million voters, who each had to punch up to five ballot papers in over 800,000
polling stations.

• As of Saturday night, 272 election officials had died, mostly from overwork-related
illnesses, while 1,878 others had fallen ill, said Arief Priyo Susanto, spokesman of the
General Elections Commission (KPU).

7. Ukraine`s president-elect Zelensky offers passports to Russians

• Centrist Republican Richard Lugar, a soft-spoken foreign policy powerhouse who

championed nuclear nonproliferation during 36 years in the US Senate, died on April
28, 2019 at age 87.

• Lugar, a professorial Midwesterner known for his keen intellect and mild demeanour,
served as mayor of Indianapolis from 1968 to 1975 before his long stint in the Senate
from 1977 to 2013. He was the longest-serving senator ever from Indiana.

• Lugar was an influential Republican voice on foreign policy. Lugar, a former Rhodes
scholar and an avid runner into his 70s, served as chairman of the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee and also headed the Agriculture Committee. He unsuccessfully
sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1996.

8. US refuses to share data on F-16s with India

• The United States government has declined to share with India information on the
use of F-16 fighter jets by the Pakistan Air Force during a recent dogfight.

• `Soon after we were informed by the Indian side about Pakistan using F-16 aircraft on
Feb 27, we informed the Indians that we will not be sharing any information on the
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subject as it is a bilateral matter between the US and Pakistan,` a US official told
Indian Express.

• The official said that India understood the US position, which was not India or
Pakistan-specific. `If a third country tomorrow wants information about the C130 or
C17 or Apaches that the IAF uses, our answer would be the same. It is a bilateral matter
between India and the US,` the official added.

• The Indian Air Force had complained to the Pentagon in March that Pakistan had
violated the end user agreement on F-16 by using the jets for offensive against India.
The IAF also displayed parts of an AMRAAM beyond visual range airto-air missile to
prove its claim that Pakistan deployed US-made F-16 fighter jets during the Feb 27
dogfight with its planes.

9. Ukraine`s president-elect Zelensky offers passports to Russians

• President-elect Volodymyr Zelensky dismissed an offer by Vladimir Putin to provide

passports to Ukrainians, and pledged instead to grant citizenship to Russians who
`suffer` under the Kremlin`s rule.

• The Russian president on April 28, 2019 said Moscow was considering plans to make
it easier for all Ukrainians to obtain Russian citizenship, after it earlier moved to grant
passports in the country`s separatist east.

• Kiev has been fighting Moscow-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine since 2014 in a war
that has killed 13,000.

10. Man swam for 54 days to break world record

• Six years ago, Martin Hobbs had never swum a mile. This week, he cemented a world
record by swimming 361 miles — the full length of Lake Malawi in Africa.

• Hobbs, 45, set the record for longest solo swim in a lake and became the first person
to swim the entirety of Lake Malawi after swimming for 54 days in a row.

• The South African swimmer started his athletic career as a competitive off-road biker
and marathoner, but after fracturing a disk in his back, he was told he could no longer
ride a bike or run. Swimming was the only endurance sport left. The open water gave
him a way to come back from his devastating injury and also gave him motivation to
embark on a new adventure.

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• Hobbs technically broke the Guinness World Record last week, but kept swimming to
reach the end of the lake.

15. GREAT NATIONS WIN WITHOUT FIGHTING

OUTLINE
Introduction

Characteristics of Great Nation

– Unity Faith and Discipline

Striving for Better

Respect for Rule of Law and their Institutions

Sense of ownership: Proud Patriotism

How Great Nations win without Fighting?

Through a careful mix of domestic and foreign policiesa) Domestic Policies of a Great
Nation

Development of Strong Institutions

Rule of Law

Human Resource Development

Continuity of Policies

Modernization of systems and technology

b) Foreign Conduct of a Great Nation

– Policy of Isolation: Look inwards policy

– Strong co-operation in the region

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– Forging Alliances in the world

Fight: Matter of Last Resort

Competition: A positive form of fight

Islamic view of Fight

Conclusion

Great Nations Win without Fighting

Outline

A. Thesis Statement.

B. What is a nation?

C. How a Nation becomes great?

D. Nations which lost form fighting.

a. Napoleonic France

b. Hitler’s Germany

c. Russia as USSR

d. USA in Iraq and Afghanistan

e. North Korea Vs South Korea

E. Nations which won without Fighting.

a. China’s epitome: Rise of Economic red Giant

b. Japan’s renaissance after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki catastrophe

c. Europe after the Bloodshed and disastrous World Wars

d. Asian Tigers and ASEAN

e. USA-Iran’s glorious Nuclear Deal

F. How great nations win without Fighting.

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a. Avoiding hostile and belligerent attitude; Keeping Sovereign, Peaceful and
Harmonious FP.

b. Economic regionalism and Globalization, Holistic infrastructural growth and

Inclusive institutional policies.

c. “Great Nations fore mostly seeks to fight in classrooms of Universities”.

d. Political and Public stable government; rule of People and Acme of Governance by
achieving MGDs and SDGs.

e. Dialogue only way forward and best approach to mitigate and curb any impasse,
gridlock, bone of contention and war (Civil or conventional).

f. Freedom of Speech, pluralistic society, secured human rights and Gender equality.

g. Last but not least a Deterrent security policy, Minimum yet comprehensive defence
capability; Bulwark of Deterrence.

G. Islamic Teachings and Prophet Muhammad’s role as Peacemaker.

a. Islamic concept of welfare (Great) state.

b. Conquest of Makkah: Bloodless Conquest in the World’s History

c. Treaty of Hadiyba: epochal epitome of Diplomacy of a Great nation

H. How Pakistan can become Great Nation.

a. Balancing the odds of Security and Welfare state.

b. Facing the menace of Terrorism with dialogue as first priority and force as last.

c. Peaceful and non-confronted relations with neighbors including India.

d. Exploiting the Issue of Kashmir diplomatically, morally and politically only, at UN

and other IOs.

e. Acme of Governance, Inclusive Institution, Exports-based Economy.

f. Completing and achieving MDG of Education, health, Socio-political Development.

Conclusion

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