Mathematics in Physics

Chapter
CONTENTS
0.1 Introduction
0.2 Algebra
0.3 Trigonometry
0.4 Logarithm
0.5 Graphs
0.6 Differential calculus
0.7 Integral calculus
0.8 General formulae for area and volume
0.9 Introduction of vector
0.10 Types of vector
0.11 Triangle law of vector addition of two vectors
0.12 Parallelogram law of vector addition of two vectors
0.13 Polygon law of vector addition
0.14 Subtraction of vectors
0.15 Resolution of vector into components
0.16 Rectangular components of 3-D vector
0.17 Scalar product of two vectors
0.18 Vector product of two vector
0.19 Lemi's theorem

This famous book of mathematics
"PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA"
0.20 Relative velocity was written by all time great physicist
Sir Isaac Newton.
Sample Problems
Practice Problems
Answer Sheet of Practice Problems

2 Mathematics In Physics
0.1 Introduction.
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes very easier to describe, understand and apply the
physical principles, if we have a good knowledge of mathematics.
For example : Newton’s law of gravitation states that every body in this universe attracts every other body
with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
m 1m 2 Gm 1 m 2
This law can be expressed by a single mathematical relationship F  2
or F 
r r2
The techniques of mathematics such as algebra, trigonometry, calculus, graph and logarithm can be used
to make predictions from the basic equation.
If we are poor at grammar and vocabulary, it would be difficult for us to communicate our feelings,
similarly for better understanding and expressing of physics the basic knowledge of mathematics is must.
In this introductory chapter we will learn some fundamental mathematics.
0.2 Algebra.
(1) Quadratic equation : An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation. Standard
quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0
Here a is called the coefficient of x2, b is called the coefficient of x and c is a constant term, x is the variable
whose value (roots of the equation) are to be determined
 b  b 2  4 ac
Roots of the equation are : x 
2a
This formula can be written as
 Coefficien t of x  (Coefficien t of x ) 2  4 (Coefficien t of x 2 )  (Constant term)

x
2(Coefficien t of x 2 )
Note :  If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation then

b c
Sum of roots  +  = – and product of roots =
a a
Problem 1. Solve the equation 10 x 2  27 x  5  0
Solution : By comparing the given equation with standard equation a = 10, b = – 27, and c = 5
Mathematics In Physics 3
 b  b 2  4 ac  (27 )  (27 ) 2  4  10  5 27  23
x  
2a 2  10 20
27  23 5 27  23 1
 x1   and x 2  
20 2 20 5
5 1
 Roots of the equation are and .
2 5
(2) Binomial theorem : If n is any number positive, negative or fraction and x is any real number, such
that x < 1 i.e. x lies between – 1 and + 1 then according to binomial theorem
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
(1  x )n  1  nx  x  x  .....
2! 3!
Here 2 ! (Factorial 2) = 2  1, 3 ! (Factorial 3) = 3  2  1 and 4 ! (Factorial 4) = 4  3  2  1
Note :  If |x| << 1 then only the first two terms are significant. It is so because the values of second
and the higher order terms being very very small, can be neglected. So the expression can be
written as
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx
(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx
(1 – x)n = 1 – nx
(1 – x)–n = 1 + nx
Problem 2. Evaluate (1001)1/3 upto six places of decimal.
Solution : (1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 = 10(1 + 0.001)1/3
n(n  1) 2
By comparing the given equation with standard equation (1  x )n  1  nx  x  ......
2!
x = 0.001 and n = 1/3
 1 1  2 
   1   (.001 ) 
1 3  3   1 
 10 (1  0 . 001 )1 / 3  10 1  (0 . 001 )   ....   10 1  0 . 00033  (0 . 000001 )  .... 
 3 2!   9 
 
 
 10 [1 . 0003301 ]  10 . 003301 (Approx.)
Problem 3. The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at a height h above the surface of earth is given by
gR 2
g'  . If h  R then
(R  h) 2
 h  2h   h  2h 
(a) g '  g  1   (b) g '  g  1   (c) g '  g  1   (d) g '  g  1  
 R  R   R  R 
2 2 2  2 
 R   1   h h (2) (3)  h 
Solution : (b) g'  g  = g  = 1    g 1  (2)     ....... 
 R h 1  h / R   R  R 2!  R  
 2h  h
g'  g1   ( if h  R then by neglecting higher power of .)
 R  R
(3) Arithmetic progression : It is a sequence of numbers which are arranged in increasing order and
having a constant difference between them.
Example : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …… or 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …..
In general arithmetic progression can be written as a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 …….
(i) nth term of arithmetic progression a n  a 0  (n  1)d
a0 = First term, n = Number of terms, d = Common difference = (a1 – a0) or (a2 – a1) or (a3 – a2)
n
(ii) Sum of arithmetic progression S n  2a 0  (n  1)d   n a 0  an 
2 2
Problem 4. Find the sum of series 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25
Solution : Sn 
n
a 0  a n   7 7  25  = 112 [As n = 7; a0 = 7; an = a7 = 25]
2 2
(4) Geometric progression : It is a sequence of numbers in which every term is obtained by

multiplying the previous term by a constant quantity. This constant quantity is called the common ratio.
Example : 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 …… or 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …….
In general geometric progression can be written as a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ….
Here a = first term, r = common ratio
a(1  r n )
(i) Sum of ‘n’ terms of G.P. Sn  if r < 1
1r
a (r n  1)
Sn  if r > 1
r 1
a
(ii) Sum of infinite terms of G.P. S  if r < 1
1r
a
S  if r > 1
r 1
q q q
Problem 5. Find the sum of series Q  2 q     ......
3 9 27
 q q q 
Solution : Above equation can be written as Q  q  q     ...... 
 3 9 27 
 
 q  3 5
By using the formula of sum of infinite terms of G.P. Q  q   q q q
1  1  2 2
 3 
(5) Some common formulae of algebra

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
(iii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(iv) (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
(v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(vi) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(vii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(viii) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
(ix) a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  b 2  ab )
(x) a 3  b 3  (a  b )(a 2  b 2  ab )
a c ab cd
(6) Componendo and dividendo method : If  then 
b d ab cd
0.3 Trigonometry.
Arc AB S
Angle ( )    (formula true for radian only) B
Radius OA r S

unit of angle is radian or degree O A
r
relation between radian and degree :
2 radian = 360o; 1 radian = 57.3o

(1) Trigonometric ratio : In right angled triangle ABC, the largest side AC, which is opposite to the
right angle is called hypotenuse, and if angle considered is  , then side opposite to , AB, will be termed as
perpendicular and BC is called the base of the triangle.
Perpendicu lar AB Hypotenuse AC
sin   cosec    A
Hypotenuse AC Perpendicu lar AB
Base BC Hypotenuse AC
cos    sec   
Hypotenuse AC Base BC
90o 
B
Perpendicu lar AB Base BC C
tan    cot   
Base BC Perpendicu lar AB
(2) Value of trigonometric ratio of standard angles

Angle 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 120o 135o 150o 180o 270o 360o
sin 0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0
cos 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 – 1/2 – – –1 0 1

1/2 3/2
tan 0 1/3 1 3  – 3 –1 – 0 – 0
1/3
(3) Important points :

(i) Value of sin or cos lies between – 1 and +1, however tan and cot can have any real value.
(ii) Value of sec and cosec can not be numerically less than one.
(iii) (90o – ) will lie in first quadrant
Second quadrant First quadrant
(90o + ) will lie in second quadrant (All T-ratio positive)
(Only sin and cosec are
positive)
(180o – ) will lie in second quadrant
(180o + ) will lie in third quadrant Third quadrant Fourth quadrant
(Only tan and cot are (Only cos and sec are
(270o + ) and (0o – ) will lie in fourth quadrant. positive) positive)
(4) Fundamental trigonometrical relation

sin  1 1 1
(i) tan   (ii) cosec   (iii) sec   (iv) cot  
cos  sin  cos  tan 
(v) sin 2   cos 2   1 (vi) sec 2   tan 2   1 (vii) cosec 2  cot 2   1
(5) T-Ratios of allied angles : The angles whose sum or difference with angle  is zero or a multiple of
90° are called angle allied to .
(i) sin( )   sin  cos(  )  cos  tan(  )   tan 
(ii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )  sin  tan( 90 o   )  cot 

(iii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )   sin  tan( 90 o   )   cot 
(iv) sin(180 o   )  sin  cos(180 o   )   cos  tan(180 o   )   tan 
(v) sin(180 o   )   sin  cos(180 o   )   cos  tan(180 o   )  tan 
(vi) sin(270 o   )   cos  cos( 270 o   )   sin  tan( 270 o   )  cot 
(vii) sin(270 o   )   cos  cos( 270 o   )  sin  tan( 270 o   )   cot 
(viii) sin(360 o   )   sin  cos( 360 o   )  cos  tan( 360 o   )   tan 

(ix) sin(360 o   )  sin  cos( 360 o   )  cos  tan( 360 o   )  tan 
Note :  Angle ( 2n    ) lies in first quadrant, if  in an acute angle. Similarly (2n    ) will lie in fourth
quadrant. Where n  0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 Angle ( ) is presumed always lie in fourth quadrant, whatever the value of  .
 If parent angle is 90° or 270° then sin  change to cos  , tan  change to cot  and sec  change
to cos ec  .
 If parent angle is 180° or 360° then no change in trigonometric function
Problem 6. Find the values of (i) cos( 60 o ) (ii) tan 210 o (iii) sin 300 o (iv) cos 120 o (v) sin(1485 o )
1
Solution : (i) cos( 60 o )  cos 60 o 
2
1
(ii) tan( 210 o )  tan(180 o  30 o )  tan 30 o 
3
 3
(iii) sin(300 o )  sin(360 o  60 o )   sin 60 o 
2
1
(iv) cos(120 o )  cos(90 o  30 o )   sin 30 o 
2
1
(v) sin(1485 o )   sin(3  360 o  45 o )   sin 45 o  
2
(6) Addition formulae
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
Putting B = A in these formulae, we get
(iv) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A
(v) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1
2 tan A
(vi) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
Problem 7. If A  60 o then value of sin 2 A will be
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2
3 1 3
Solution : (a) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A  2 sin 60 cos 60  2   
2 2 2
(7) Difference formulae
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
(8) Transformation formulae
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 sin A cos B

cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
If we put ( A  B)  C and ( A  B)  D then on adding and subtracting, we get
CD CD
A and B 
2 2
Putting these values in the above equation we get
CD CD
(i) sin C  sin D  2 sin cos
2 2
CD CD
(ii) cos C  cos D  2 cos cos
2 2
CD CD
(iii) sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
(iv) cos C  cos D  2 sin sin
2 2
(9) The sine and cosine formulae for a triangle : In a triangle ABC of sides a, b, c and angles A, B
and C, the following formulae hold good.
a b c
(i)  
sin A sin B sin C
(ii) a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A
(iii) b 2  c 2  a 2  2 ca cos B
(iv) c 2  a 2  b 2  2 ab cos C
(v) Area of a triangle ABC  S (S  a)(S  b )(S  c) ; where, S  (a  b  c) / 3
0.4 Logarithm.
Logarithm of a number with respect to a given base is the power to which the base must be raised to
represent that number.
If a x  N then log a N  x
Here x is called the logarithm of N to the base a.
There are two system of logarithm : Logarithm to the base 10 are called common logarithms where as
logarithms to the base e are called natural logarithm. They are written as ln.
Conversion of natural log into common log : log e x  2 . 3026 log 10 x
Important formulae of logarithm :
(i) log a (mn )  log a m  log a n (Product formula)
m 
(ii) log a    log a m  log a n (Quotient formula)
n
(iii) log a m n  n log a m (Power formula)
(iv) log a m  log b m log a b (Base change formula)
Note :  Antilogarithm is the reverse process of logarithm i.e., the number whose logarithm is x is called
antilogarithm of x. If log n  x then n = antilog of x
0.5 Graphs.
A graph is a line, straight or curved which shows the variation of one quantity w.r.t. other, which are
interrelated with each other.
In a relation of two quantities, the quantity which is made to alter at will, is called the independent
variable and the other quantity which varies as a result of this change is called the dependent variable.
Conventionally, in any graph, the independent variable (i.e. cause) is represented along x-axis and dependent
variable (i.e. effect) is represented along y-axis.
For example, we want to depict V  IR graphically, in which R is a constant called resistance, V is the
applied voltage (cause) and I (effect) is the resulting current. We will represent voltage on x-axis and current on
y-axis.
Some important graphs for various equations

Y Y

C
 y = mx y = mx + c
X X
O O
m = tan = slope of line with x-axis c = Positive intercept on y-axis and positive slope
Y Y
y = mx – c C  y = – mx + c
X X
O O
C 
Negative intercept and positive slope Positive intercept and Negative slope
Y Y
y2 = kx y2 = – kx
X X
O O
Symmetric parabola about positive X-axis Symmetric parabola about negative X-axis
Y Y
x2 = ky O x2 = – ky
X X
O
Symmetric parabola about positive Y-axis Symmetric parabola about negative Y-axis
Y
Y
y = ax + bx2 y = ax – bx2
X
O
X
O
Asymmetric parabola Asymmetric parabola

Y Y
xy = constant X x2 + y2 = a2
O a
X
O
Rectangular hyperbola Circle of radius 'a'
Y Y
2 2
x y
b
2
 2 1
X a b y = e–kx
O a
X
O
Ellipse of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b. Exponential curve
+1 +1
180o 450o 180o 360o
0
 y = sin  y = cos
90o 270o 360o 540o 0 90o 270o 450o
–1 –1
sine curve cosine curve
0.6 Differential Calculus.

The differential coefficient or derivative of variable y with respect to variable x is defined as the instantaneous
dy
rate of change of y w.r.t. x. It is denoted by Y y = f (x)
dx
Geometrically the differential coefficient of y  f (x ) with respect to x at any 
point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve representing y  f (x ) at that
point X
dy
i.e.  tan  .
dx
dy
Note :  Actually is a rate measurer.
dx
dy
 If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and vice-versa.
dx
dy
 For small change x we use y  . x
dx
ds
Example: (1) Instantaneous speed v =
dt
dv d 2 x
(2) Instantaneous acceleration a  =
dt dt 2
dp
(3) Force F 
dt
d
(4) Angular velocity  
dt
d
(5) Angular acceleration  
dt
dW
(6) Power P 
dt
dL
(7) Torque  
dt
(1) Fundamental formulae of differentiation :
Function Differentiation
If c is some constant d
(c)  0
dx
If y  c x where c is a constant dy d dx
 (c x )  c c
dx dx dx
If y  c u where c is a constant and u is a function of x dy d du
 (c u)  c
dx dx dx
If y = xn where n is a real number dy
 nx n 1
dx
If y = un where n is a real number and u is a function of x dy du
 nu n 1
dx dx
If y = u + v where u and v are the functions of x dy du dv
 
dx dx dx
If y = uv where u and v are functions of x (product formula) dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
u du dv
If y  where u and v are the functions of x (quotient v u
v dy d u  dx dx
  
formula) dx dx v  v2
If y = f (u) and u = f (x) dy dy du
 
dx du dx
If y = (ax + b)n dy d
 n (ax  b )n 1  (ax  b )
dx dx
If y = sin x dy d
 (sin x )  cos x
dx dx
If y = cos x dy d
 (cos x )   sin x
dx dx
If y = tan x dy d
 (tan x )  sec 2 x
dx dx
If y = cot x dy d
 (cot x )  cosec 2 x
dx dx
If y = sec x dy d
 (sec x )  tan x sec x
dx dx
If y = cosec x dy d
 (cosec x )   cot x cosec x
dx dx
If y = sin u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)

 (sin u)  cos u
dx dx dx
If y = cos u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cos u)   sin u
dx dx dx
If y = tan u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (tan u)  sec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = cot u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cot u)  cosec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = sec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (sec u)  sec u tan u
dx dx dx
If y = cosec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cosec u)   cosec u cot u
dx dx dx
If y  log a x dy 1
 log a e
dx x
Problem 8. Differentiate the following w.r.t x
(i) x 3 (ii) x (iii) ax 2  bx  c (iv) 2 x 3  e x (v) 6 log e x  x  7

d
Solution : (i) (x 3 )  3 x 2
dx
1
d 1 1 1 1
(ii) (x )1 / 2  (x ) 2  (x )1 / 2 
dx 2 2 2 x
d d d d
(iii) (ax 2  bx  c)  a (x 2 )  b (x )  (c) = 2 ax  b
dx dx dx dx
d d d x
(iv) (2 x 3  e x )  2 (x 3 )  (e )  6 x 2  e x
dx dx dx
d d d 1/2 d 6 1
(v) (6 log e x  x  7)  6 (log e x )  (x )  (7 )  
dx dx dx dx x 2 x
Problem 9. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
(i) sin x  cos x (ii) sin x  e x
d d d
Solution : (i) (sin x  cos x )  (sin x )  (cos x )  cos x  sin x
dx dx dx
d d d x
(ii) (sin x  e x )  (sin x )  (e )  cos x  e x
dx dx dx
Problem 10. Differentiate the following w.r.t. t
(i) sin t 2 (ii) e sin t (iii) sin(t   )
d d
Solution : (i) (sin t 2 )  cos t 2 (t 2 )  2 t cos t 2
dt dt
d sin t d
(ii) (e )  e sin t (sin t)  e sin t . cos t
dt dt
d d
(iii) [sin(t   )]  cos(t   ). (t   )  cos(t   ). 
dt dt
x2 ex
Problem 11. Differentiate w.r.t. x
log x  20
x2 ex
Solution : Let y  .
log x  20
dy d  x 2  e x 
Then 
dx dx  log x  20 
d d
(log x  20 ) (x 2  e x )  (x 2  e x ) (log x  20 )
 dx dx
(log x  20 ) 2
1 
(log x  20 )(2 x  e x )  (x 2  e x )  0 
x 
 2
(log x  20 )
(2) Maxima and minima : If a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in figure.
It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at x2.
Y
X
O x1 x2
At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to X-axis and hence its slope is tan   0 . But the slope
dy dy
of the curve equals the rate of change . Thus, at a maximum or minimum 0
dx dx
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and just after the maximum it is
dy dy
negative. Thus decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is negative at a maximum. i.e.,
dx dx
d  dy 
   0 at a maximum.
dx  dx 
dy d 2y
Hence the condition of maxima :  0 and 0 (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at such a point
d  dy 
and hence  0
dx  dx 
dy d 2y
Hence the condition of minima :  0 and  0 . (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
1
Problem 12. The height reached in time t by a particle thrown upward with a speed u is given by h  ut  gt 2 . Find
2
the time taken in reaching the maximum height.
dh d 1 2 gt u
Solution : For maximum height 0 [ut  gt 2 ]  u   0 t 
dt dt 2 2 g
Problem 13. A metal ring is being heated so that at any instant of time t in second, its area is given by
t
A  3t 2   2 m2.
3
What will be the rate of increase of area at t  10 sec .
dA d t 1
Solution : Rate of increase of area  (3 t 2   2)  6 t 
dt dt 3 3
 dA  1 181 m 2
   6  10   .
 dt  t 10 sec 3 3 sec
1
Problem 14. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm / sec . Determine the rate of increase in its
2
volume when the radius is 1 cm.
4
Solution : Volume of the spherical bubble V  R 3
3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time
dV d 4 3 4 2 dR dR
  R    . 3 R .  4 R 2
dt dt 3  3 dt dt
dV 1 dR 1
at R  1cm ,  4   (1) 2   2 cm 3 / sec . [Given  cm / sec ]
dt 2 dt 2
Problem 15. Find the angle of tangent drawn to the curve y  3 x 2  7 x  5 at the point (1, 1) with the x- axis.
Solution : y  3x 2  7x  5
dy
Slope of tangent   6x  7
dx
dy
at (1, 1)  1  tan   1    135 o .
dx
0.7 Integral Calculus.

The process of integration is just the reverse of differentiation. The symbol ∫ is used to denote integration.
If f (x ) is the differential coefficient of function F(x ) with respect to x, then by integrating f (x ) we can get
F(x ) again.
(1) Fundamental formulae of integration :
x n 1
 sec
2
x dx  tan x
 x n dx 
n 1
, provided n  – 1
x 0 1
 cos ec
2
x dx   cot x
 dx   x 0 dx 
0 1
x
 (u  v) dx   u dx   v dx  sec x tan x dx  sec x

 cu dx  c  u dx  cosec x cot x dx  cosec x
where c is a constant and u is a function of x.
x n 1 (ax  b )n 1 (ax  b )n 1
 cx n dx  c
n 1  (ax  b )n dx 
d
(n  1) (ax  b )

a(n  1)
dx
dx a a log e ax  b 
x x  (ax  b) dx 
1
dx   log e x  log e (ax  b )
d
(ax  b )
dx
e e ax  b e ax  b
x
dx  e x
 e ax  b dx 
d
(ax  b )

a
dx
ax a cx  d a cx  d
 a x dx 
log e a  a cx  d dx 
log e a
d
(cx  d )

c log e a
dx
tan( ax  b ) tan  ax  b )
 sin x dx   cos x  sec
2
(ax  b ) dx 
d

a
(ax  b )
dx
 cos nx  cot (ax  b)  cot (ax  v)

 sin nx dx   cosec
2
(ax  b ) dx  
n d a
(ax  b)
dx
sec (ax  b ) sec (ax  b )

 cos x dx  sin x  sec (ax  b) tan (ax  b) dx  d

a
(ax  b )
dx
sin nx cosec (ax  b ) cosec (ax  b )

 cos nx dx  n  cosec (ax  b) cot (ax  b) dx  d
(ax  b )

a
dx
(2) Method of integration : Sometimes, we come across some functions which cannot be integrated
directly by using the standard integrals. In such cases, the integral of a function can be obtained by using one
or more of the following methods.
(i) Integration by substitution : Those functions which cannot be integrated directly can be reduced to
standard integrand by making a suitable substitution and then can be integrated by using the standard
integrals. To understand the method, we take the few examples.
(ii) Integration by parts : This method of integration is based on the following rule :
Integral of a product of two functions = first function  integral of second function – integral of
(differential coefficient of first function  integral of second function).
 du 
Thus, if u and v are the functions of x, then  uv dx  u  v dx    dx   v dx  dx
Problem 16. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1
(i) x1/2 (ii) cot 2 x (iii)
1  sin x
x 1 / 2 1 2 3 / 2
Solution : (i)  x 1 / 2 dx 
1
1
 (x )
3
2
 cot  (cosec  cosec  dx   cot x  x

