by: Dr.

Hadi Saputra
Stress

The average distributed force per unit area (average stress) in the x direction is

Recalling that stress is actually a point function, we obtain the exact stress in the x direction at
point Q by allowing Ax to approach zero

Stresses arise from the tangential forces DFxy and DFxz as well, and since these forces are
tangential, the stresses are shear stresses
Stress Component [normal and shear]
Since, by definition, s represents a normal stress
acting in the same direction as the corresponding
surface normal, double subscripts are redundant, and
standard practice is to drop one of the subscripts and
write sxx as. The three stresses existing on the
exposed surface at the point are illustrated together
using a single arrow vector for each stress as shown in
Figure. However, it is important to realize that the
stress arrow represents a force distribution (stress,
force per unit area), and not a concentrated force. The
shear stresses are the components of the net
shear stress acting on the surface, where the net shear
stress is given by
Stress on three orthogonal surfaces
This state of stress can be written in matrix form,
where the stress matrix is given by

The stress matrix is symmetric and written as

Strain
Two types of strains exist: The engineering shear strain is
defined as the change in the
1. normal strains, 𝜀 corner angle of the stress cube, in
2. shear strains, 𝛾 radians
Normal strain is the rate of change The elasticity shear strain is ?
of the length of the stressed
element in a particular direction
Shear strain is a measure of the
distortion of the stressed element.
There are two definitions:
1. The engineering shear strain
2. The elasticity shear strain
Normal Strain, 𝜺 The dimensionless rate of increase in length is
defined as the normal strain, where
𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜀𝑧 represent the normal strains in x, y, and
z directions, respectively. Thus, the new length in any
direction is equal to its original length plus the rate of
increase (normal strain) times its original length. That
is,

Initially, consider only one normal stress x applied

to the element as shown above. We see that the
element increases in length in the x direction and
decreases in length in the y and z directions.
Shear strains, 𝜸
The change in shape of the element caused by
the shear stresses can be first illustrated by
examining the effect of 𝜏𝑥𝑦 y alone as shown
below
The engineering shear strain 𝛾𝑥𝑦 y is a measure of
the skewing of the stressed element from a
rectangular parallelepiped. The shear strain is
defined as the change in the angle BAD. That is,
where 𝛾𝑥𝑦 is in dimensionless radians.
For a linear, homogeneous, isotropic
material, the shear strains in the xy, yz, and
zx planes are directly related to the shear
stresses by
where the material constant, G, is called the
shear modulus.
It can be shown that for a linear,
homogeneous, isotropic material the shear
modulus is related to Poisson’s ratio by
 The Stress–Strain Relations
There is a direct relationship between strain and stress. If the strains are known, the stresses can be solved for
simultaneously to obtain
Hooke’s law for a linear, homogeneous, isotropic
material is simply that the normal strain is directly
proportional to the normal stress, and is given by

In matrix form, it can be written as

where the material constants, E and 𝑣, are the modulus
of elasticity (also referred to as Young’s modulus) and 𝜎𝑥 (1 − 𝑣) 𝑣 𝑣 𝜀𝑥
𝐸
Poisson’s ratio, respectively. 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 𝑣 𝜀𝑦
In matrix form, it can be written 𝜎𝑧 1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 𝜀𝑧
𝑣
𝜀𝑥 𝜎𝑥
1 1 −𝑣 −𝑣
𝜀𝑦 = −𝑣 1 −𝑣 𝜎𝑦
𝐸
𝜀𝑧 −𝑣 −𝑣 1 𝜎𝑧
Plane Problem

Plane Stress Plane strain

Case of Plane stress: Case of Plane strain:
A thin planar structure with constant A long structure with a uniform
thickness and loading within the cross-section and transverse loading
plane of the structure (x - y plane) along its length (z-direction)
 Plane stress There are many practical problems
where the stresses in one direction are
zero. This situation is referred to as a
case of plane stress. Arbitrarily
selecting the z direction to be stress-
free with 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 0 The non
zero component are 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , and𝜏𝑥𝑦 .
the stress matrix can be written as

Stresses 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 may have nonzero value

Strain 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0 Or
𝜎 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 may have nonzero value
Stress – Strain relation

Substituting the zero stress value into

Hooke’s Law 𝜀 = 𝐶 𝜎
[For Plane stress]

For Plane stress

Stress – Strain – Temperature relation

For plane stress, elastic and isotropic materials, we have

𝜀𝑥 1 𝑣
𝐸 − 𝐸 0
𝜎𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑜
𝜀𝑦 = − 𝑣 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜀𝑦𝑜
𝐸 0
1
𝐸
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝐺 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦𝑜
1
0 0
Or

