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To cite this article: Dylan D. Ottemiller & Yasmine J. Awais (2016) A Model for Art Therapists in
Community-Based Practice, Art Therapy, 33:3, 144-150, DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2016.1199245
“when a whole community embraces the idea of art as a Art Therapists’ Unique Skills and Knowledge
healing technology and applies it to its own particular
needs, a thousand permutations become possible on how The literature on community arts and community psy-
art therapy may be defined” (p. 2). Art therapists and artists chology has highlighted important leadership qualities for
have a unique and powerful means for engaging and healing effectively engaging and supporting communities, many of
communities, reducing stigma, and generating social which art therapists possess. Because of their training, art
change. therapists acquire important attributes, such as relational
Goldbard and Adams (1987) defined community arts sensitivity, observational skills, awareness of group dynam-
as an approach to art making that involves collaboration ics, and proficiency in creating psychological safety (Moon
between an artist and non-artist community members with & Shuman, 2013). These skills contribute to the art thera-
the goal of encouraging people to affirm and build their col- pist’s ability to critically analyze social issues, problem solve,
lective identity. Crucial components of this work include and collaborate with a community (Frostig, 2011).
trust and relationship building, collaboration and distribu- Knowing how to handle situations where difficult emo-
tion of power, utilization of community strengths, and net- tions or symptoms of trauma may arise is crucial in creating
working outside the community to obtain additional a sense of safety for participants (Lawthom, Sixsmith,
resources. Important characteristics of artist leadership & Kagan, 2007), and has been identified as a helpful skill
include multidisciplinary training, skills in collaboration, for artists working collaboratively with communities (Fin-
delegation and conflict resolution, knowledge of emotions kelpearl, 2013). Art therapists are trained with an emphasis
and the effects of trauma, and flexibility (Finkelpearl, on clinical knowledge and skills, and gain experience work-
ing with people who are coping with a range of mental
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not trained and bound by ethical principles, conflicts, con- to utilize the full potential of art therapy is not possible, as
fusion, and hurt may arise around inadequately explained noted above (e.g., as a means to ameliorate oppression).
expectations, limitations, and goals. This is why it is crucial Helguera (2011) suggested that artists working with
for art therapists practicing community-based work to communities require interdisciplinary knowledge of sociol-
engage in reflective thinking and discussion around their ogy, education, and ethnography to make informed deci-
agenda and how to clearly communicate it (Elmendorf, sions on how to engage people within community settings.
2010). In order to effectively serve communities outside of It makes sense for art therapists to be held to the same
the traditional clinical setting, art therapists must consider standards, particularly as art therapy is a multidisciplinary
key ethical questions relating to their role, participant con- field (e.g., psychiatry, art, human development, multicul-
sent, privacy, therapeutic goals, safety, and boundaries, and turalism, psychology, among others). Knowledge of and
be clear about their agenda. exposure to disciplines such as community psychology, crit-
Even within the clinical setting art therapists are often ical psychology, community arts, social justice, disability
tasked with balancing multiple roles, such as art therapist, studies, and wellness models are important for the imple-
verbal therapist, supervisor, consultant, artist, or educator. mentation of holistic, well-rounded projects and programs
Moon and Shuman (2013) emphasized that art therapists (Hocoy, 2007; Moon & Shuman, 2013; Timm-Bottos,
need to creatively navigate their multiple roles in commu- 2006; Yi, 2010). Even with an understanding of additional
nity-based open art studio programs—roles such as facilita- fields, art therapists can benefit from embracing a position
tor, activist, artist, collaborator, and co-participant. They wherein they are one of many groups that utilize the healing
stressed that art therapists inherently are integrative, skilled power of art, and can collaborate with and learn from
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in functioning at the intersections of psychology and art. In others. This is also an area in which there is opportunity to
community-based work, the ability to manage multiple pro- expand the definition of art therapy, by emphasizing the
fessional identities can be essential, because the art therapist inclusion of cultural sensitivity, social justice, and a systems
may be collaborating with other professionals, designing perspective to promote change at the community level.
and creating the program, planning community events,
writing grants, and seeking funding.
Another essential component that art therapists bring is Recommendations for Working With
the inherent belief that everyone has the innate ability to Communities
create art. Art therapists often tell participants that no prior
artistic experience or skill is necessary. This principal belief Figure 1 presents a model illustrating key considera-
can be utilized to cultivate strengths and creativity as well as tions of best practice for art therapists interested in working
to overcome oppression and stigma. The knowledge that with communities. This model revolves around assessing
art therapists have is invaluable in working with communi- the needs of a given community by focusing on its strengths
ties coping with trauma, family issues and instability, and and resources. Engagement in this kind of work is cyclical
mental health challenges. and draws on theories that emphasize empowerment, social
justice, cultural considerations, and relationships, as well as
the unique set of qualities that art therapists bring to com-
Additional Skills Necessary for Effective munity-based work. This cyclical process reflects how these
Community-Based Work theories and qualities influence goal setting, which, in turn,
impacts community outcomes. While determining goals,
Although art therapists have the mental health knowl- the facilitator also acknowledges ways to acknowledge
edge to work with communities, additional attention to power differentials and works to establish trusting relation-
social justice is also important. To practice from a culturally ships with participants.