2 2 2
(ii) x dx  x  1)dx  x dx 
1  1 1  sin x  1  sin x 1 sin x

(iii)  1  sin x
dx    1  sin x  1  sin x  . dx   1  sin 2 x
dx   cos 2
x

cos 2 x
dx

= (sec 2 x  tan x sec x )dx  tan x  sec x .
(3) Definite integrals : When a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is called definite
integral. For example,
b
 a
f (x ) dx is definite integral of f (x ) between the limits a and b and is written as
b
 a
f (x ) dx | F(x )| ba  F(b )  F(a)
Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration.
b
Geometrically  a
f (x ) dx equals to area of curve F(x ) between the limits a and b.
6
Problem 17. Evaluate 0
(2 x 2  3 x  5 )dx
6 6
6 6 6 6  2x 3  3x 2 
      5 x 0  144  54  30 = 228.
6
Solution : (2 x 2  3 x  5 )dx  2 x 2 dx  3 x dx  5 dx     
0 0 0 0
 3  0  2  0
Problem 18. Integrate the following

2 1  /2 r2 Kq 1 q 2  /4
(i)  0 x
dx (ii)  0
cos x dx (iii)  r1 r 2
.dr (iv)  0
tan 2 x dx
2 2
Solution : (i) 
1
dx  
2
x 1 / 2  x1/2
dx  

  2x
1/2
  2
0 2 2
0
x 0  1 / 2  0
 /2

(ii)  cos x dx  sin x 0 / 2  sin 1
2
0
r2 r2 r
q1 q 2 1  1 2 1 1 1 1
(iii) k
r1
r2
dx  k q 1 q 2 
r1
r 2
dx = kq 1 q 2     kq 1 q 2     kq 1 q 2   
 r  r1  r2 r1   r1 r2 
 /4  /4

(iv)  tan 2 x dx   (sec
2
x  1)dx  tan x  0 / 4  [ x ] 0 / 4  1 
4
0 o
0.8 General Formulae for Area and Volume.

1. Area of square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length  breadth
1
3. Area of triangle   base  height
2
4. Area enclosed by a circle   r 2 ; where r is radius
5. Surface area of sphere  4  r 2
6. Surface area of cube  6 L2 ; where L is a side of cube

7. Surface area of cuboid  2L  b  b  h  h  L  ; where L= length, b = breadth, h = height
8. Area of curved surface of cylinder  2 rl ; where r = radius, l = length of cylinder
9. Volume of cube  L3
10. Volume of cuboid  L  b  h
4
11. Volume of sphere   r3
3
12. Volume of cylinder   r 2 l
1
13. Volume of cone   r2h
2
0.9 Introduction of Vector.
Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vector algebra are called vectors.
Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, weight, thrust, torque,
angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does not always imply that it is a vector.
For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be satisfied.
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and direction but is still a scalar as it
disobeys the laws of vector algebra.
0.10 Types of Vector.
(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal magnitudes and same
direction.
(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when
(i) Both have same direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple of another vector.
(3) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be anti-parallel when
(i) Both have opposite direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple of another vector.
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can share the same support or have a
common support then the considered vectors are collinear.
(5) Zero vector (0 ) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction (not known to us) is a zero
vector.
(6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. Unit vector for A is Â (read as A cap / A
hat).
Since, ˆ  A  A AA
A ˆ .
A
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
(7) Orthogonal unit vectors : î , ˆj and k̂ are called orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors must form a
Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate system such that when we Curl the y
fingers of right hand from x to y then we must get the direction of z along
thumb). The ˆj
x
î  x , ˆj  y , kˆ  z k̂
x y z î
z
 x  xî , y  yˆj , z  z kˆ
(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application . Example displacement and force
etc.
(9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always along the axis of rotation in
accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque and angular momentum, etc., are example of
physical quantities of this type.
Axial vector Axis of rotation
Anticlock wise rotation Clock wise rotation
Axis of rotation Axial vector
(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vector if they lie in the same plane.
Two (free) vectors are always coplanar.
0.11 Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.

If two non zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in same order then the
resultant is given by the closing side of triangle in opposite order. i.e. R  A  B
 OB  OA  AB
B
(1) Magnitude of resultant vector R  AB
AN B
In  ABN cos    AN  B cos 
B O A
A
BN
sin    BN  B sin 
B
B
In OBN , we have OB 2  ON 2  BN 2
R
 R 2  ( A  B cos  ) 2  (B sin  ) 2 B B sin
 
 R 2  A 2  B 2 cos 2   2 AB cos   B 2 sin 2  O A A N
B cos
 R 2  A 2  B 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  2 AB cos 
 R 2  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
 R A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
(2) Direction of resultant vectors: If  is angle between A and B, then
| A  B|  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
If R makes an angle  with A, then in OBN , then
BN BN
tan   
ON OA  AN
B sin 
tan  
A  B cos 
0.12 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.

If two non zero vector are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant is
given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two vectors.
(1) Magnitude
B C
2 2 2
Since, R  ON  CN
R  AB
2 2 2 B B sin
 R  (OA  AN )  CN B
 

 R 2  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
O A N
A B cos
 R | R | | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
Special cases : R  A  B when  = 0o

R  A  B when  = 180o
R A 2  B 2 when  = 90o
(2) Direction
CN B sin 
tan   
ON A  B cos 
0.13 Polygon Law of Vector Addition.
If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided polygon then the
resultant is given by the closing side or the nth side of the polygon taken in opposite order. So,
R  ABCDE D D C
OA  AB  BC  CD  DE  OE
E C
E B
Note :  Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero.
 Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be zero R B
 Resultant of three non coplanar vectors can not be zero. O A

A
0.14 Subtraction of Vectors.
Since, A  B  A  ( B) and | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

R sum  A  B
 | A  B|  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos (180 o   )
B
Since, cos (180   )   cos 
 1
2 2
 | A  B |  A  B  2 AB cos  2 A
180 – 
B sin  B
tan  1 
A  B cos 
B sin (180   )
and tan  2  R diff  A  ( B )
A  B cos (180   )
But sin(180   )  sin  and cos(180   )   cos 
B sin 
 tan  2 
A  B cos 
Sample problem based on addition and subtraction of vectors
Problem 19. A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the east and then travels distance of 4 km towards
north at an angle of 135° to the east. How far is the point from the starting point. What angle does the
straight line joining its initial and final position makes with the east
(a) 50 km and tan 1 (5 ) (b) 10 km and tan 1 ( 5 )
(c) 52 km and tan 1 (5 ) (d) 52 km and tan 1 ( 5 )
1 N
Solution : (c) Net movement along x-direction Sx = (6 – 4) cos 45° î  2   2 km
2 4 km
6 km
1 45o
Net movement along y-direction Sy = (6 + 4) sin 45° ˆj  10   5 2 km W E(X
2 O )
Net movement from starting point | s |  s x 2  sy 2   2   5 2 

2 2
= 52 km S (Y)
Y  component 5 2
Angle which makes with the east direction tan   
X  component 2
   tan 1 (5 )
Problem 20. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of 12 N at what angle the two vectors be added to get
resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively
(a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180° (c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
Solution : (a) For 17 N both the vector should be parallel i.e. angle between them should be zero.
For 7 N both the vectors should be antiparallel i.e. angle between them should be 180°
For 13 N both the vectors should be perpendicular to each other i.e. angle between them should be 90°
Problem 21. Given that A  B  C = 0 out of three vectors two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude of third
vector is 2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the angles between vectors are
given by
(a) 30°, 60°, 90° (b) 45°, 45°, 90° (c) 45°, 60°, 90° (d) 90°, 135°, 135°
Solution : (d) From polygon law, three vectors having summation zero should form a closed polygon. (Triangle) since
the two vectors are having same magnitude and the third vector is 2
times that of either of two having equal magnitude. i.e. the triangle should

be right angled triangle
Angle between A and B,  = 90º

C B
Angle between B and C,  = 135º

Angle between A and C,  = 135º  A
Problem 22. If A  4î  3 ˆj and B  6î  8 ˆj then magnitude and direction of A  B will be
(a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4 ) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2) (c) 10 , tan 1 (5 ) (d) 25 , tan 1 (3 / 4 )
Solution : (b) A  B  4î  3 ˆj  6î  8 ˆj  10 î  5 ˆj
| A  B |  (10 ) 2  (5) 2  5 5
5 1 1
tan       tan 1  
10 2 2
Problem 23. A truck travelling due north at 20 m/s turns west and travels at the same speed. The change in its velocity
be
(a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W (c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W
Solution : (d) From fig.
v 1  20 ˆj and v 2  20 î
v  v 2  v 1  20 (î  ˆj) v1 =20 m/s
| v |  20 2 and direction   tan 1 (1)  45  i.e. S–W v2 =20 m/s

