Lab Report of Phenotype (widow peak) Experiment With Asian American Pacific

International School Students

Introduction:

There are tons of science mystery which have not proven in the world. And this one

experiment still cannot prove one of the Science. However, it can be a partial of prove. This report

experiment is about the relationship between genetic impact and one of the phenotypes/traits. There

are tons of phenotypes in the world such as skin color, hair color, eye color, tongue rolling, etc.

However, in this experiment, it happened based on widow peak. Data is from asian students at

American Pacific International School from grade 7 to grade 10. Moreover, there are some potential

causes such as surgery, accident, environment, disease, etc. Therefore, the data with this experiment

might not be accurate. But still two scientists data comparison happened to come out with the data

on this report.

Background information:

Phenotype is a trait which can be found out by looking at it, such as appearance and

behavior. There are more than one gene which show up at once and it depends. Gene helps the

process of phenotype. Different types of phenotypes are hair color, tongue rolling, height. The way

how genotype affects phenotype is “One’s might have a perfectly functional gene for brown pigment

in own eyes, but if own one is broken, it won't have brown eyes. Eyes with no pigment appear blue,

so others would have the phenotype of blue eyes, and one’s would have the phenotype of brown

eyes.” (Study.com, n.d).

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 Genotype is “The genotype is expressed when the information encoded in the genes' DNA is

used to make protein and RNA molecules.” (National Human Genome Research Institute, n.d). So

basically, with different phenotype, it will have a different genotype with it. Example is AA

(homozygous dominant), Aa (heterozygous), and aa (homozygous recessive).

Punnett square is to predict inheritance trait. It’s actually for same genetic people which

called as family. So it looks like 3*3 table. Left bottom two shows “genetic contribution of the other

parents” and top right two shows “genetic contribution of one parents” (Dennis O'Neil, 2012).

Chi square(χ2) is to compare expected data with actual data. The way of using a chi square

is using a degrees of freedom and alpha compared with critical values. And if experimental Chi

square is lower or equal to critical value then it can prove the null hypothesis support experiment

(Hayes.A, 2019 December 8).

There’s actually experiment called Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiment. Mendel is famous as

genetic experiment. He did an inheritance experiment with pea plant. And at the end of the

experiment, it proves that “If the factor is dominant, it will be expressed in the progeny. If the factor

is recessive, it will not show up but will continue to be passed along to the next generation.” (

Research question:

How does inheritance affect human phenotype (widows peak)?

Hypothesis:

Because there are genes with dominant alleles, the Punnett square with one gene and two alleles

predicts the number of people with widow peak.

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Null Hypothesis :

The number of actual students are equal to the number of students by Punnett square.

Methodology:

1) Materials

● Google survey

○ To collect the data of asian students at American Pacific International School.

● Google spreadsheet

○ To clearance the data from google survey.

● Grade yearbook individual pictures

○ Collecting data with only survey will not be accurate so compare the data from survey

with yearbook pictures to make sure the data is correct.

● Testing Models of Inheritance

○ To make sure the null hypothesis is supported or not. And to check the error of the

data.

2) Variables:

Independent variable : Phenotype (Widow peak)

There are tons of different phenotypes existing in the world. However, in this experiment

widow peak is the phenotype which is used as a variable.

Dependent variable: % of students

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 After the data is collected, there will be a percentage for students with widow peak and

students without widow peak. The reason why % of students is dependent variable is that depends on

control variables and independent variable, % of students will be different because the data is going

to be different by having a different target of students who will be used on the data for this

experiment.

Control variables: Genetic background, method, amount of students, nationality and age group.

Genetic background, the data is based on American Pacific International School students.

However, all the students have different parents which means each students have different genetic

background which students received by own parents.

Method, method of collecting data happened with survey. There are many different ways of

methods which can collect data. However, in this report experiment, method to collect data was with

survey.

Amount of students, in this experiment, there are 70 students data. However, it depends on

the person who is collecting data.

Nationality, at American Pacific International School, there are many students with different

nationalities. So in this experiment, students nationality is limited as asian students. What that means

is the students outside of Asia and mixed nationality won’t count as part of the data.

Age group, there are 9 different grades at American Pacific International School main

campus including elementary. However, the targets are only from grade 7 to 10 in this experiment.

4) Procedure:

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 1) Make a plan

a) Before go start collecting data, need to make sure what kind of questions that needs to

be asked such as asking for any potential causes.

2) Create a survey

a) Use a Google survey to collect the data from American Pacific International School

asian students between grade 7 to 10. Question what asked by survey is “do you have

widow peak?”, “what nationality are you?”.

3) Make a chart of data.

4) Use punnett square and chi square to make sure if the null hypothesis is supported or not.

5) Write lab report based on data.

5) Safety, Ethical and Environmental Considerations

There’s no safety, ethical and environmental considerations on this experiment. Because it’s just

collecting data of students at American Pacific International School to prove the relationship

between genes and alleles with phenotype by using punnett square.