𝜀 = 𝐸 −1 𝜎 + 𝜀𝑜
𝐸
𝐺=
2(1−𝑣)
𝜎𝑥 1 𝑣 0 𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑜
𝜎𝑦 = 𝐸 0
𝑣 1 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑦𝑜
1−𝑣 2 (1−𝑣)
𝜏𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦𝑜
2
1 𝑣 0
𝐸 0
𝐷 = 1−𝑣2 𝑣 1 (1−𝑣)
0 0
2
 Plane strain
The state of plane strain occurs to members that are
not free to expand in the direction perpendicular to
the plane of the applied loads. If we assume that the
applied loads lie in the x-y plane, then w, the
displacement in the z-direction is zero and the
displacements u and v are functions of only x and y.
this set of displacements makes total strain
𝑒𝑧𝑧 , 𝑒𝑥𝑧 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑦𝑧 each zero.
Substitution for the zero values reduces the strain
vectors to
𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑒𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑦
𝜀 𝑇 = 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝑥𝑦
Stresses
And
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0
𝜀𝑇 𝑇 = 𝛼𝛿𝑇 𝛼𝛿𝑇 0
𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧 may have nonzero value While
𝜎 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦
Strain 𝜀𝑧 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛾𝑥𝑦 may have nonzero value

We need to replace the material constants in the following fashion
𝐸 𝑣
𝐸 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 1−𝑣 2
and 𝑣 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 1−𝑣
Examples for plain strain 𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜀𝑥𝑧 = 𝜀𝑦𝑧 = 0, substituting to Hooke’s law 𝜎 = 𝐷 𝜀 ,

1−𝑣 𝑣 0
𝐸 0
Where 𝐷 =
(1−𝑣)(1−2𝑣) 𝑣 1−𝑣
(1−2𝑣)
0 0 2

We get

𝜎𝑥 1−𝑣 𝑣 0 𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑜
𝜎𝑦 = 𝐸 0 𝜀𝑦 − 𝜀𝑦𝑜
(1−𝑣)(1−2𝑣)
𝑣 1−𝑣 (1−2𝑣)
𝜏𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦𝑜
2

Initial strain due to the temperature change (temperature loading) is given by

𝜀𝑥𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇
𝜀𝑦𝑜 = 𝛼∆𝑇
𝛾𝑥𝑦𝑜 0
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑥 = ; 𝜀𝑦 = ; 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
In matrix form
𝜀𝑥 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
0
𝜀𝑦 = 𝜕 𝑢
0 𝜕𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕 𝜕
𝑣
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Or

𝜀 =𝐵 𝑑
 FEA of two dimensional element
16

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Minggu, 08 Desember 2019

The Constant Strain Triangular (CST) element
The node are labelled in a counterclockwise manner.
m 𝑥𝑚 , 𝑦𝑚 The arrangement are
Y
Node 𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 at coordinate 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑦𝑖
𝑖 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗
Node j 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑦𝑗 at coordinate 𝑥𝑗 and 𝑦𝑗

Node m 𝑥𝑚 , 𝑦𝑚 at coordinate 𝑥𝑚 and 𝑦𝑚

Here all formulations are based on this counterclockwise

System of node labelling
j 𝑥𝑗 , 𝑦𝑗
x
The displacement function
A general displacement function, 𝜑 𝑎1
𝑢𝑖
𝑎2
𝑣𝑖
𝑑𝑖 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 0 0 0 𝑎3
𝑢𝑗 𝜑 = 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎4
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑗 = 𝑣 4 5 6 0 0 0 1 𝑥 𝑦
𝑗 𝑎5
𝑑𝑚 𝑢𝑚 𝑎6
𝑣𝑚 To obtain the value of 𝑎1 𝑡𝑜 𝑎6 , firstly, the nodal
coordinates are substituted into the equation to yield
The displacement function is
𝑢𝑖 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎3 𝑦𝑖
defined as a linier displacement as
follows: 𝑢𝑗 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑎3 𝑦𝑗