 O
v – v1
Problem 24. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then magnitude of difference is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 / 2 (d) 5
Solution : (b) Let n̂1 and n̂ 2 are the two unit vectors, then the sum is
n s  nˆ 1  nˆ 2 or n s2  n12  n 22  2n1 n 2 cos   1  1  2 cos 
Since it is given that n s is also a unit vector, therefore 1  1  1  2 cos 
1
or cos    or   120 
2
Now the difference vector is n d  n1  n 2 or nd2  n12  n22  2n1n2 cos   1  1  2 cos(120 )
 n d2  2  2(1 / 2)  2  1  3  nd  3
Problem 25. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at point is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant is 12. If
the resultant is at 90° with the force of smaller magnitude, what are the, magnitudes of forces
(a) 12, 5 (b) 14, 4 (c) 5, 13 (d) 10, 8
Solution : (c) Let P be the smaller force and Q be the greater force then according to problem –
P + Q = 18 ......(i)
R  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos   12 .......(ii)
Q sin 
tan    tan 90  
P  Q cos 
 P  Q cos   0 .......(iii)
By solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we will get P  5, and Q  13
Problem 26. Two forces F1  1 N and F2  2 N act along the lines x = 0 and y = 0 respectively. Then the resultant of
forces would be
(a) î  2 ˆj (b) î  ˆj (c) 3î  2 ˆj (d) 2î  ˆj
Solution : (d) x = 0 means y-axis  F 1  ˆj
y = 0 means x-axis  F 2  2î so resultant F  F 1  F 2  2î  ˆj
Problem 27. Let A  2î  ˆj, B  3 ˆj  kˆ and C  6î  2kˆ value of A  2 B  3 C would be
(a) 20î  5 ˆj  4 kˆ (b) 20î  5 ˆj  4 kˆ (c) 4î  5 ˆj  20 kˆ (d) 5î  4 ˆj  10 kˆ
Solution : (b) A  2 B  3 C  (2î  ˆj)  2(3 ˆj  kˆ )  3(6î  2kˆ )
 2î  ˆj  6 ˆj  2kˆ  18 î  6 kˆ
= 20î  5 ˆj  4 kˆ
Problem 28. A vector a is turned without a change in its length through a small angle d  . The value of | a | and a
are respectively
(a) 0, a d (b) a d , 0 (c) 0, 0 (d) None of these
Solution : (b) From the figure | OA |  a and | OB |  a

B
Also from triangle rule OB  OA  AB  a  | a |  AB a
a A
arc
Using angle   AB = a . d
radius d a
So | a |  a d
O
a means change in magnitude of vector i.e. | OB |  | OA |  a  a  0
So a  0
Problem 29. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes a wall at an angle  and rebounds at the same speed and
same angle. The magnitude of the change in momentum of the object will be
v   v
1 2
0 0
(a) 2m v cos  (b) 2 m v sin  (c) 0 (d) 2 m v
Solution : (a) P 1  m v sin  î  m v cos  ˆj and P 2  m v sin  î  m v cos  ˆj

y
So change in momentum P  P 2  P 1  2 m v cos  ˆj p1

p2
 
|  P |  2 m v cos 
x
0.15 Resolution of Vector Into Components.

Consider a vector R in x-y plane as shown in fig. If we draw orthogonal vectors R x and R y along x and
y axes respectively, by law of vector addition, R  R x  R y
y
Now as for any vector A  A nˆ so, R x  î R x and R y  ˆjR y
Ry R
so R  î R x  ˆjR y .....(i)

x
But from fig R x  R cos  .....(ii) Rx
and R y  R sin  .....(iii)
Since R and  are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the magnitude of the components of R along
x and y-axes respectively.
Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its components, the components themselves can be
used to specify the vector as –
(1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and adding equation (ii) and (iii), i.e.
R R x2  R y2
(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation (iii) by (ii), i.e.
tan   (R y / R x ) or   tan 1 (R y / R x )
0.16 Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector.

R  R x  R y  R z or R  R x î  R y ˆj  R z kˆ
If R makes an angle  with x axis,  with y axis and  with z axis, then
Rx Rx
 cos    l Y
R R x2  R y2  R z2
Ry Ry
 cos    m Ry R
R R x2  R y2  R z2 Rx
X
R Rz
Rz
 cos   z  n Z
R R x2  R y2  R z2
where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector R

R x2  R y2  R z2
l 2  m 2  n 2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
R x2  R y2  R z2
Note :  When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP  xî  yˆj  zkˆ
 When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then its displacement vector

r  (x 2  x 1 )î  (y 2  y 1 )ˆj  (z 2  z 1 )kˆ
Sample problem based on representation and resolution of vector

Problem 30. If a particle moves 5 m in +x- direction. The displacement of the particle will be
(a) 5 j (b) 5 i (c) – 5 j (d) 5 k
Solution : (b) Magnitude of vector = 5 y
Unit vector in +x direction is î 5 î

x
O
So displacement = 5 î
Problem 31. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate system is (3, 2, 5). Then its position vector will be
(a) 3î  5 ˆj  2kˆ (b) 3î  2 ˆj  5 kˆ (c) 5î  3 ˆj  2kˆ (d) None of these
Solution : (b) If a point have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP  xî  yˆj  z kˆ .
Problem 32. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q (3,4,5). Its displacement vector be
(a) î  ˆj  10 kˆ (b) î  ˆj  5 kˆ (c) î  ˆj (d) 2î  4 ˆj  6 kˆ
Solution : (c) Displacement vector r  xî  yˆj  z kˆ  (3  2)î  (4  3)ˆj  (5  5 )kˆ  î  ˆj
Problem 33. A force of 5 N acts on a particle along a direction making an angle of 60° with vertical. Its vertical component
be
(a) 10 N (b) 3 N (c) 4 N (d) 5.2 N
Solution : (d) The component of force in vertical direction will be F cos   F cos 60 
1 y
 5  2 .5 N
2 F
F cos 60o
60o
x
F sin 60o
Problem 34. If A  3î  4 ˆj and B  7î  24 ˆj, the vector having the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is
(a) 5î  20 ˆj (b) 15 î  10 ˆj (c) 20 î  15 ˆj (d) 15 î  20 ˆj
Solution : (d) | B |  7 2  (24 )2  625  25
ˆ ˆ
ˆ  3i  4 j
Unit vector in the direction of A will be A
5
 3î  4 ˆj 
So required vector = 25    15 î  20 ˆj
 5 
 
Problem 35. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z axis. Value of its components (in terms of magnitude of A )
will be
A A 3
(a) (b) (c) 3A (d)
3 2 A
Solution : (a) Let the components of A makes angles ,  and  with x, y and z axis respectively then     
1
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1  3 cos 2   1  cos  
3
A
 A x  A y  A z  A cos  
3
Problem 36. If A  2î  4 ˆj  5 kˆ the direction of cosines of the vector A are

2 4 5 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 5
(a) , and (b) , and (c) , 0 and (d) , and
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
Solution : (a) | A |  (2) 2  (4 ) 2  (5 ) 2  45
2 4 5
 cos   , cos   , cos  
45 45 45
Problem 37. The vector that must be added to the vector î  3 ˆj  2kˆ and 3î  6 ˆj  7 kˆ so that the resultant vector is a
unit vector along the y-axis is
(a) 4î  2ˆj  5 kˆ (b)  4î  2ˆj  5 kˆ (c) 3î  4 ˆj  5 kˆ (d) Null vector
Solution : (b) Unit vector along y axis  ˆj so the required vector  ˆj  [(î  3 ˆj  2kˆ )  (3î  6 ˆj  7 kˆ )]   4î  2 ˆj  5 kˆ
0.17 Scalar Product of Two Vectors.

(1) Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the product of the
magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle between them.
Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle  between them, then their scalar product written
as A . B is defined as A . B  AB cos 
(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is acute (i.e., < 90°)
and negative if angle between them is obtuse (i.e. 90°< < 180°).
(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B  B . A B

(iii) It is distributive, i.e. A . (B  C )  A . B  A . C
(iv) As by definition A . B  AB cos  A
 A.B
The angle between the vectors   cos 1  
 AB 
(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos   max  1, i.e.   0 o , i.e., vectors are
parallel
( A . B)max  AB
(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when | cos  |  min  0, i.e.   90 o
( A . B)min  0
i.e., if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors are orthogonal.
(vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
( A) 2  A . A  AA cos   A 2
i.e., A  A. A
(viii) In case of unit vector n̂
nˆ . nˆ  1  1  cos 0  1 so nˆ . nˆ  î . î  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  1
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors î , ˆj and k̂ , î . ˆj  ˆj . kˆ  kˆ . î  1  1 cos 90  0
(x) In terms of components A . B  (iA x  jA y  k A z ). (iB x  jB y  k B z )  [ A x B x  A y B y  A Z B z ]
(3) Example : (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is defined as, W  Fs cos  .......(i)
But by definition of scalar product of two vectors, F. s  Fs cos  .......(ii)
So from eqn (i) and (ii) W  F.s i.e. work is the scalar product of force with displacement.
(ii) Power P :
dW ds
As W  F.s or  F. [As F is constant]
dt dt
 dW ds 
or P  F . v i.e., power is the scalar product of force with velocity.  As  P and  v
 dt dt 
(iii) Magnetic Flux  : 
ds 
B
Magnetic flux through an area is given by d   B ds cos  ......(i)
But by definition of scalar product B . d s  Bds cos  ......(ii) 
So from eqn (i) and (ii) we have O
d   B . d s or    B.ds
(iv) Potential energy of a dipole U : If an electric dipole of moment p is situated in an electric field E or a
magnetic dipole of moment M in a field of induction B, the potential energy of the dipole is given by :
U E   p . E and U B   M . B
Sample problem based on dot product

Problem 38. A  2î  4 ˆj  4 kˆ and B  4î  2ˆj  4 kˆ are two vectors. The angle between them will be
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
. B a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 24  4 2 4 4
Solution : (d) cos     0
| | .| B | | | .| B | | A | .| B |
   cos 1 (0 )    90 
Problem 39. If two vectors 2î  3 ˆj  kˆ and  4î  6 ˆj  kˆ are parallel to each other then value of  be
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Solution : (c) Let A  2î  3 ˆj  kˆ and B  4î  6 ˆj  kˆ

a1 a2 a3 2 3 1
A and B are parallel to each other   i.e.      2.
b1 b 2 b3 4 6 
Problem 40. In above example if vectors are perpendicular to each other then value of  be
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) – 26 (d) – 25
Solution : (c) If A and B are perpendicular to each other then A . B  0  a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3  0
So, 2(4 )  3(6 )  (1)( )  0    26
Problem 41. If   2î  3 ˆj  kˆ and B  î  3 ˆj  4 kˆ then projection of A on B will be

3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 26 26 13
Solution : (b) |  |  2 2  3 2  (1) 2  4  9  1  14

| B |  (1) 2  3 2  4 2  1  9  16  26
A . B  2 (1)  3  3  (1) (4 )  3
A.B 3
The projection of A on B  
| B| 26
Problem 42. A body, acted upon by a force of 50 N is displaced through a distance 10 meter in a direction making an
angle of 60° with the force. The work done by the force be
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J (c) 300 (d) 250 J
1
Solution : (d) W  F . S  FS cos   50  10  cos 60   50  10   250 J .
2
Problem 43. A particle moves from position 3î  2ˆj  6 kˆ to 14 î  13 ˆj  9 kˆ due to a uniform force of 4î  ˆj  3kˆ N . If the
displacement in meters then work done will be
(a) 100 J (b) 200 J (c) 300 J (d) 250 J
Solution : (a) S  r2  r1
W  F . S  (4î  ˆj  3 kˆ ) . (11î  11 ˆj  15 kˆ )  (4  11  1  11  3  15 )  100 J .
Problem 44. If for two vector A and B , sum ( A  B) is perpendicular to the difference ( A  B) . The ratio of their
magnitude is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
Solution : (a) ( A  B) is perpendicular to ( A  B) . Thus
( A  B) . ( A  B) = 0 or A 2  B . A  A . B  B 2  0
Because of commutative property of dot product A. B  B. A