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Results:

Quantitative Data:

Graph 1) Collected data

Table shows the data that collected. A? which is blue column is asian students without widow peak

and aa which is red column is asian students with widow peak. Total amount of students that the data

collected with is 70 students. 52 of them which is 74.29% has dominant allele (without widow peak)

and 18 of them which is 25.71% has recessive dominant allele (with widow peak).

Without With widows

Phenotype
widows peak peak
Genotype A? aa
Persons
52 18
observed

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% expected 75% 25%

N*Exp% 52.50 17.50

Obs-Exp -0.500 0.500
(Obs-Exp)2 0.250 0.250
(Obs-Exp)2
0.005 0.014
/ Exp
Experimental
0.019
Chi square

2
phenotypes d.f.=1
-1
Alpha = 0.05
Is your null
Yes
supported?
Model is
possible
Table 1) Testing Models of Inheritance table

Degrees of 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01

freedom

1 - 0.001 0.004 0.026 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635

2 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210

3 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345

4 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277

5 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.071 12.833 15.086

6 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812

7 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475

8 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090

9 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666

10 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209

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Table 2) Critical values table

As the table 1 title said it is a testing models of inheritance table. Firstly, think of what phenotype

matches with two different genotypes. As the table said A? is students without widows peak and aa

is students with widows peak. Based on that different data, it will have different experimental chi

square, degrees of freedom and alpha. After the table show an experimental chi square, degrees of

freedom and alpha, look up the table with critical values table (table 2). For this experiment, degrees

of freedom is 1 and alpha is 0.05. According to critical values table (table 2), experimental chi

square is 3.84. And this experimental chi square is 0.019 which is way lower than critical values

table (table 2). If the experimental chi square is lower than critical values table (table 2), it proves

that the null hypothesis support the experiment and the model is possible. So the data/experiment for

this report is supported by null and model is absolutely possible.

Conclusion:

Data analysis:

Whole purpose of this experiment is to figure out how does inheritance affect human

phenotype. According to the data, it showed that percentage of students change depends on different

phenotype. For example, the phenotype which used in this report is widow peak. According to graph

1, the percentage of students came out as 74.29% without widow peak and 25.71% with widow

peak. On the other hand, if there’s different phenotype, even if the data collected with the same

control variables such as asian students at American Pacific International School, the percentage of

students with different phenotype is going to be different. If there’s no difference between different

phenotype and percentage of students, then there won’t be different appearance people in the world.

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Conclusion:

Hypothesis of this experiment is “because there are genes with dominant alleles, the Punnett

square with one gene and two alleles predicts the number of people with widow peak”. And the data

proved that the hypothesis is correct. According to table 1 and table 2, it shows that the model is

possible which means there is one gene and two alleles which controls widow peak. If the chi square

and the critical values table proves that the model is impossible, that means my hypothesis is wrong.

However, the error included with the data is 0.019% and chi square with critical value shows that

3.84% error is allowed. But as it shows the error of the data is much lower than the percentage of the

error allowed by chi square. Furthermore, by this experiment, it doesn’t mean that there are genes

with dominant alleles so the punnett square with one gene and two alleles predicts the number of

people with widow peak is absolutely correct. Because it’s just a one experiment which proves it

based on American Pacific International School students not whole around the world. But still the

conclusion of this experiment is the hypothesis that set before the experiment is correct according to

the data collected.

Evaluation:

Problem/weakness :

In the experiment, since we are not actual professional scientists phenotype can never be an

accurate data. Because there are tons of different potential causes which can make a difference on

people’s phenotype, it can never be a perfect data. In this experiment, the data collected by survey to

see students with widow peak and without widow peak.

Effect on results/data :

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 In this report, data control everything including conclusion which make sure if the hypothesis

is correct or not. However, if the data has an error that will absolutely change whole report with

different data.

Possible solution/improvement :

First, the data collected based on survey. So there might be an error on the data. Therefore, to

be better on this, it will be better if the data collected by interviewing them face to face and collect

the data.

Second, if the survey includes at least one question about potential issue, it will at least have

better accurate data than without asking any of potential issues.

Last, collect data with more people. In this experiment, the data collected based on two

different people’s perspective. However, to make an absolute accurate data, there have to be more

than two data to make a final accurate data. So next time it will bring more accurate data than now if

the people who collect data is more than two people.

Bibliography:

1) Brent S. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-phenotype-definition-example-quiz.html

2) (n.d.). Retrieved from ​https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm

3) Genotype. (n.d.). Retrieved from ​https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/genotype

4) Hayes, A. (2019, December 08). Chi-Square (χ2) Statistic Definition. Retrieved from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/chi-square-statistic

5) Mendel's experiments. (n.d.). Retrieved from

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 https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1999-mendel-s-experiments

Rubric rating submitted on: 12/15/2019, 10:17:22 PM by joel.carlin@apis.ac.th

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

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Comments:
Please paraphrase instead of quoting sources... but you use a lot of good sources!
Dependent variable is number, not percentage, of students. Column chart with only 2
columns not really needed. The problems with this study is NOT your own ability.
Some detail missing on methods.

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