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑦
v 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥 + 𝑎6 𝑦
𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥𝑚 + 𝑎3 𝑦𝑚
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎6 𝑦𝑖
𝑣𝑗 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑎6 𝑦𝑗
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 𝑥𝑚 + 𝑎6 𝑦𝑚
 𝛼𝑖 𝛼𝑗 𝛼𝑚 𝑢𝑖
To solve 𝑎1 to 𝑎3 , writing the 2𝐴 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 + 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 +𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 1
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝛽𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛽𝑚 𝑢𝑗
first three equation in matrix form 2𝐴
𝛾𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝑢𝑚
In fact A is A is the area of the triangle and
𝑢𝑖 1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑎1 To express in simpler form, firstly define
𝑢𝑗 = 1 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 𝑎2 1
𝑢𝑚 𝛼𝑖 = 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑗 𝑥𝑚 𝛼𝑗 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑚 𝑥𝑖 𝛼𝑚 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖 𝑥𝑗 𝑁𝑖 = 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑖 𝑦
1 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑚 𝑎3
2𝐴
𝛽𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 𝛽𝑚 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗
1
Thus 𝛾𝑖 = 𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 𝛾𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 𝛾𝑚 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 𝑁𝑗 = 𝛼𝑗 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑗 𝑦
2𝐴
1
𝑁𝑚 = 𝛼𝑚 + 𝛽𝑚 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑚 𝑦
𝑎 = 𝑥 −1
𝑢 Thus 2𝐴
Thus
𝑎1 𝛼𝑖 𝛼𝑗 𝛼𝑚 𝑢𝑖
Where 1 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝑁𝑚 𝑢𝑚
𝑎2 = 𝛽𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛽𝑚 𝑢𝑗
2𝐴
𝑎3 𝛾𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝑢𝑚
1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 v 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑣𝑗 +𝑁𝑚 𝑣𝑚
𝑥 = 1 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗
1 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑚 Similarly, In matrix form,
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝑁𝑚 𝑢𝑚
𝜑 = =
The inverse of 𝑥 is 𝑎4 𝛼𝑖 𝛼𝑗 𝛼𝑚 𝑣𝑖 v 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁𝑖 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑣𝑗 +𝑁𝑚 𝑣𝑚
1
𝑎5 = 𝛽𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛽𝑚 𝑣𝑗
𝑎6
2𝐴
𝛾𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝑣𝑚 Or
𝛼𝑖 𝛼𝑗 𝛼𝑚
−1 1 𝑢𝑖
𝑥 = 2𝐴 𝛽𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛽𝑚
𝛾𝑖 𝛾𝑗 𝛾𝑚 Now we are ready to derive the general x displacement 𝑣𝑖
𝑁 0 𝑁𝑗 0 𝑁𝑚 0 𝑢𝑗
function, 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 of 𝜑 in term of the coordinate variables x 𝜑 = 𝑖
0 𝑁𝑖 0 𝑁𝑗 0 𝑁𝑚 𝑣𝑗
Where and y, the known coordinate variables 𝛼𝑖 , 𝛼𝑗 , …., 𝛾𝑚 and the 𝑢𝑚
unknown nodal displacements 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑢𝑗 , and 𝑢𝑚 . 𝑣𝑚
1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝜑 = 𝑁 𝑢
Thus
2𝐴 = 1 𝑥𝑗 𝑦𝑗 is the determinant of 𝑥 𝑎1
1 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑚 𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎2
𝑎3
Strain - Displacement 𝑢𝑖
𝑣𝑖
We begin with the strains associated with a two-dimensional element.
𝛽𝑖 0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛽𝑚 0
𝑢𝑗
1
𝜕𝑢
𝜀 = 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚
𝑣𝑗
𝜀𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑦 =
𝜕𝑣 𝛾𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚 𝑢𝑚
𝜕𝑦
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑣𝑚
𝜕𝑦
Or
𝑑𝑖
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= 𝑁𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑁𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝑁𝑚 𝑢𝑚
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜀 = 𝛽𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛽𝑚 𝑑𝑗 = 𝐵 𝑑
𝑑𝑚
Where
𝜕𝑁𝑖 𝜕 1 𝛽
= 𝜕𝑥 𝛼𝑖 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑖 𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑖
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 The next step is to look at the in plane stress-strain
𝜕𝑁𝑗
=
𝜕 1
𝛼𝑗 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑗 𝑦
𝛽𝑗
= 2𝐴
relationship, which is given by
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 𝜎𝑥 𝜀𝑥
𝜕𝑚
= 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 1
𝛼𝑚 + 𝛽𝑚 𝑥 + 𝛾𝑚 𝑦 =
𝛽𝑚 𝜎𝑦 = 𝐷 𝜀𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2𝐴 2𝐴
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Therefore
𝜕𝑢 1
= 2𝐴 𝛽𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝛽𝑚 𝑢𝑚 Where
𝜕𝑥
1 𝑣 0
𝐸 0
Similarly
𝐷 = 1−𝑣2 𝑣 1 (for plane stress)
(1−𝑣)
𝜕𝑣 1 0 0
= 2𝐴 𝛾𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝛾𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝛾𝑚 𝑢𝑚 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1
+ 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝐴 𝛽𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝛽𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝛽𝑚 𝑢𝑚 + 𝛾𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + 𝛾𝑗 𝑢𝑗 +𝛾𝑚 𝑢𝑚
𝜕𝑦
The stress-displacement relationship can be written as
𝜎 = 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑
Element stiffness matrix
The element stiffness matrix and element equation are The total potential energy can be written as
derived using the principle of MPE. The potential energy 𝜋𝑝 = 1 𝑑 𝑇 𝐵 𝑇 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑 𝑇 𝑁 𝑇
𝑋 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑 𝑇
𝑃 − 𝜑 𝑇
𝑁 𝑇
𝑇 𝑑𝑆
2
of the element is a function of the nodal displacements
Thus
𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 , 𝑢𝑗 , 𝑣𝑗 , 𝑢𝑚 , 𝑣𝑚 .
𝑓 = 𝑁 𝑇 𝑋 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑃 + 𝑁 𝑇 𝑇 𝑑𝑆
If only concentrated loads exist
𝜋𝑝 = 𝜋𝑝 𝑢𝑖 , 𝑣𝑖 , 𝑢𝑗 , 𝑣𝑗 , 𝑢𝑚 , 𝑣𝑚
𝑓 = 𝑃
thus
The total potential energy is given by 1 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝜋𝑝 = 𝑑 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑 𝑓
𝜋𝑝 = 𝑈 + 𝑊𝑏 + 𝑊𝑝 + 𝑊𝑠 2