 A 2  B 2  0 or A  B
Thus the ratio of magnitudes A/B = 1
Problem 45. A force F   K (yî  xˆj) (where K is a positive constant) acts on a particle moving in the x-y plane. Starting
from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x- axis to the point (a, 0) and then parallel to the y-
axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by the forces F on the particle is
(a)  2 Ka 2 (b) 2 Ka 2 (c)  Ka 2 (d) Ka 2
Solution : (c) For motion of the particle form (0, 0) to (a, 0)
F   K (0 î  a ˆj)  F   Kaˆj
Displacement r  (a î  0 ˆj)  (0 î  0 ˆj)  aî
So work done from (0, 0) to (a, 0) is given by W  F . r   Kaˆj . aî  0
For motion (a, 0) to (a, a)
F   K (aî  aˆj) and displacement r  (aî  aˆj)  (aî  0 ˆj)  aˆj
So work done from (a, 0) to (a, a) W  F . r   K (aî  aˆj). aˆj   Ka 2
So total work done   Ka 2

0.18 Vector Product of Two Vector.

(1) Definition : The vector product or cross product of two vectors is defined as a vector having a
magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle between them, and
direction perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in accordance with right hand screw rule.
C  AB
Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as A  B is a vector C defined by
C  A  B  AB sin nˆ
The direction of A  B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane

containing vectors A and B and in the sense of advance of a right
handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B (second vector) through
the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose axis
is perpendicular to the plane framed by A and B is rotated from A to B through the smaller angle between
them, then the direction of advancement of the screw gives the direction of A  B i.e. C
(2) Properties :
(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing these two
vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, though the vectors A and B may or may not be
orthogonal.
(ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e., A  B  B  A [but   B  A]

Here it is worthy to note that
| A  B | | B  A |  AB sin 
i.e., in case of vector A  B and B  A magnitudes are equal but directions are opposite.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained, i.e.
A  (B  C )  A  B  A  C
(iv) As by definition of vector product of two vectors A  B  AB sin nˆ
| A  B | 
So | A  B |  AB sin  i.e.,   sin 1  
| A | | B | 
(v) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin   max  1, i.e.,   90 o
[ A  B]max  AB nˆ
i.e., vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal.
(vi) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be minimum when | sin  |  minimum = 0, i.e.,   0 o or
180 o
[ A  B]min  0
i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
(vii) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is null vector
A  A  AA sin 0 o nˆ  0
(viii) In case of unit vector nˆ  nˆ  0 so that î  î  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, î , ˆj, kˆ in accordance with right hand screw rule :
ˆj ˆj
k̂
î î
k̂
î  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  î and kˆ  î  ˆj
And as cross product is not commutative,
ˆj  î  kˆ kˆ  ˆj  î and î  kˆ  ˆj
î ˆj kˆ
(x) In terms of components A  B  A x Ay A z  î ( A y B z  A z B y )  ˆj( A z B x  A x B z )  kˆ ( A x B y  A y B x )
Bx By Bz
(3) Example: Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, vector physical quantities (particularly
representing rotational effects) like torque, angular momentum, velocity and force on a moving charge in a
magnetic field and can be expressed as the vector product of two vectors. It is well – established in physics
that :
(i) Torque   r  F
(ii) Angular momentum L  r  p
(iii) Velocity v    r
(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by F  q(v  B)
(v) Torque on a dipole in a field  E  p  E and  B  M  B
Sample problem based on vector product

Problem 46. If A  3î  ˆj  2kˆ and B  2î  2ˆj  4 kˆ then value of | A  B | will be
(a) 8 2 (b) 8 3 (c) 8 5 (d) 5 8

î ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b) AB  3 1 2  (1  4  2  2)î  (2  2  4  3)ˆj  (3  2  1  2)kˆ  8î  8 ˆj  8 kˆ
2 2 4
 Magnitude of A  B | A  B |  (8 ) 2  (8 ) 2  (8 ) 2 8 3
Problem 47. In above example a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B will be
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a)  (i  j  k ) (b)  (i  j  k ) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3 3
A B 8î  8 ˆj  8 kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Solution : (c) nˆ    (i  j  k )
| A B| 8 3 3
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A and B they are nˆ   (i  j  k )
3
Problem 48. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are A  3î  6 ˆj  2kˆ and B  2î  ˆj  2kˆ respectively. The
area of the triangle OAB be
5 2 3 5
(a) 17 sq.unit (b) 17 sq.unit (c) 17 sq.unit (d) 17 sq.unit
2 5 5 3
Solution : (a) Given OA  a  3î  6 ˆj  2kˆ and OB  b  2î  ˆj  2kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
 (a  b )  3 6 2  (12  2)î  (4  6)ˆj  (3  12 )kˆ
2 1 2
 10î  10 ˆj  15 kˆ  | a  b |  10 2  10 2  15 2  425  5 17
1 5 17
Area of OAB  | ab|  sq.unit.
2 2
Problem 49. The angle between the vectors A and B is  . The value of the triple product A . (B  A ) is
(a) A 2 B (b) Zero (c) A 2 B sin  (d) A 2 B cos 
Solution : (b) Let A .( B  A)  A . C
Here C  B  A Which is perpendicular to both vector A and B  A. C  0
Problem 50. The torque of the force F  (2î  3 ˆj  4 kˆ )N acting at the point r  (3î  2ˆj  3kˆ ) m about the origin be
(a) 6î  6 ˆj  12 kˆ (b) 17î  6 ˆj  13 kˆ (c)  6î  6 ˆj  12 kˆ (d)  17î  6 ˆj  13 kˆ
î ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b)  r F  3 2 3  (2  4 )  (3  3) î  (2  3)  (3  4 ) ˆj  (3  3)  (2  2)kˆ  17 î  6 ˆj  13 kˆ
2 3 4
Problem 51. If A  B  C, then which of the following statements is wrong

(a) C  A (b) C  B (c) C  ( A  B) (d) C  ( A  B)
Solution : (d) From the property of vector product, we notice that C must be perpendicular to the plane formed by
vector A and B . Thus C is perpendicular to both A and B and ( A  B) vector also must lie in the plane
formed by vector A and B . Thus C must be perpendicular to ( A  B) also but the cross product ( A  B)
gives a vector C which can not be perpendicular to itself. Thus the last statement is wrong.
Problem 52. If a particle of mass m is moving with constant velocity v parallel to x-axis in x-y plane as shown in fig. Its
angular momentum with respect to origin at any time t will be
(a) mvb kˆ (b)  mvb kˆ (c) mvb î (d) mv î
Solution : (b) We know that, Angular momentum

î ˆj kˆ
y
L  r  p in terms of component becomes L  x y z m
px py pz v
b
As motion is in x-y plane (z = 0 and Pz  0 ), so L  k (xp y  yp x )
x
O
Here x = vt, y = b, p x  m v and p y  0
 L  k vt  0  b mv   mvb kˆ
0.19 Lami's Theorem.
In any  A B C with sides a, b, c

180 – 
sin  sin  sin 
  
a b c
c b
i.e., for any triangle the ratio of the sine of the angle containing the side
to the length of the side is a constant.   180 – 
For a triangle whose three sides are in the same order we establish the a
180 – 
Lami's theorem in the following manner. For the triangle shown
abc  0 [All three sides are taken in order] .....(i)
 a  b  c .....(ii)
Pre-multiplying both sides by a
a  (a  b )  a  c  0  a  b  a  c  a  b  c  a .....(iii)
Pre-multiplying both sides of (ii) by b

b  (a  b )   b  c  b  a  b  b  b  c   a  b  b  c  a  b  b  c .....(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we get a  b  b  c  c  a

Taking magnitude, we get | a  b | | b  c | | c  a |
 ab sin(180   )  bc sin(180   )  ca sin(180   )

 ab sin   bc sin   ca sin 
Dividing through out by abc, we have   
a b c
0.20 Relative Velocity.
(1) Introduction : When we consider the motion of a particle, we assume a fixed point relative to which
the given particle is in motion. For example, if we say that water is flowing or wind is blowing or a person is
running with a speed v, we mean that these all are relative to the earth (which we have assumed to be fixed).
Now to find the velocity of a moving object relative to another moving object, consider a particle P whose
 
position relative to frame S is rPS while relative to S  is rPS  . If the position of frames S  relative to S at any

time is r S S then from fig.
Y
   Y P
rPS  rPS   rS S
r
Differentiating this equation with respect to time PS '
r
PS
   X
S
drPS dr dr
 PS   S S rS ' S
dt dt dt S X
    
or v PS  v PS   v S S [as v  d r /dt ]
  
or v PS   v PS  v S S

(2) General Formula : The relative velocity of a particle P1 moving with velocity v 1 with respect to
   
another particle P2 moving with velocity v 2 is given by, v r12 = v 1 – v 2 v1
(i) If both the particles are moving in the same direction then : v2
P2
 r12   1 –  2
P1
(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction, then
:
 r12   1   2
(iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually perpendicular directions, then:
 r12   12   22
 
  1/2
(iv) If the angle between  1 and  2 be , then  r12   12   22 – 2 1 2 cos  .

(3) Relative velocity of satellite : If a satellite is moving in equatorial plane with velocity v s and a

point on the surface of earth with v e relative to the centre of earth, the velocity of satellite relative to the
surface of earth
  
v se  v s  v e
So if the satellite moves form west to east (in the direction of rotation of earth on its axis) its velocity
relative to earth's surface will be v se  v s  v e
And if the satellite moves from east to west, i.e., opposite to the motion of earth, v se  v s  (v e )  v s  v e

(4) Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically with a velocity v R and an observer is moving

horizontally with speed v M the velocity of rain relative to
  
observer will be v RM  v R  v M  – vM 
vR vR
– vR 
which by law of vector addition has magnitude  
vM vM
v RM  v R2  v M2
direction   tan 1 (v M / v R ) with the vertical as shown in fig.


(5) Relative velocity of swimmer : If a man can swim relative to water with velocity v and water is
 
flowing relative to ground with velocity v R velocity of man relative to ground v M will be given by:
     
v  v M  v R , i.e., v M  v  v R
So if the swimming is in the direction of flow of water, v M  v  v R
And if the swimming is opposite to the flow of water, v M  v  v R
(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with velocity  r . A man can swim in still water
with velocity  m . He is standing on one bank of the river and wants to cross the river Two cases arise.
(i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That is to cross the river straight, the man should swim
making angle  with the upstream as shown.

