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muestras en el mismo día, llenar un recipiente con agua caliente, poner la placa en
papel limpio.
registro). Asegúrese de que el sensor se limpie entre cada muestra con agua
destilada. Al utilizar el sensor de pH, limpiar la punta en una toalla de papel húmeda
para evitar el secado, lo que arrojaría lecturas inexactas.
Procesamiento de fitolitos
1. Se comienza colocando los recipientes que contienen las muestras dentro del
baño de agua caliente, mover las muestras continuamente para que no se vuelvan a
es asumiendo que usted está ejecutando 8 muestras)1. Poco a poco llenar hasta
1
Son 18,75 mL de HNO3 y 18,75 ml de HCl concentrados por cada muestra
caliente. Si la reacción es violenta, esperar a que se deposite las burbujas generadas
antes de añadir todo el ácido. Dejar las muestras en el baño de agua caliente hasta
que la reacción concluya que por lo general se llevará por lo menos media hora,
4. Retirar las muestras del baño de agua caliente. Colocar en la parte superior
de los tubos con agua destilada hasta aforar y se centrifuga durante 2 minutos a
2000 rpm. Decantar y repetir dos veces. Asegúrese de que los residuos se desecha
correctamente.
2500 rpm. Repetir dos veces, asegurándose de eliminar los residuos correctamente.
11. Después de los 5 minutos, llenar las muestras a 50 ml con agua destilada ti
12. bia Centrifugar durante 2 minutos a 2500 rpm. Repetir dos veces, y eliminar
15. Decantar el líquido y enjuague con dos gotas de Extram (jabon neutro) de
nuevo en los tubos de centrífuga. Aforar los tubos de centrífuga con agua destilada
con Extram (jabon neutro) hasta que el líquido sobrenadante quede claro. Anote el
16. Una vez que las muestras comienzan a aclararse, se enjuaga con agua
sobrenadante en los tubos recién marcados. Añadir 10 ml LMT a cada resto (pellet)
18. Llenar los tubos de muestra fitolitos etiquetados con agua tibia y centrifugar
residuos. Repetir 2 veces. No reciclar los residuos de estos enjuagues, en vez de eso,
2
LMT: Meta tunstato de litio
19. Para enjuagar los residuos, seguir el paso 17, pero centrifugar durante 2
Soil Processing
1. If drying is required, dry soils at 200°C for several hours, or allow to air dry. Crush
dry soil in mortar and pestle. If you plan to process these samples on the same day,
fill hot water bath with water, turn hot plate to maximum and cover bath with
aluminum foil.
3. Tare balance to mass of small beaker. Weigh 7 g of soil into the beaker, and replace
4. Add 10 mL of distilled water. Stir and allow to sit for 5 minutes. Meanwhile,
5. Test and record the pH of each sample (This will have to be copied into the soil log
in the office). Make sure that the sensor is rinsed in between each sample with
distilled water. When replacing pH sensor, encase tip in wet paper towel to prevent
Phytolith Processing
1. Start the hot water bath and move the samples and centrifuge into the fume hood.
2. Add 10mL of dilute (Not concentrated) HCl to the samples and place in hot water
bath.
3. Mix together 150mL of HNO3 and 150mL of HCl in a beaker.(This is assuming you
are running 8 samples.) Slowly fill the samples up to the 40mL mark with the mixed
strong acid, and replace in the hot water bath. If the reaction is violent, wait for it to
subside before adding all of the acid. Leave samples in the hot water bath until the
reaction subsides, which will usually take at least half an hour, but usually not more
4. Remove samples from hot water bath. Top off tubes with distilled water and
centrifuge for 2 minutes at 2000rpm. Decant and repeat two times. Make sure that
5. Dissolve 20g of KClO3 in 150mL HNO3. Warm this solution (called Schultz
6. Add about 20mL of pure HNO3 to the sample tubes. Place the samples into a hot
water bath.
7. Add about 20mL of Schultz solution to the samples and replace them in the hot
water bath.
8. After about 20 minutes, check the samples. If the liquid is yellow, then the organics
have been dissolved and you may proceed. If the liquid is red, then there are still
organics present. The rate of bubble formation from the solids at the bottom of the
tube indicate rate of reaction. If you want to increase the reaction rate, add KClO3
9. Rinse the samples in warm distilled H2O for 2 minutes at 2500rpm. Repeat twice,
10. In a beaker, dissolve 10g KOH into 100mL of distilled H2O. When the KOH is fully
dissolved, add approximately 10mL of the solution to the samples. Allow the
12. Add NaEDTA to the samples to about 35mL, and place in the shaker overnight.
13. Sieve the samples through a 250 micron sieve and funnel into 250mL centrifuge
bottles. Fill these bottles to the shoulder with H2O and centrifuge for 2.5 minutes at
2000rpm.
14. Decant liquid and rinse with a warm Alconox solution back into the centrifuge
tubes. Top off centrifuge tubes with Alconox and centrifuge for 2 and a half minutes
at 2000rpm. Repeat Alconox rinses until supernatant liquid is clear. Record the
15. Once samples begin to look clear, rinse with distilled water at least 3 times for 2 and
16. Prepare an LMT solution of specific gravity 2.3. (Instructions for this procedure are
on the laboratory wall). Add about 10mL to each sample, and centrifuge for 5
minutes at 3000rpm. While the samples are in the centrifuge, label a set of clean
centrifuge tubes with the MU Phytolith numbers of the samples. Pour the
supernatant liquid into the newly-labeled tubes. Add 10mL LMT to each remainder
(pellet) and centrifuge again, again pouring the supernatant into the labeled tube.
17. Fill the labeled phytolith sample tubes with warm water and centrifuge for 10
minutes at 3000rpm. Decant the LMT into a beaker for waste recycling. Repeat 2
times. Do not recycle the waste from these rinses, instead pour waste into the
labeled container.
18. To rinse the remainders, follow the step 17, but centrifuge for 2 and a half minutes
at 2500rpm.
19. Place the completed phytolith samples in the oven, and set the oven to about 40C̊.