where Thus
𝜕𝜋𝑝 𝑇
1 𝑇 1 𝑇 𝑇 = 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑉 𝑑 − 𝑓 =0
𝑈= 𝜀 𝜎 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝑉 𝜕 𝑑
2 2
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑊𝑏 = − 𝜑 𝑋 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝑑 𝑁 𝑋 𝑑𝑉
𝑊𝑝 = − 𝑑 𝑇
𝑃 Thus
𝑇
𝑊𝑠 = − 𝜑 𝑇
𝑇 𝑑𝑆 = − 𝑑 𝑇
𝑁 𝑇
𝑇 𝑑𝑆 𝑘 = 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑉

For element of constant thickness t,

𝑇
𝑘 =𝑡 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

As the integrand is not a function of x or y for CST element, thus

𝑇
𝑘 =𝑡 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵
Element equation
The CST element stiffness matrix 𝑘 is a 6x6
matrix and is a function of the nodal coordinates
and of the mechanical properties 𝐸 and 𝑣.
Thus the element equation is given by
𝑓1𝑥 𝑘11 𝑘12 𝑘13 𝑘14 𝑘15 𝑘16 𝑢1
𝑓1𝑦 𝑘21 𝑘22 𝑘23 𝑘24 𝑘25 𝑘26 𝑣1
𝑓2𝑥 𝑘31 𝑘32 𝑘33 𝑘34 𝑘35 𝑘36 𝑢2
=
𝑓2𝑦 𝑘41 𝑘42 𝑘43 𝑘44 𝑘45 𝑘46 𝑣2
𝑓3𝑥 𝑘51 𝑘52 𝑘53 𝑘54 𝑘55 𝑘56 𝑢3
𝑓3𝑦 𝑘61 𝑘62 𝑘63 𝑘64 𝑘65 𝑘66 𝑓3𝑦
example
A thin plate s subjected to a tensile Solution:
stress P=1000 psi. The plate thickness is The finite element model is
t=0.5 in, and the other dimensions are
as shown in figure below. The Poisson's
ratio 𝑣 = 0.3 , and the modulus of
2
elasticity E = 30𝑥10𝐸6 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
Determine the nodal displacements 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 1000𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 10 = 2500 𝑝𝑠𝑖
and the element stresses. 2 2
t=0.5 in The structural equation is 𝐹 = 𝐾 𝑑
𝐹1𝑥 𝑅1𝑥 𝑑1𝑥 0
10 in P=1000 psi 𝐹1𝑦 𝑅1𝑦 𝑑1𝑦 0
𝐹2𝑥 𝑅2𝑥 𝑑2𝑥 0
𝐹2𝑦 𝑅2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 0
20 in = = 𝐾 = 𝐾
𝐹3𝑥 𝑑3𝑥 𝑑3𝑥
2500
𝐹3𝑦 0 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
𝐹4𝑥 2500 𝑑4𝑥 𝑑4𝑥
𝐹4𝑦 0 𝑑4𝑦 𝑑4𝑦
 𝐾 is global stiffness matrix. The matrix 8 x 8 and obtained by For plane stress,
assembling the individual element stiffness matrices. The stiffness 1 𝑣 0 1 0.3 0
𝐸 0 30𝑥10𝐸6
matrix for an element is given by 𝑘 = 𝑡 𝐵 𝑇 𝐷 𝐵 𝐷 = 𝑣 1 = 0.3 1 0
1−𝑣 2 (1−𝑣) 0.91
0 0 2
0 0 0.35
For element 1
The nodal coordinates of element 1 are Hence
Node 𝑖 0,0 ; Node j 20,10 ; Node 𝑚 0,10 30𝑥10𝐸6 0 0 10 0 −10 0 1 0.3 0
𝑇
𝐵 𝐷 =