Here OAB is the triangle of vectors, in which A vr B
      
OA  v m , AB   r . Their resultant is given by OB   . The 
 vr
direction of swimming makes angle  with upstream. From w  v
vm
the triangle OBA, we find, 

r r Upstreem O
cos   Also sin   Downstreem
m m
where  is the angle made by the direction of swimming with the shortest distance (OB) across the river.
Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river, then time taken to cross the river will be
given by
w w
t1  
  m –  r2
2
(ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time : The man should swim perpendicular to the bank.
The time taken to cross the river will be:

w A vr B
t2 
m


In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank at a distance AB w vm
vr
down stream. This distance will be given by:

w r
AB   r t 2   r or AB  w Upstreem O Downstreem
m m
Sample problem based on relative velocity

Problem 53. Two trains along the same straight rails moving with constant speed 60 km/hr respectively toward each
other. If at time t  0 , the distance between them is 90 km, the time when they collide is
(a) 1 hr (b) 2 hr (c) 3 hr (d) 4 hr
Solution : (a) The relative velocity v rel.  60  (30 )  90 km / hr .
s rel. 90
Distance between the train s rel.  90 km ,  Time when they collide    1 hr .
v rel. 90
Problem 54. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30 km/hr. They are separated by a
distance of 5 km, the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if it meets these two cars at an
interval of 4 minutes, will be
(a) 40 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr (c) 30 km/hr (d) 15 km/hr
Solution : (b) The two car (say A and B) are moving with same velocity, the relative velocity of one (say B) with respect
to the other A, v BA  v B  v A  v  v  0
So the relative separation between them (= 5 km) always remains the same.
Now if the velocity of car (say C) moving in opposite direction to A and B, is v C relative to ground then
the velocity of car C relative to A and B will be v rel.  v C  v
But as v is opposite to vC so v rel  v c  (30 )  (v C  30 ) km / hr .
d 4 5
So, the time taken by it to cross the cars A and B t     v C  45 km / hr .
v rel 60 v C  30
Problem 55. A steam boat goes across a lake and comes back (a) On a quite day when the water is still and (b) On a
rough day when there is uniform current so as to help the journey onward and to impede the journey
back. If the speed of the launch on both days was same, in which case it will complete the journey in lesser
time
(a) Case (a) (b) Case (b)
(c) Same in both (d) Nothing can be predicted
Solution : (b) If the breadth of the lake is l and velocity of boat is vb. Time in going and coming back on a quite day
l l 2l
tQ    .....(i)
vb vb vb
Now if va is the velocity of air- current then time taken in going across the lake,
l
t1  [as current helps the motion]
vb  va
l
and time taken in coming back t 2  [as current opposes the motion]
vb  va
2l
So t R  t1  t 2  .....(ii)
v b [1  (v a / v b ) 2 ]
tR 1 v a2
From equation (i) and (ii)   1 [as 1   1] i.e. t R  t Q
tQ [1  (v a / v b ) 2 ] v b2
i.e. time taken to complete the journey on quite day is lesser than that on rough day.
Problem 56. A man standing on a road hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws the
umbrella and starts running at 10 km/hr. He finds that raindrops are hitting his head vertically, the speed
of raindrops with respect to the road will be
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 20 km/hr (c) 30 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
Solution : (b) When the man is at rest w.r.t. the ground, the rain comes to him at an angle 30° with the vertical. This is
the direction of the velocity of raindrops with respect to the ground.

Here v rg  velocity of rain with respect to the ground v mg
v mg  velocity of the man with respect to the ground. 30o



and v rm  velocity of the rain with respect to the man, v rg
v rm
We have v r g  v r m  v mg ......(i)
Taking horizontal components equation (i) gives v r g sin 30   v m g  10 km / hr
10
or v r g   20 km / hr
sin 30 
Problem 57. In the above problem, the speed of raindrops w.r.t. the moving man, will be
(a) 10 / 2 km / h (b) 5 km/h (c) 10 3 km / h (d) 5 / 3 km / h
3
Solution : (c) Taking vertical components equation (i) gives v rg cos 30   v rm  20  10 3 km / hr
2
Problem 58. Two cars are moving in the same direction with a speed of 30 km/h. They are separated from each other
by 5 km. Third car moving in the opposite direction meets the two cars after an interval of 4 minutes.
What is the speed of the third car
(a) 30 km/h (b) 35 km/h (c) 40 km/h (d) 45 km/h
Solution : (d) Let v be the velocity of third car, then relative velocity of third car w.r.t. the either car is
v – (– 30) = (v+30) km/h.
Now ( + 30)  (4/60) = 5  v = 45 km/h
Problem 59. To a person, going eastward in a car with a velocity of 25 km/hr, a train appears to move towards north
with a velocity of 25 3 km/hr. The actual velocity of the train will be
(a) 25 km/hr (b) 50 km/hr (c) 5 km/hr (d) 5 3 km/hr
2 2
Solution : (a) v T  v TC  v C2 = (25 3)  (25 ) 2 = 1875  625 = 2500 = 25 km/hr
Problem 60. A boat is moving with a velocity 3i + 4j with respect to ground. The water in the river is moving with a
velocity – 3i – 4j with respect to ground. The relative velocity of the boat with respect to water is
(a) 8j (b) – 6i – 8j (c) 6i +8j (d) 5 2
Solution : (c) Relative velocity = (3i + 4j) – (– 3i – 4j) = 6i + 8j

Problems based on fundamentals of vector
1. How many minimum number of coplanar vectors having different magnitudes can be added to give zero resultant
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
2. A hall has the dimensions 10 m  12 m  14 m . A fly starting at one corner ends up at a diametrically opposite corner. What is the
magnitude of its displacement
(a) 17 m (b) 26 m (c) 36 m (d) 21 m
3. 0 . 4î  0 . 8 ˆj  ckˆ represents a unit vector when c is
(a) – 0.2 (b) 0 .2 (c) 0 .8 (d) 0

4. 100 coplanar forces each equal to 10 N act on a body. Each force makes angle  / 50 with the preceding force. What is the
resultant of the forces
(a) 1000 N (b) 500 N (c) 250 N (d) Zero
5. The magnitude of a given vector with end points (4, – 4, 0) and (– 2, – 2, 0) must be
(a) 6 (b) 5 2 (c) 4 (d) 2 10
6. The angles which a vector î  ˆj  2 kˆ makes with X, Y and Z axes respectively are
(a) 60°, 60°, 60° (b) 45°, 45°, 45° (c) 60°, 60°, 45° (d) 45°, 45°, 60°
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
7. The expression  i j  is a
 2 2 
(a) Unit vector (b) Null vector (c) Vector of magnitude 2 (d) Scalar
8. Given vector A  2î  3 ˆj, the angle between A and y-axis is
(a) tan 1 3 / 2 (b) tan 1 2 / 3 (c) sin 1 2 / 3 (d) cos 1 2 / 3
9. The unit vector along î  ˆj is

î  ˆj î  ˆj
(a) k̂ (b) î  ˆj (c) (d)
2 2
10. A vector is represented by 3 î  ˆj  2 kˆ . Its length in XY plane is
(a) 2 (b) 14 (c) 10 (d) 5

11. Five equal forces of 10 N each are applied at one point and all are lying in one plane. If the angles between them are equal, the
resultant force will be
(a) Zero (b) 10 N (c) 20 N (d) 10 2 N
12. The angle made by the vector A  î  ˆj with x- axis is
(a) 90° (b) 45° (c) 22.5° (d) 30°
13. The value of a unit vector in the direction of vector A  5î  12 ˆj, is
(a) î (b) ˆj (c) (î  ˆj) / 13 (d) (5î  12 ˆj) / 13
14. Any vector in an arbitrary direction can always be replaced by two (or three)
(a) Parallel vectors which have the original vector as their resultant
(b) Mutually perpendicular vectors which have the original vector as their resultant
(c) Arbitrary vectors which have the original vector as their resultant
(d) It is not possible to resolve a vector
15. Angular momentum is
(a) A scalar (b) A polar vector (c) An axial vector (d) None of these
16. If a vector P making angles , , and  respectively with the X, Y and Z axes respectively. Then sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Problems based on addition of vectors
17. Two forces, each of magnitude F have a resultant of the same magnitude F. The angle between the two forces is
(a) 45° (b) 120° (c) 150° (d) 60°
18. For the resultant of the two vectors to be maximum, what must be the angle between them
(a) 0° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 180°
19. A particle is simultaneously acted by two forces equal to 4 N and 3 N. The net force on the particle is
(a) 7 N (b) 5 N (c) 1 N (d) Between 1 N and 7 N
20. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, another vector C lies outside this plane, then the resultant of these three vectors
i.e., A  B  C
(a) Can be zero (b) Cannot be zero
(c) Lies in the plane containing A  B (d) Lies in the plane containing A  B
21. If the resultant of the two forces has a magnitude smaller than the magnitude of larger force, the two forces must be
(a) Different both in magnitude and direction (b) Mutually perpendicular to one another
(c) Possess extremely small magnitude (d) Point in opposite directions
22. Forces F1 and F2 act on a point mass in two mutually perpendicular directions. The resultant force on the point mass will be
(a) F1  F2 (b) F1  F2 (c) F12  F22 (d) F12  F22
23. Find the resultant of three vectors OA, OB and OC shown in the following figure. Radius of the circle is R.
C
B
(a) 2R
45o
45o
(b) R(1  2 ) A
O
(c) R 2
(d) R( 2  1)
24. If | A  B | | A | | B |, the angle between A and B is
(a) 60° (b) 0° (c) 120° (d) 90°

25. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x – y) act so that the resultant may be (x 2  y 2 )
 x 2  y 2   2(x 2  y 2 )   x2  y2   x2  y2 
(a) cos  1   (b) cos 1   2  (c) cos  1    (d) cos  1   
 2(x 2  y 2 )   x  y 2   x2  y2   x2  y2 
      