competent position is the basis of ethical practice as The model in Figure 1 highlights five key components
endorsed by the art therapy education standards (AATA, identified from the work of art therapists who have imple-
2007). Art therapists working in community settings, par- mented community-based projects. First and foremost,
ticularly those impacted by poverty and oppression, must goals should be established in collaboration with the com-
be aware of their own racial and cultural identity, privilege, munity participants, taking into consideration the com-
and bias, and how they impact ethical decision making munity’s needs. Typically, these goals should center on
(George, Greene, & Blackwell, 2005). An understanding of outcomes based on community strengths, such as stigma
different cultural beliefs, values, traditions, and experiences reduction, empowerment of participants, and an increased
of oppression is essential for art therapists when working sense of social inclusion for those who have been marginal-
with clients from backgrounds different from their own. ized in the community.
This includes an awareness of a culture’s previous exposure Second, in order to build trust and relationships it is
to art, therapy, and art therapy in order to recognize what essential to lay extensive groundwork within the community,
materials, processes, and structures will be most effective getting to know community members, leaders, and organiza-
(Kapitan, 2015; Prasad, 2013). Although knowledge of tions. Initiating a project design and meeting with the com-
individual psychodynamics is helpful for this type of work, munity needs to be enjoyable, interesting, engaging, focused
art therapists need to also consider systemic, social, and cul- on the needs of the community, and structured in a way
tural factors (Talwar, 2010). Without doing so, the ability that ensures momentum. Ideas for initially engaging the
OTTEMILLER/AWAIS 147
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community’s interest include the use of self-portrait photog- may refer to themselves by whatever term the group
raphy at a community hub, a story circle potluck, and the decides on (e.g., artist, collaborator, member) as a means
collective building of community altars (Goldbard, 2006). of emphasizing that all have an equal role in the project.
Third, as mentioned earlier, it is essential for art On the other hand, art therapists may wish to be known
therapists to be transparent and clear about the goals as facilitator, to establish their responsibility for maintain-
they bring to the work, the limitations of what they can ing the structure and safety of the project. Art therapists
or cannot provide, and what role the art therapist will may avoid using the term therapist in order to reach
play in the project. This may also include education more people and avoid the stigma attached to such a
about what art therapy is and what it is not. This sets title. Art therapists working with communities, however,
the stage for open communication throughout the pro- have a unique opportunity to challenge and reduce the
cess. Fourth, continued collaboration and shared decision stigma associated with therapy and mental health by edu-
making with participants and other service providers is cating others about art therapy.
important throughout all stages of the project. Collabora-
tion is most beneficial when there is a focus on assessing
community readiness and needs and utilizing community Anticipated Challenges
strengths and resources. In order to create a safe space
where everyone is respected, it is also important to be Balancing power and respect for autonomy is a poten-
aware of and avoid stigmatizing labels. tial—or even expected—obstacle in this work. One cannot
Lastly, decisions about how people want to be ignore the inherent power dynamics that exist when an out-
referred to should involve a collaborative conversation side professional enters a community to facilitate a project.
among facilitator and participants. Participants may like It is important to acknowledge and address differences in
to be referred to as members, collaborators, contributors, power from the beginning, rather than pretend that they do
participants, artisans, or artists. Likewise, art therapists not exist (Talwar, 2016).
148 COMMUNITY-BASED PRACTICE
Additionally, a perception exists that art therapists where there is ample funding, such as in research hospitals
focus primarily on pathology. Many artists working within or universities. By its very nature, community-based art
marginalized communities are clear that their focus is on therapy is often conducted in nonprofit settings by those
making art, not providing therapy. When community with minimal or uncertain funding. Thus, art therapists or
artists or community members hear “art therapist,” they other researchers interested in further studying the impact
may resist collaboration because of stigmatized associations of community-based art therapy projects may benefit from
about therapy and mental illness, problems, or being in broadening their view of what constitutes good research
trouble (e.g., being mandated to participate in therapy by a and consider qualitative research, mixed methods research,
judge). This misunderstanding of intent is likely influenced or program evaluation as more viable options. Participatory
by unfamiliarity with the various theoretical perspectives in action research is one particularly promising method; it is a
art therapy or possibly with prior negative experiences with “dynamic process that develops from the unique needs,
therapy or counseling services. Thus, art therapists inter- challenges, and learning experiences specific to a given
ested in such collaboration would benefit from clarifying group” in which essentially “you get the people affected by
that their intent is to provide a safe space for exploration a problem together, figure out what is going on as a group,
and recognition of strengths, empowerment of participants, and then do something about it” (Kidd & Kral, 2005,
cultivation of resilience, and sharing of experiences—all p. 187). This allows for evaluation of a project, while simul-
goals that are also typically embraced by community artists. taneously engaging a community in a way that embraces all
By creating new associations about therapy through educa- the key components of community-based work (i.e., con-
tion and practice within the community, art therapists can tinuous collaboration and utilization of resources).
As the field continues to grow and expand, art thera-
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