200𝑥0.91
0 −20 0 0 0 20 0.3 1 0
−20 0 0 10 20 −20 0 0 0.35
0 0 −7
−6 0 0
𝑇 30𝑥10𝐸6 10 20 0
𝐵 𝐷 =
200𝑥0.91 0 3 3.5
−10−3 7
𝐴 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ = 0.5 𝑥 20 𝑥 10 = 100 𝑖𝑛2 6 20 −3.5
Next, we evaluate 𝐵
𝛽𝑖 0 𝛾𝑖 0 𝛽𝑚 0 0 0 10 0 −10 0
𝐵 =
1
0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑗 0 𝛾𝑚 = 1 0 −20 0 0 0 20
2𝐴 200
𝛾𝑖 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝛾𝑚 𝛽𝑚 −20 0 0 10 20 −20
Where 0 0 −7
−6 0 0
𝛽𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑚 = 10 − 10 = 0 30𝑥10𝐸6 10 20 0 1 0 0 10 0 −10 0
𝛽𝑗 = 𝑦𝑚 − 𝑦𝑖 = 10 − 0 = 10
𝑘 = 0.5 𝑥 100 𝑥 200𝑥0.91
0 3 3.5
𝑥
200 0 −20 0 0 0 20
−10−3 7 −20 0 0 10 20 −20
𝛽𝑚 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 = 0 − 10 = −10 6 20 −3.5
𝛾𝑖 = 𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑗 = 0 − 20 = −20
140 0 0 −70 140 70
𝛾𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 = 0 − 0 = 0
0 400 −60 0 60 −400
𝛾𝑚 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑗 = 20 − 0 = 20 37500 0 −60 100 0 −100 60
𝑘 =
0.91 −70 0 0 35 70 −35
−140 60 −100 70 240 −130
−70 −400 60 −35−130 435
For element 2 similarly with solution for element 1 Applying the boundary conditions, the equation reduces to
100 0 −100 60 0 −60
0 35 70 −35 −70 0 2500 48 0 −28 14 𝑑3𝑥
37500 −100 70 240 −130−140 60 0 187500 0 87 12 −80 𝑑3𝑦
𝑘 = = 0.91
0.91 60 −35−130 435 70 −400 2500 −28 12 48 −26 𝑑4𝑥
0 −70−140 70 140 0 0 14 −80−26 87 𝑑4𝑦
−60 0 60 −400 0 400
𝑑3𝑥 609.6
Hence the global stiffness is (with factoring 5)
𝑑3𝑦 42
= 𝑥10𝐸 − 6 𝑖𝑛
𝑑4𝑥 663.7
The structural equation is thus
48 0 −28 14 0 −26−20 12 𝑑4𝑦 104.1
0 87 12 −80−26 0 14 −7
−28 12 48 −26−20 14 0 0 The stresses in each element are determined by using 𝜎 = 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑
187500 14 −80−26 87 12 −7 0 0
𝐾 = Which yields element 1 stresses:
0.91 0 −26−20 12 48 0 −28 14
−26 0 14 −7 0 87 12 −80 𝜎𝑥
−20 14 0 0 −28 12 48 −26 1005
12 −7 0 0 14 −80−26 87 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 = 301 psi
𝜏𝑥𝑦 2.4
𝑅1𝑥 0
𝑅1𝑦 0
𝑅2𝑥 0 For element 2 stresses
𝑅2𝑦 0
= 𝐾 𝑑3𝑥 𝜎𝑥
2500 995
0 𝑑3𝑦 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 = −1.2 psi
2500 𝑑4𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 −2.4
𝑑4𝑦