26. Let the angle between two nonzero vectors A and B be 120° and resultant be C
(a) C must be equal to | A  B | (b) C must be less than | A  B |
(c) C must be greater than | A  B | (d) C may be equal to | A  B |
27. Fig. shows ABCDEF as a regular hexagon. What is the value of AB  AC  AD  AE  AF
E D
(a) AO
(b) 2 AO F C
O
(c) 4 AO
A B
(d) 6 AO
28. The magnitude of vector A, B and C are respectively 12, 5 and 13 units and A  B  C then the angle between A and B is
(a) 0 (b)  (c)  / 2 (d)  / 4
29. Magnitude of vector which comes on addition of two vectors, 6î  7 ˆj and 3î  4 ˆj is
(a) 136 (b) 13 . 2 (c) 202 (d) 160
30. A particle has displacement of 12 m towards east and 5 m towards north then 6 m vertically upward. The sum of these
displacements is
(a) 12 (b) 10.04 m (c) 14.31 m (d) None of these
31. The three vectors A  3î  2 ˆj  kˆ , B  î  3 ˆj  5 kˆ and C  2î  ˆj  4 kˆ form
(a) An equilateral triangle (b) Isosceles triangle (c) A right angled triangle (d) No triangle
32. For the fig.
(a) AB C
C
B
(b) B  C  A
(c) C  A  B A
(d) A  B  C  0
33. Let C  A  B then
(a) | C | is always greater then | A | (b) It is possible to have | C | | A | and | C | | B |
(c) C is always equal to A + B (d) C is never equal to A + B
34. The value of the sum of two vectors A and B with  as the angle between them is
(a) A 2  B 2  2 AB cos  (b) A 2  B 2  2 AB cos  (c) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin  (d) A 2  B 2  2 AB sin 
35. Following forces start acting on a particle at rest at the origin of the co-ordinate system simultaneously
F1  4î  5 ˆj  5 kˆ , F 2  5î  8 ˆj  6 kˆ , F 3  3î  4 ˆj  7 kˆ and F 4  2î  3 ˆj  2kˆ then the particle will move
(a) In x – y plane (b) In y – z plane (c) In x – z plane (d) Along x -axis
36. Following sets of three forces act on a body. Whose resultant cannot be zero
(a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20 (c) 10, 20, 20 (d) 10, 20, 40
37. When three forces of 50 N, 30 N and 15 N act on a body, then the body is
(a) At rest (b) Moving with a uniform velocity (c) In equilibrium (d) Moving with an
acceleration
38. The sum of two forces acting at a point is 16 N. If the resultant force is 8 N and its direction is perpendicular to minimum force
then the forces are
(a) 6 N and 10 N (b) 8 N and 8 N (c) 4 N and 12 N (d) 2 N and 14 N
39. If vectors P, Q and R have magnitude 5, 12 and 13 units and P  Q  R, the angle between Q and R is
5 5 12 7
(a) cos  1 (b) cos  1 (c) cos  1 (d) cos  1
12 13 13 13
40. The resultant of two vectors A and B is perpendicular to the vector A and its magnitude is equal to half the magnitude of vector B.
The angle between A and B is
(a) 120° (b) 150° (c) 135° (d) None of these
41. What vector must be added to the two vectors î  2 ˆj  2kˆ and 2î  ˆj  kˆ , so that the resultant may be a unit vector along x-axis
(a) 2î  ˆj  kˆ (b)  2î  ˆj  kˆ (c) 2î  ˆj  kˆ (d)  2î  ˆj  kˆ
42. What is the angle between P and the resultant of (P  Q) and (P  Q)
(a) Zero (b) tan 1 P / Q (c) tan 1 Q / P (d) tan 1 (P  Q ) /(P  Q )
43. The resultant of P and Q is perpendicular to P . What is the angle between P and Q
(a) cos 1 (P / Q) (b) cos 1 ( P / Q) (c) sin 1 (P / Q) (d) sin 1 ( P / Q)
44. Maximum and minimum magnitudes of the resultant of two vectors of magnitudes P and Q are in the ratio 3 : 1 . Which of the
following relations is true
(a) P  2 Q (b) P  Q (c) PQ  1 (d) None of these
45. The resultant of A  B is R 1 . On reversing the vector B, the resultant becomes R 2 . What is the value of R12  R 22
(a) A2  B2 (b) A 2  B 2 (c) 2( A 2  B 2 ) (d) 2( A 2  B 2 )
46. The resultant of two vectors P and Q is R. If Q is doubled, the new resultant is perpendicular to P. Then R equals
(a) P (b) (P+Q) (c) Q (d) (P–Q)
47. Two forces, F1 and F2 are acting on a body. One force is double that of the other force and the resultant is equal to the greater
force. Then the angle between the two forces is
(a) cos 1 (1 / 2) (b) cos 1 (1 / 2) (c) cos 1 (1 / 4 ) (d) cos 1 (1 / 4 )
48. Given that A  B  C and that C is  to A . Further if | A | | C |, then what is the angle between A and B
  3
(a) radian (b) radian (c) radian (d)  radian
4 2 4
Problems based on subtraction of vectors
49. Figure below shows a body of mass M moving with the uniform speed on a circular path of radius, R. What is the change in
acceleration in going from P1 to P2
P2
(a) Zero
v
2
(b) v / 2R
P1
(c) 2v 2 / R R
v2
(d)  2
R
 
50. A body is at rest under the action of three forces, two of which are F1  4î , F2  6 ˆj, the third force is
(a) 4î  6 ˆj (b) 4î  6 ˆj (c)  4î  6 ˆj (d)  4î  6 ˆj
51. A plane is revolving around the earth with a speed of 100 km/hr at a constant height from the surface of earth. The change in the
velocity as it travels half circle is
(a) 200 km/hr (b) 150 km/hr (c) 100 2 km / hr (d) 0
52. What displacement must be added to the displacement 25î  6 ˆj m to give a displacement of 7.0 m pointing in the x- direction
(a) 18 î  6 ˆj (b) 32î  13 ˆj (c)  18 î  6 ˆj (d)  25 î  13 ˆj
53. A body moves due East with velocity 20 km/hour and then due North with velocity 15 km/hour. The resultant velocity
(a) 5 km/hour (b) 15 km/hour (c) 20 km/hour (d) 25 km/hour
54. A particle is moving on a circular path of radius r with uniform velocity v. The change in velocity when the particle moves from P
to Q is (POQ  40 )
P
r
(a) 2v cos 40 
O 40o v
(b) 2v sin 40 
Q
(c) 2v sin 20  v
(d) 2v cos 20 
55. The length of second's hand in watch is 1 cm. The change in velocity of its tip in 15 seconds is
   2
(a) Zero (b) cm / sec (c) cm / sec (d) cm / sec
30 2 30 30
56. A particle moves towards east with velocity 5 m/s. After 10 seconds its direction changes towards north with same velocity. The
average acceleration of the particle is
1 1 1
(a) Zero (b) m / s2 N  W (c) m / s2 N  E (d) m / s2 S  W
2 2 2
Problems based on scalar product of vectors
57. Consider two vectors F 1  2î  5 kˆ and F 2  3 ˆj  4 kˆ . The magnitude of the scalar product of these vectors is
(a) 20 (b) 23 (c) 5 33 (d) 26
58. Consider a vector F  4î  3 ˆj. Another vector that is perpendicular to F is
(a) 4î  3 ˆj (b) 6 î (c) 7 k̂ (d) 3î  4 ˆj
59. Two vectors A and B are at right angles to each other, when
(a) AB0 (b) A  B  0 (c) AB  0 (d) A . B  0
60. If | V 1  V 2 | | V 1  V 2 | and V2 is finite, then
(a) V1 is parallel to V2 (b) V 1  V 2
(c) V1 and V2 are mutually perpendicular (d) | V 1 | | V 2 |
61. A force F  (5î  3 ˆj) Newton is applied over a particle which displaces it from its origin to the point r  (2î  1ˆj) metres. The work
done on the particle is
(a) – 7 joules (b) +13 joules (c) +7 joules (d) +11 joules
62. The angle between two vectors  2î  3 ˆj  kˆ and î  2 ˆj  4 kˆ is

(a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 180° (d) None of the above
63. The angle between the vectors (î  ˆj) and (ˆj  kˆ ) is
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
64. A particle moves with a velocity 6î  4 ˆj  3 kˆ m / s under the influence of a constant force F  20î  15 ˆj  5 kˆ N . The instantaneous
power applied to the particle is
(a) 35 J/s (b) 45 J/s (c) 25 J/s (d) 195 J/s
65. If P.Q  PQ, then angle between P and Q is

(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60°
66. Two constant forces F1  2î  3 ˆj  3 kˆ (N) and F2  î  ˆj  2kˆ (N) act on a body and displace it from the position
r1  î  2 ˆj  2kˆ (m) to the position r2  7î  10 ˆj  5 kˆ (m). What is the work done
(a) 9 J (b) 41 J (c) – 3 J (d) None of these
67. A force F  5î  6 ˆj  4 kˆ acting on a body, produces a displacement S  6î  5 kˆ . Work done by the force is
(a) 10 units (b) 18 units (c) 11 units (d) 5 units
68. The angle between the two vector A  5î  5 ˆj and B  5î  5 ˆj will be
(a) Zero (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
69. The vector P  aî  aˆj  3 kˆ and Q  aî  2 ˆj  kˆ are perpendicular to each other. The positive value of a is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 13
70. A body, constrained to move in the Y-direction is subjected to a force given by F  (2î  15 ˆj  6 kˆ ) N . What is the work done by
this force in moving the body a distance 10 m along the Y-axis
(a) 20 J (b) 150 J (c) 160 J (d) 190 J
71. A particle moves in the x-y plane under the action of a force F such that the value of its liner momentum (P ) at anytime t is
Px  2 cos t, p y  2 sin t. The angle  between F and P at a given time t. will be
(a)   0  (b)   30  (c)   90  (d)   180 

Problems based on cross product of vectors
72. The area of the parallelogram represented by the vectors A  2î  3 ˆj and B  î  4 ˆj is
(a) 14 units (b) 7.5 units (c) 10 units (d) 5 units
73. For any two vectors A and B if A . B  | A  B |, the magnitude of C  A  B is equal to
AB
(a) A2  B2 (b) A  B (c) A2  B2  (d) A 2  B 2  2  AB
2
74. A vector F 1 is along the positive X-axis. If its vector product with another vector F 2 is zero then F 2 could be
(a) 4 ˆj (b)  (î  ˆj) (c) (ˆj  kˆ ) (d) (4î )
75. If for two vectors A and B, A  B  0, the vectors

(a) Are perpendicular to each other (b) Are parallel to each other
(c) Act at an angle of 60° (d) Act at an angle of 30°
76. The angle between vectors (A  B) and (B  A) is
(a) Zero (b)  (c)  / 4 (d)  / 2
77. What is the angle between ( P  Q) and (P  Q)
 
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 
2 4
78. The resultant of the two vectors having magnitude 2 and 3 is 1. What is their cross product
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
79. Which of the following is the unit vector perpendicular to A and B

ˆ  Bˆ
A ˆ  Bˆ
A AB AB
(a) (b) (c) (d)
AB sin  AB cos  AB sin  AB cos 
80. Let A  î A cos   ˆjA sin  be any vector. Another vector B which is normal to A is
(a) î B cos   j B sin  (b) î B sin   j B cos  (c) î B sin   j B cos  (d) î B cos   j B sin 
81. The angle between two vectors given by 6 i  6 j  3 k and 7 i  4 j  4 k is
 1   5   2   5
(a) cos 1  
 (b) cos 1  
 (c) sin 1  
 (d) sin 1  
 3 
 3  3  3  
82. A vector A points vertically upward and B points towards north. The vector product A  B is
(a) Zero (b) Along west (c) Along east (d) Vertically downward
83. Angle between the vectors (î  ˆj) and (ˆj  kˆ ) is

(a) 90° (b) 0° (c) 180° (d) 60°
84. Two vectors P  2î  bˆj  2kˆ and Q  î  ˆj  kˆ will be parallel if

(a) b = 0 (b) b = 1 (c) b = 2 (d) b= – 4
85. The position vectors of points A, B, C and D are A  3î  4 ˆj  5 kˆ , B  4î  5 ˆj  6 kˆ , C  7î  9 ˆj  3 kˆ and D  4î  6 ˆj then the
displacement vectors AB and CD are
(a) Perpendicular (b) Parallel (c) Antiparallel (d) Inclined at an angle of 60°
86. Which of the following is not true ? If A  3î  4 ˆj and B  6î  8 ˆj where A and B are the magnitudes of A and B
A 1
(a) AB  0 (b)  (c) A . B  48 (d) A = 5
B 2
87. If force (F)  4î  5 ˆj and displacement (s)  3î  6 kˆ then the work done is
(a) 4  3 (b) 5  6 (c) 6  3 (d) 4  6
88. If | A  B | | A . B |, then angle between A and B will be

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°
89. In an clockwise system
(a) ˆj  kˆ  î (b) î . î  0 (c) ˆj  ˆj  1 (d) kˆ . ˆj  1
90. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by v    r, where  is the angular velocity and r is the radius vector. The angular
velocity of a body is   î  2 ˆj  2kˆ and the radius vector r  4 ˆj  3 kˆ , then | v | is
(a) 29 units (b) 31 units (c) 37 units (d) 41 units
91. Three vectors a, b and c satisfy the relation a . b  0 and a . c  0 . The vector a is parallel to
(a) b (b) c (c) b . c (d) b  c
92. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 2 î and 2 ˆj. What is the area of the parallelogram
(a) 0.5 units (b) 1 unit (c) 2 units (d) 4 units
93. What is the unit vector perpendicular to the following vectors 2î  2 ˆj  kˆ and 6î  3 ˆj  2kˆ
î  10 ˆj  18 kˆ î  10 ˆj  18 kˆ î  10 ˆj  18 kˆ î  10 ˆj  18 kˆ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 17 5 17 5 17 5 17
94. The area of the parallelogram whose sides are represented by the vectors ˆj  3 kˆ and î  2 ˆj  kˆ is
(a) 61 sq.unit (b) 59 sq.unit (c) 49 sq.unit (d) 52 sq.unit
95. The area of the triangle formed by 2î  ˆj  kˆ and î  ˆj  kˆ is
14
(a) 3 sq.unit (b) 2 3 sq. unit (c) 2 14 sq. unit (d) sq. unit
2
96. The position of a particle is given by r  (i  2 j  k ) momentum P  (3 i  4 j  2k ). The angular momentum is perpendicular to
(a) x-axis (b) y-axis

(c) z-axis (d) Line at equal angles to all the three axes
97. Two vector A and B have equal magnitudes. Then the vector A + B is perpendicular to
(a) AB (b) A – B (c) 3A – 3B (d) All of these
98. Find the torque of a force F  3î  ˆj  5 kˆ acting at the point r  7î  3 ˆj  kˆ
(a) 14 î  38 ˆj  16 kˆ (b) 4î  4 ˆj  6 kˆ (c) 21î  4 ˆj  4 kˆ (d)  14 î  34 ˆj  16 kˆ
99. The value of ( A  B) ( A  B) is
(a) 0 (b) A 2  B 2 (c) B A (d) 2(B  A)
100. A particle of mass m = 5 is moving with a uniform speed v  3 2 in the XOY plane along the line Y  X  4 . The magnitude of
the angular momentum of the particle about the origin is
(a) 60 units (b) 40 2 units (c) Zero (d) 7.5 units

Problems based on Lami's theorem
101. P, Q and R are three coplanar forces acting at a point and are in equilibrium. Given P = 1.9318 kg wt, sin 1  0.9659, the value
of R is ( in kg wt)
(a) 0.9659
P 150o Q
(b) 2
2 1
(c) 1
R
1
(d)
2
102. A body is in equilibrium under the action the action of three coplanar forces P, Q and R as shown in the figure. Select the correct
statement
P Q R
(a)  
P Q R Q 
(b)   P
cos  cos  cos 
 
P Q R R
(c)  
tan  tan  tan 
P Q R
(d)  
sin  sin  sin 
103. If a body is in equilibrium under a set of non-collinear forces, then the minimum number of forces has to be
(a) Four (b) Three (c) Two (d) Five
104. How many minimum number of non-zero vectors in different planes can be added to give zero resultant
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
105. A metal sphere is hung by a string fixed to a wall. The sphere is pushed away from the wall by a stick. The forces acting on the
sphere are shown in the second diagram. Which of the following statements is wrong
(a) P  W tan 
 
(b) T  P  W  0
(c) T 2  P 2  W 2 P
W
(d) T  P  W
106. As shown in figure the tension in the horizontal cord is 30 N. The weight W and tension in the string OA in Newton are
(a) 30 3 , 30 A
30o
(b) 30 3 , 60
30 N
(c) 60 3 , 30 O
(d) None of these W

Problems based on relative velocity
107. A 150 m long train is moving to north at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot flying towards south with a speed of 5 m/s crosses the train.
The time taken by the parrot the cross to train would be:
(a) 30 s (b) 15 s (c) 8 s (d) 10 s
108. A swimmer can swim in still water with speed  and the river is flowing with velocity v/2. To cross the river in shortest time, he
should swim making angle  with the upstream. What is the ratio of the time taken to swim across the shortest time to that is
swimming across over shortest distance
(a) cos  (b) sin  (c) tan  (d) cot 
109. The speed of a boat is 5 km/h in still water. It crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest possible path in 15 minutes. The
velocity of the river water is
110. A river is flowing from east to west at a speed of 5 m/min. A man on south bank of river, capable of swimming 10m/min in still
water, wants to swim across the river in shortest time. He should swim
(a) Due north
(b) Due north-east
(c) Due north-east with double the speed of river
(d) None of these
111. A person aiming to reach the exactly opposite point on the bank of a stream is swimming with a speed of 0.5 m/s at an angle of
1200 with the direction of flow of water. The speed of water in the stream is
(a) 1 m/s (b) 0.5 m/s (c) 0.25 m/s (d) 0.433 m/s
112. A moves with 65 km/h while B is coming back of A with 80 km/h. The relative velocity of B with respect to A is
113. A man crosses a 320 m wide river perpendicular to the current in 4 minutes. If in still water he can swim with a speed 5/3 times
that of the current, then the speed of the current, in m/min is
(a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (d) 60.
114. A thief is running away on a straight road on a jeep moving with a speed of 9 m/s. A police man chases him on a motor cycle
moving at a speed of 10 m/s. If the instantaneous separation of jeep from the motor cycle is 100 m, how long will it take for the
policemen to catch the thief
(a) 1 second (b) 19 second (c) 90 second (d) 100 second
115. A bus is moving with a velocity 10 m/s on a straight road. A scooterist wishes to overtake the bus in 100 s. If the bus is at a
distance of 1 km from the scooterist, with what velocity should the scooterist chase the bus
(a) 50 m/s (b) 40 m/s (c) 30 m/s (d) 20 m/s
116. A man can swim with velocity v relative to water. He has to cross a river of width d flowing with a velocity u (u > v). The distance
through which he is carried down stream by the river is x. Which of the following statement is correct
du
(a) If he crosses the river in minimum time x 
v
du
(b) x can not be less than
v
 v
(c) For x to be minimum he has to swim in a direction making an angle of  sin 1   with the direction of the flow of water
2 u
 v
(d) x will be max. if he swims in a direction making an angle of  sin 1 with direction of the flow of water
2 u
Electrostatics 49
Answer Sheet (Practice problems)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
b d b d d c a b c c
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
a b d c c c b a d b
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
d c b a a c d c c c
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
c c b a b d d a c b
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
b a b a c c c c d d
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
a c d b d b a c d c
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
c b c b a a a c a b
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
c b d d b b b d c c
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
d b d c c c a b a a
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
d c c b d a a a d a
101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.
c a b c d b d b b a
111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
c c a d d a, c

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Chapter

0.6 Differential calculus

0.7 Integral calculus

0.8 General formulae for area and volume

0.9 Introduction of vector

0.10 Types of vector

0.11 Triangle law of vector addition of two vectors

0.12 Parallelogram law of vector addition of two vectors

0.13 Polygon law of vector addition

0.14 Subtraction of vectors

0.15 Resolution of vector into components

0.16 Rectangular components of 3-D vector

0.17 Scalar product of two vectors

0.18 Vector product of two vector

0.19 Lemi's theorem

Answer Sheet of Practice Problems

 Coefficien t of x  (Coefficien t of x ) 2  4 (Coefficien t of x 2 )  (Constant term)

Note :  If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation then

Here 2 ! (Factorial 2) = 2  1, 3 ! (Factorial 3) = 3  2  1 and 4 ! (Factorial 4) = 4  3  2  1

Solution : (1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 = 10(1 + 0.001)1/3

Problem 4. Find the sum of series 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25

(4) Geometric progression : It is a sequence of numbers in which every term is obtained by

(5) Some common formulae of algebra

2 radian = 360o; 1 radian = 57.3o

(2) Value of trigonometric ratio of standard angles

cos 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 – 1/2 – – –1 0 1

(3) Important points :

(4) Fundamental trigonometrical relation

(i) sin( )   sin  cos(  )  cos  tan(  )   tan 

(ii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )  sin  tan( 90 o   )  cot 

(viii) sin(360 o   )   sin  cos( 360 o   )  cos  tan( 360 o   )   tan 

sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 sin A cos B

(iii) log a m n  n log a m (Power formula)

(iv) log a m  log b m log a b (Base change formula)

Some important graphs for various equations

Asymmetric parabola Asymmetric parabola

Rectangular hyperbola Circle of radius 'a'

Ellipse of semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b. Exponential curve

sine curve cosine curve

0.6 Differential Calculus.

If y = sin u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)

Problem 8. Differentiate the following w.r.t x

(i) x 3 (ii) x (iii) ax 2  bx  c (iv) 2 x 3  e x (v) 6 log e x  x  7

(i) sin x  cos x (ii) sin x  e x

0.7 Integral Calculus.

(1) Fundamental formulae of integration :

 (u  v) dx   u dx   v dx  sec x tan x dx  sec x

 cos nx  cot (ax  b)  cot (ax  v)

sec (ax  b ) sec (ax  b )

sin nx cosec (ax  b ) cosec (ax  b )

 cot  (cosec  cosec  dx   cot x  x

1  1 1  sin x  1  sin x 1 sin x

Problem 18. Integrate the following

0.8 General Formulae for Area and Volume.

5. Surface area of sphere  4  r 2

6. Surface area of cube  6 L2 ; where L is a side of cube

Anticlock wise rotation Clock wise rotation

Axis of rotation Axial vector

0.11 Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.

(1) Magnitude of resultant vector R  AB

(2) Direction of resultant vectors: If  is angle between A and B, then

If R makes an angle  with A, then in OBN , then

0.12 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.

Special cases : R  A  B when  = 0o